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The document discusses mineral and energy resources, highlighting their importance in human life and industrial development. It categorizes minerals into metallic and non-metallic types, detailing their distribution in India and the significance of various minerals like iron, copper, and bauxite. Additionally, it covers conventional and non-conventional energy sources, emphasizing the need for renewable energy alternatives in light of depleting fossil fuels.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
40 views13 pagesSelfstudys Com File
The document discusses mineral and energy resources, highlighting their importance in human life and industrial development. It categorizes minerals into metallic and non-metallic types, detailing their distribution in India and the significance of various minerals like iron, copper, and bauxite. Additionally, it covers conventional and non-conventional energy sources, emphasizing the need for renewable energy alternatives in light of depleting fossil fuels.
Uploaded by
Monalisa Mitra MalodiaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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ee
EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET
1 3 Mineral and Energy Resources
Fastracl« Revision
Mineral and Energy Resources
> Any tem which is useful to humans ors useful in utilty
Is called resource, such as mineral ail, coal, minerals,
natural vegetation etc. Thus, resource refers to the
availability of everything available in the environment.
that is used to meet human needs.
> Minerals are an integrated part of human life, They
are the base of industrial development. They are used
In day-to-day life, Means of transport, machine tools,
and instruments are made from minerals. Countless
substances are made of gold, silver and diamond,
which we get From minerals. Without iron and coal no
Industrial progress Is possible.
> Peninsular Indias very rch in minerals and has reserves
of valuable minerals. These minerals are associated
with igneous racks and metamorphic racks
Meaning and Characteristics of Minerals
> According to geologists, minerals are naturally occurring
homogeneous elements which have a definite Internal
structure. Minerals are compound farms of certain
elements. More than two thousand minerals have been,
Identified so Far.
> Distribution of minerals on earth's surface Is uneven,
> Minerals are Found in the Form of hardest diamond to
softest tale.
> Some rocks are made up of only one and some are
made of many minerals,
> Good quality minerals are less in quantity while tow
Quality minerals are Found In large quantites.
> Due to physical and chemical conditions, minerals have
varlous colours, hardness, lustre, density and crystals.
> Minerals are abtained from ore.
> Minerals in igneous and metamorphc rocks are found
in molten and gaseous state,
> Many minerals are Found in sedimentary rack beds.
> The decomposition of surface rocks produces minerals.
> Large quantities of minerals are Found in oceanic water.
Classification of Minerals
Classification of minerals is done on the basis of their
physical and chemical properties. They are classified in the
Following ways:
> Metallic Minerals: They are rich In metals. They are of
two types:
+ FarrousMingrals:Theyhavehighandchironcontents,
such as iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt.
+ Non-ferrous Minerals: They do not have iron content
‘but have other metals, such as copper, lead, tin and
bauxite.
> Non-metallic Minerals: They have no metalic substance.
They are of two types:
* Organic Minerals: They are made of organic
substances which are generated from buried animals
and dead plants, such as Fossit or mineral Fuels Uke
coal, petroleum, natural gas.
Inorganic Minerals: They are composed of inorgonlc
substances, such as mica, salt, potash, llmastone,
marble and graphite. Coal, petroleum and natural
925 are called as energy minerals and gold, sliver,
platinum are known as precious metals.
> Distribution of Minerals In India
> Most metallic minerals in India are found in tho
peninsular oF Indla, River valleys of Damodar, Mahanadi
and Godavari etc, have over ninety-seven per cent of
coal reserves.
> Assam, Gujarat and Mumbal High have crude petroleum
reserves. Recently rich petroleum reserves have been,
Found in Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri basins. There are
mainly three mineral belts in india
> North-Eastern Plateau Region: The regions of
Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh are
included in it. Coal, manganese, iron ore, bauxite are
Found in this bet.
> South-Western Plateau Roglon: This region extends
over Karnataka, Goa, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Ferrous,
metals, bauxite, manganese and limestone are
concentrated in this belt.
