‎Redhat Admin 1

‎1965 - MIT & GE & Bell Labs ‎Multics OS

‎1968 - Bell Labs (AT&T) ‎Unics OS ‎Unix1, Unix2

‎ tudents took Unix + Some APPs and Made

S
‎1976 - Berkeley University ‎Bell Labs Made a License
‎BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)

‎1983 - Richard Stallman ‎Retired from Bell Labs and Started his own Project ‎GNU (Open Source)

‎Linux History ‎1991 - Linus Torvalds ‎Made some enhancements to unix kernel

‎GNU + Linus's Kernel = GNU Linux

‎1995 - Windows Came with GUI ‎Xorg made Xprotocol (Linux GUI)

‎Redhat = Linus Kernel + Richard's GNU +Xprotocol + Apps ‎Made RHEL and Fedora

‎Debian Made the Same thing and Came up with Debian and Ubuntu

‎CentOS

‎Vmware or Virtual Box

‎Linux Installation
‎ISO

‎Root ‎User ID = 0

‎Linux Users ‎Service Users ‎0 < User ID < 1000

‎Standard Users ‎User ID >= 1000

‎/ ‎Contains all the file system

‎/root ‎Contains the root home directory ‎Desktop, Downloads,Documents.....

‎/home ‎Contains a Directory for each User ‎Ex: /home/mohamed/ Desktop, Downloads........

‎/bin ‎Contains the binary files of the Commands ‎Ex: the binary files of the ls, cd, mv commands

‎/sbin ‎Contains the binary files of the System Commands ‎Ex: the binary files of the useradd, userdel Commands

‎Browsing the File System ‎/etc ‎Contains Configuration Files

‎/tmp ‎Contains Temporary Files

‎/var ‎Contains variable size files ‎Ex: logs files

‎/dev ‎Contains Device files

‎/proc ‎Contains Currently Running Processes files

‎/boot ‎Contains boot loader(grub) and kernel

‎cd ‎Change Directory ‎Ex: cd /home/ali

‎pwd ‎Print Working Directory ‎Output: /home/khaled/Desktop

‎ls -a ‎List all files including hidden files

‎ls -l ‎Long listing (list files with some information)

‎ls ‎List all files in a directory ‎ls -r ‎Reverse List

‎ls -R ‎Recursive

‎ls -d ‎directory info

‎cp ‎Copy files from source to destination ‎Ex: cp file1 /home/ali/Desktop

‎mv ‎Move or Rename files ‎Ex: mv file1 /home/ahmed/Desktop ‎Ex: mv file1 file2

‎mkdir ‎Make a new directory ‎Ex: mkdir directory1

‎rm ‎delete files ‎Ex: rm file1

‎su ‎Switch User ‎used to change the current logged in user ‎Ex: su - root
‎ unning Commands and
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‎Command <Options> <Arguments> ‎passwd ‎change user password ‎Ex: Passwd khaled
‎Getting Help
‎useradd ‎add a new user ‎Ex: useradd Mohamed

‎userdel ‎Delete a user ‎Ex: userdel Mohamed

‎head ‎display the first 10 lines of a text file ‎Ex: head file1.txt

‎tail ‎display the last 10 lines of a text file ‎Ex: tail file1.txt

‎wc ‎Word Count ‎Display the Number of lines, words and characters of a file ‎Ex: wc file1

‎cat

‎more

‎whatis

‎groupadd ‎Ex: groupadd sales

‎-G overwrite
‎usermod ‎Ex: usermod -G sales mohamed
‎-a append

‎Ex: gpasswd group1 -a mohamed

‎gpasswd ‎used for group administration ‎Ex: gpasswd group2 -M khaled,ahmed,mohamed

‎Ex: gpasswd group3 -d hassan

‎mount /dev/sdb1 /home/ahmed/Desktop/dir1

‎Mount , Unmount ‎Devices Located in /dev/sda1 or sdb1 .....
‎umount /home/ahmed/Desktop/dir1

‎ifconfig ‎Show Interface and IP Information

‎ifdown InterfaceName ‎Disable Interface

‎ifup InterfaceName ‎Enable Interface

‎Network ‎Interface Configuration File Can be Found /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-interfaceName

‎hostname Server1 ‎Changes the host name to server1 ‎the result will be root@server1 ‎will be reset after reboot

‎edit /etc/hostname file ‎Changes the host name Permanently

‎hostnamectl set-hostname server5 ‎Changes the host name Permanently

‎Dns ‎Cache ‎LocalDns "/etc/hosts" ‎Resolver "/etc/resolv.conf"

‎Password ‎ssh User@IP

‎ enerate Public + Private Key in /home/yourUserName/.ssh

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‎SSH ‎ssh-keygen -t rsa
‎you can Enter Passphrase to protect your Key

‎ opy Your /home/yourUserName/id_rsa.pub

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‎Key Based ‎ssh-copy-id RemoteUser@IP
‎to remote Server in /home/remoteUserName/.ssh/authorized_keys
‎Remote Login
‎ssh -i /home/yourUserName/.ssh/id_rsa RemoteUser@IP ‎Login to Remote Server with your Private Key (without Password)

‎scp source destination:file ‎from our Machine to remote server

‎SCP
‎scp source:file destination ‎from remote server to our machine

‎Ex: add user to "wheel" group

‎Sudoers File ‎gives user administrator privileges (use sudo command) ‎Ex: nano /etc/sudoers