> North-Western Region
> This belt extends to Aravelli range of Rajasthan and:
parts of Gujarat. inthis area, major minerals are copper
and zinc. Building stones such as sandstone, granite,
marble, gypsum are found in abundance in the region
of Rajasthan,
> Gujarat has rich petroleum deposits. Salt is also.
produced in Gujarat and Rajasthan. Eastern and
Western parts of Himalayas are also rich in some
mineral deposits such as copper, lead, zinc, cobalt,
tungsten, Assam has mineral oll deposits
» Distribution of Metallic Minerals
> Ferrous minerals account for threefourth of tatal
production of metallic minerals. Iron ore, copper,
bauxite and manganese are ferrous minerals which
provide strong base for development of metallurgical
industries,
> Iron Ore: iron ore is the base mineral as it is
used in most of the activitles, Its main types are:
+ Magnetite: This black coloured mineral has more ee
EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET
than seventy-two per cent of iron. Its obtained From
Igneous or metamorphic rocks. itis the best kind of
lron ore,
‘+ Homatite: This red and slaty coloured mineral has
sixty per cent to seventy-two per cent of iron. It
| abundantly Found in sedimentary cocks. Ag It Is
Found In large quantity, therefore It also has great
commercial tility,
+ Limonite: This yellow and brownish coloured mineral
has Forty per cent to sixty per cent of iron. Its storage
is Found in sedimentary rocks. It i exploited In very
less quantity.
‘Slderite: This ash coloured mineral has twenty per
cent to thirty per cent of iran particles, meaning Ithos,
the least iron. Its the carbonate Form of Iron,
> Reserves of Iron Ore in India
> The distribution of iron ore Is uneven In the world
China, Brazil, Australia, India and Russia are the main
countries which praduce iran ore. Two superior qualities,
of ironore, magnetite and hematite, are Found in India,
Iran are mines in India are Found near the coal Fields oF
northeast plateau region.
> Odisha has large ron ore reserves. Sundergarh (Bonal),
Mayurbhauj (Badampahar) and Kiruburu are important
mines. Jharkhand is the region where oldest mines,
in India are Found. Poorvi Singhbhum and Pashchim!
Singbhum have the main belt of iron ore. Chhattisgarh
is also rich in iron ore and the mines are Found in Dura,
Dantewada and Balladila. Iron are deposits occur
In Ballari, Chikkmagaluru, Chitradurga and Tumkur
districts of Karnataka state.
> Maharashtra's important Iron ore mines are located In
Chandrapur, Bhandara and Ratnagiri districts
> Kurnool, Cuddapah and Anantapur districts are
Important regions in Andhra Pradesh where iron ore
Is found. in Telangana, Karimnagar and Warangal are
important sites. Salem and Nilgir districts of Tamil
Nadu and Goa also have Iron ore in thelr reglons.
> Copper: Copper is Found in the internal part of earth
as ore. It is obtained from igneous and metamorphic
rocks, Then copper ore is rectified. It is mostly used in
electric bulbs, motors, watches, engines, computers,
radios, wires, transformers and generators. important
states vihere copper ore is Found are:
> Jharkhand (Singhbhum district), Madhya Pradesh
(alaghat district), Rajasthan (JhunJhunu and Alwar
district) and Andhra Pradesh (Guntur district) and
Chitradurga and Hassan districts in Karnataka.
> Bauxite: This isan are which is used in manufacturing
of aluminium. itis associated with laterite rocks and
Is Found in hilly regions of peninsular India and some
‘coastal areas. Odishais the largest producer of bauxite,
Kalahandi and Sambalpur are the main districts of
this ore. Lohardaga in Jharkhand has rich deposits.
Bhavnagar and Jamnagar in Gujarat have deposits of
bauxite
> In Chhattisgarh, Amarkantak plateau has rch deposits.
Madhya Pradesh (Jabalpur and Balaghat) and
Maharashtra (Kolaba, Thane, Ratnagiri, Satara, Pune
‘and Kolhapur) also have bauxite deposits. Tamil Nadu,
Goa and Karnataka are minor producers of this ore.
> Manganese: It is very important mineral metal. Indla
ranks third in the production of manganese ore in the
world, next only to Russia and South Africa. About
one-third of the total production in india is exported.
Manganese ore forms an important ingredient in
the manufacture of iron and steel. It is also used in
‘manufacture of dry batteries, in photography, leather
and match industry, About elghtyfive per cent of
total manganese consumption in India is used by
‘metallurgical industries,
> Odisha is the leading manganese producer In Indiv
In Karnataka, mines are located in Dharwar, Balai,
Belgaum, North Canara and Chikkmagaluru,
» Distribution of Non-Metalllc Minerals
> Minerals that do not contain metals are called
‘non-metallic minerals. Some non-metallic minerals
Found in India are mice, limestone, dolomite and
phosphate,
> Mla: Mica s Found in Form of plates or in leaves. Ie can
bbe easily split into sheets. it can be transparent but can
also be black, green, red, yellow and brown in colour,
It'is used In electrical industry, electronics industry,
radlo and telephone. It 15 also used in medicine
manufacturing, It Is mined from the north banks oF
Chota Nagpur plateau, Koderma-Hazaribagh belt in
Bihar and Jharkhand, Ajmer region of Rajasthan and
Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh, Mysore and
Hassan districts of Karnataka are important sites mica
production. Coimbatore, Madurai and Kanyakumarl
in Tamil Nadu, Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Alleppey in
Kerala, Purulia and Bankura in West Bengal are also
knowin For mica deposits.