‎Ex: visudo

‎ls -l 1> outputfile 2> errorfile ‎">" overwrite ">>" append

‎Output Redirection
‎ls -l &> file1 ‎output and error in the same file

‎I/O Redirection , Piping , Tee ‎tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < /etc/passwd ‎Input Redirection

‎ iping gets the output of a command and use it

P
‎Ex: head -5 /etc/passwd | tail -2 | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
‎as the input of the next command

t‎ ee stores the output to a file then execute the

‎Ex: head -5 /etc/passwd | tee f1 | tail -2 | tee f2 | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' > f3
‎rest of the command

‎every file has an owner, group and other ‎each one has his own permission

‎Owner " u " , Group " g " , Other " o " , All " a "

‎ x: chmod u=rwx , go=r

E file1
‎Symbolic ‎Read " r " , Write " w " , Execute " x "
‎Ex: chmod u+x , g-w file1

‎Grant " + " , Deny " - " , Set " = "

‎we have to ways to change a permission

r‎ wx = 4+2+1 = 7
‎ x: if we want a file permission to be rwx rw- r--
E
‎Numeric ‎Read = 4 , Write = 2 , Execute = 1 ‎rw = 4+2+0 = 6
‎we will use the following comand: chmod 764 file2
‎r = 4+0+0 = 4

‎chgrp ‎used to change the group of a file ‎Ex: chgrp sales file1

‎Users , Groups , Permission ‎ x: chown

E owner:group file1
‎Ex: chown mohamed:sales file1
‎chown ‎used to change the owner of a file
‎Ex: chown :Marketing file1

‎ nables any user to run a file with the Owner

E
‎Set User ID (SUID)
‎Privileges

I‎nherit Group Ownership to all of the files

‎Special Permissions ‎Set Group ID (SGID)
‎created in that directory

‎Sticky Bit ‎Only the Owner of the File can delete it

‎Change the default Permission of a user ‎Ex: umask 027

‎umask
‎user umask is 002 by default , root umask is 022

‎Command Mode ‎Press " i " to Enter insert mode

‎Insert Mode ‎Press " ESC " to get back to Command mode

‎Vim ‎Exit ‎in Command mode use " :w " to write ‎" :wq " to write and quit ‎" :q! " to exit without saving

‎' / ' used to search

‎type 6 then press shift + g ‎Jump to Line Number 6

‎Commands
‎'dd' to Delete a line

‎'A' used to append ‎Jump to the end of a line and enter insert mode

‎yum ‎Centos 7 Package Manager

‎dnf ‎Centos 8 Package Manager

‎yum install nano ‎Checks the Repository and start installing nano ‎Repositories Could be Found at /etc/yum.repos.d

‎Package Management ‎yum repolist ‎View enabled repos

‎yum clean all ‎Remove the Repo data

‎yum remove PackageName ‎used to remove a package

‎yum search apache ‎search for a package ( result will be httpd )

‎Ex: service httpd [status, start, stop]

‎service ServiceName Action
‎Ex: chkconfig httpd on

‎Ex: systemctl start httpd

‎systemctl Action ServiceName
‎Ex: systemctl enable httpd
‎Service Management
‎netstat -ltpn ‎View Listening Ports

‎Managed by firewall-cmd

‎firewall service ‎firewall-cmd --list-all

‎firewall-cmd --add-service=http ‎we can add --permanent so we don’t lose the configuration after reloading firewall

‎cut ‎used to extract a column ‎Ex: cut -f 1,3 -d : /etc/passwd

‎Text Processing ‎grep "khaled" /etc/passwd

‎grep ‎used to extract rows matching a criteria ‎grep -A2 "khaled" /etc/passwd

‎grep -B2 "khaled" /etc/passwd

t‎ he fastest way to search for a file in linux but it’s using a pre-built database of
‎locate ‎paths to files on the system ‎Ex: locate file1
‎DataBase must be updated by admin using "updatedb" Command

‎Ex: find /home/khaled -name file1

‎Searching in Linux
‎Ex: find /home/khaled -iname file1 ‎ignore case sensitive

‎Ex: find /home/khaled -user khaled -group khaled

‎find ‎is used to search for a file with a criteria ‎find StartingDirectory Criteria
‎Ex: find /home/khaled -user khaled -o -user ali

‎Ex: find /var/log -size +1M

‎Ex: find -name "*".txt -delete

c‎ = Create an archive
‎t = list an archive
‎x = extract files from an archive
‎tar is an archiving tool in linux ‎tar cvf ArchiveName Files... ‎v = verbose
‎f = file name
‎z = use gzip compression
‎Archiving ‎j = use bzip2 compression

‎zip -r ArchiveName.zip /etc ‎unzip ArchiveName.zip to extract

‎ps ‎Display Active Process

‎ps -aux ‎display all processes and users

‎Kill ProcessID ‎Terminate a Process

‎kill -9 PID ‎Force Kill

‎Ex: pkill firefox

‎pkill ProcessName
‎Ex: pkill -u khaled

‎pgrep ‎Process grep ‎Ex: pgrep bash ‎display bash process id

‎Process Management ‎pidof bash ‎display the process id of bash

‎nice -n -15 sleep

‎renice -n -15 PID

‎sleep 10 & ‎run process in background

‎jobs ‎view background processes

‎fg % 1 ‎return process number 1 to foreground

‎ctrl + z ‎stop a process

‎bg % 2 ‎resume a process in background

‎ an be Found at
C
‎Global ‎/etc/bashrc
‎/etc/profile
‎Startup Files
‎ /.bashrc
~
‎User-Specific
‎~/.bash_profile