> salt
> It Is common salt or sodium chloride (NaCl, which Is
a substance Found dissolved in sea water and as rack
salt (halite) in large deposits and salt domes. ts used
in many industrial processes such as manufacturing
of polyvinyl chloride, plastics, paper pulp etc. In India,
Rajasthan and Gujarat regions are good source of salt.
> Energy Resources
> There are several sources of energy. Mineral sources
such as coal, petroleum, natural gas and radioactive
minerals are all nonenewable or exhaustible
resources. On the other hand, running water, sun, wind,
tides, hot springs and biomass are all inexhaustible or
renewable sources of energy. They are also pollution-
Free,
> Conventional Energy Sources: These sources of eneray
have been used since ancient times. Traditional means
include wood, dung, coal, natural gas, petroleum,
hydropower and thermal power. Many energy sources
‘generate power.
> Coal: Coal is the main source of mechanical energy. In
present times, nearly twenty-eight per cent of eneray
Is obtalned by coal in the world. Coal is known as the
creator oF Industrial Revolution. Due to its utility it is
called ‘Black Gold’ n Anthracite coal, there is ninety to
ninety-five per cent carbon.
> In India, coal Is Found in two rock belts: Gondwana
deposits and tertiary coal deposits. Gondwana region
is mainly located in peninsular plateau. ee
EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET
> West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra fall inthis
region. About 80% of coal found in India is bituminous
coal of non-coking grade.
> The rocky coalfields of Tertiary order include the states
of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,
‘Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan,
> Petroleum: Petroleum is a kind of rock oll. It Is
composed of bio-organisms. It Is often called ‘quid
gold’ because it has great value in the present
times. Crude petroleum is a mixture of combustible
hydrocarbons in slid, liquid and gaseous forms,
> Petrol, kerosene, diesel, detergents, synthetic fibres,
plastics and cosmetics are important products derived
From potroloum. Petroleum is Found with water and
natural gas. It Is lighter than water and floats on it,
‘Tho nvtural gos exists on potroloum, Patroleum occurs
Jn antictines and fault traps. In India, it Is found in
sedimentary rock formation,
> Most of such areas lie In Assam, Gujarat and
offshore areas along the western const. The entire
production of india till today comes fram Assam belt,
Gujarat-Cambay region and Mumbai High.
> Mumbai High Is the largest producer of petroleum in
the country. lt was discovered In 1973 and praduction
started in 1976. Recently, petroleum reserves have
been discovered in Rajasthan near Bikaner, Barmer
‘and Jaisalmer.
> Gas has been discovered along the east coast of
Godavari and Krishna deltas. The prospective areas lie
in the Bay of Bengal, which covers the coastline along
the states of West Bengal, Odisho, Andhra Predesh,
Tamil Nadu and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
> Natural Gas
> It ls an Important source of energy. It Is used as an
industrial raw material For the petrochemical industry.
It is considered environmentally friendly due to low
emission of carbon dioxide, Natural gas deposits
‘are found in the Krishna-Godavari basin, Gulf of
Khambhat, Mumbai and Andaman and. Nicobar
Islands.
> Gas Authority of Indla Limited was set up In 1984 as
2 public sector under taking to transport and market
natural gas. Exclusive reserves af natural gas have been
located along the eastern coast (Tamil Nadu, Odisha
and Andhra Pradesh), as well as Tripura, Rajasthan and
(off shore wells in Gujarat and Maharashtra.
> Non-conventional Energy Sources
> Conventional sources of energy like coal, petroleum,
natural 93s are Ukely to be exhausted in near Future.
The hydel power alone cannot meet the demand
of electrlelty For the Future. So, there Is need to Find
alternative sources of power. Sun, wind, tides, biological
waste and hot springs are such sources which can be
developed as alternative sources of energy. They are
known as non-conventional sources of energy. These
sources are renewable and also pollution-free. Some
Cf non-conventional sources are discussed as Follows:
> Solar Energy: For the planet earth, the sun Is the
primary source of all energy. it Is the most vital,
‘abundant and direct source of energy. India lies in the
tropical zone, so thas plenty oFsun shine for long hours
(of the day. Solar energy is tapped through Solar Photo
Voltaic (SPV) cells. The thermal heating system can be
Used for water heating, cooking and drying food grains.
It can be developed in almost every part of country but
more so in hot, dry and cloud free areas lke Rajasthan.
leis 7% more effective than coal and oll based plants
and 10% more effective than nuclear plants.
> Wind Energy: Wind can be used as a source of energy
in those regions where strong and constant winds
blow throughout the year. Wind energy can be used for
pumping water For irrigation and also for generating
electricity. India has about 45,000 MW estimated wind
ower potential. Prospective sites for generating
electricity have been located in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat,
‘Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Rajasthan.
The potential that can be tapped at present s limited to
around 1300 MW. But at present 2490 MW is generated
through wind which places India in the Fifth postion
globally after Germany, USA, Denmark and Spain
» Tidal and Wave Energy: High tidal waves generate
energy. Some of the important sites identified for
generating tidal energy are located in the Gulf of
Kuchchh and Cambay in Gujarat and coast of Kerala,
‘A plant of 150 MW capacity has been installed on the
Kerala coast
> Geothermal Energy: The potential of geothermal
power is very limited in India, important sites selected
For generating geothermal power are situated in
Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh.
(nowledge BOOSTER
The first successful (1890) ottempt to top the
underground heat was made in the city of Boise, Idaho
(USA), where a hot water pipe network was built to
give heat to the surrounding buildings. This plant is
still working,
> Blogas: Biogas Is obtained by using animal waste Uke
cow dung, It is widely used in rural araas, mainly as
domestic fuel. Efforts are being made to popularise
biogas plants in the country. Urban and Industrial
waste is another source of biological energy in big
cities and industrial centres. These materials can be
used for generating electricity or biogas. The work in
this direction is stil in its initial stage. Such plants have
been installed in Delhi and some other cities in ndla,
> Nuclear Energy: Nuclear energy Is obtained From
uranium and thorlum, This source of energy Is
renewable in nature, It Is environment Friendly and
cheaper energy sources. This source of energy is 2
viable source.
> Uranium deposits in India are found in Dharwar rock
system. Important regions are Jharkhand, Rajasthan,
Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Himachal Pradesh.
Thorium deposits are found from monazite and
lImenite in the beach sands along the coasts of Kerala
and Tamil Nadu. Its deposits are also found near
Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi
river delta in Odisha,
> Important nuclear power projects are Tarapur in
Moharashtra, Rawatbhata in Rajasthan, kalpakkam
In Tamil Nadu, Norora in Uttar Pradesh, Kaloo in
Karnataka and Kakarapara in Gujarat. ee
EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET
» Problems of Mining Industry:
> India is rich in mineral resources. The mining industry
Is facing a number of problems. Some of the problems.
are as Follows:
+ llkdefined government policy
+ Obsolete technology
+ Inadequate transport Facilities
+ Inadequate exploration and prospecting of minerals,
+ Inadequacy of funds
+ Lack of awareness about conservation
+ Export oF mineral ores
Strikes and naxalites
* Mining as a hazardous industry. Hundreds of miners
are killed every year.
» Conservation of Minarals Resources
> Minerals are the most valuable resources which are
Imperative for the economic development of the
nation. judicious utilisation of mineral resources
is necessary to meet the growing demands of our
population. Some steps which can go a long way in the
conservation of mineral resources are as
Judiclous use of available minerals
Efficient technology for processing and consumption
Research should be done to find alternatives to
‘minerals
Development of infrastructure
Location of industries near mining sites
Scrap should be recycled
Students should become aware about exhaustible
nature of minerals
Emphasis should bo on sustainable mining
Miners should be teained properly In now technology
of mining
Research and development should be promoted In the
Field of minerals.
Practice Exercise
QD Multiple choice Questions
QL High quality mica Is produced In towar
plateau in Jharkhand.
a. Malwa
. Chota Nagpur
Q2, The largest coal field containing Gondwana coal in
b. Hazaribagh
d. Bastar
India Is:
a. Ranigan) b. Singraull
© Bokaro ¢. sharia
3. Gondwana coal fields are located mainly in the
sone Valley,
a. Ganga b. Damodar
. Chambal . Narmada
Q4, The Oil and Natural Gas Commission was set up in
a. 1981 b. 1947
©1956 4.1921
QS. Which of these states have high potential for
development of solar energy?
a. Gujarat b. Assam
¢ Arunachal Pradesh Bihar
G6. Which of the following oil refineries are correctly
arranged from North to South?
2. Visakhapatnam. Chennai, Nagapattinam, Haldia
b. Halcia. Chennai, Nagapattinam. Visakhapatnam
€ Haldia, Visakrapatnam, Chennal, Nagapattinam
d. Visakhapatnam. Haldia. Chennai. Nagapattinam
Q7. The North-Eastern plateau region consists of
mainly which of the following minerals?
1.tron-ore 2. Coal
3. Zinc 4. Granite
Qe.
Qo.
quo.
Codes:
a. land 2 b. 2and3
c. Band 4 @tand 3
Which of the following Is a metallic mineral?
a. Coat , Bauxite
c. Mica 4. Graphite
Given below are the steps to generate geothermal
‘energy. Arrange the following in correct sequence:
(i) It is so hot that when it rises to the earth's
surface, it turns into steam,
(li) Groundwater in such areas (where the
‘geothermal gradient is high) absorbs heat from
the rocks and becomes hot.
) This steam is used to drive turbines and
generate electricity.
((v) Geothermal energy exists because the earth
grows progressively hotter with increasing
depth, (coses0p 202324)
awe om bao Ww
c(i) Civ) (iil) (i) (i) (i) (w)
Match the following:
feos] Eranples
Renewable T. Forests and Wide
8 Non-tenavabie | 2. The oceanic resources
resources
© National 3. Roads, canals and
Resouces rawiys
0. Intemational | 4, Minerals ad oss
Resouces fuels DEED EE EEE IEE EEE EEE EE EDIE EIEI EIEIO IEE
Codes:
AB CO AaB co
al2a4 baa 21
cl 432 a3 1 4 2
IL Minerals need to be conserved because
|. they are renewable,
UI. they are depleting rapidly.
i.they are needed for country’s industrial
development.
IV. thelr formation is very fast.
Codes:
a. land ll bandit
c land iv d. AlLof these
12. Consider the following statements and choose the
correct answer with the help of given options:
Statement
renewable,
Statement Il: The geological processes of mineral,
formation are soslow that the rate of replenishmont,
are infinitely small in composition to the presont
rate of consumption.
a. Both the statements are true, statemiant ll does
‘not explain statement I correctly.
bb. Both the statements are true and statement I
correctly explains the statement |
Both statement | and Il are false.
4. Statement Ils true and statement Its False,
\: Mineral resources are finite and non-
‘€Y Assertion & Reason type Questions
Directions (Q. Nos. 13-14): Inthe questions given
below there ore two statements marked as Assertion
(4) and Reason (f) Read the statement ond choose ve correct
option.
2. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) fs the correct
explanation of (A).
». Both (A) and (A) are true, but (A) Is not the correct
explanation of (A).
© (A) is tre, but (A) is false
4. (A) Is false, but (R) Is true.
Assertion (A): Ferrous minerals are rich In Iron
content.
Reason (R): Distribution of minerals is ublquitous
(even) in nature.
14. Assertion (A): Solar energy has some relative
advantages over all other non-renewable energy
sources.
qua
Reason (R): It Is cost competitive, environment
friendly and easy to construct.
EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE EEE EIDE EEE EEE EE EE
[Answers]
v
1) 2@ 20) 4 5 @)
6() 726) &0) 2%) 010
1b) mb) BK) wm (a)
@ Passage Based Questions
Passage 1
Read the passage given below and answer the
questions that follow by choosing the most
appropriate option.
Maaallic minerals are the sources of metals. Iron
ore, copper, gold and other metals ure included
in this category. Metallic minerals are further
divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metalic
minerals, Ferrous, as you know, refers to iron,
All those minerals which have iron content arc
ferrous such as iron-ore itself and those which
do not have iran content are non-ferrous such as
copper, buuxite, ete, Non-metallic minerals arc
either orgnnic in origin such as fossil fuels also
known as mineral fuels, which are derived from
the buried animal and plant life such as coal and
petroleum, Other type of non-metallic minerals
are inorganic in origin such as mica, limestone and
graphite. Minerals have certain characteristics
‘These are unevenly distributed over space. There
is an inverse relationship in quality and quantity
of minerals Le., good quality minerals are less in
quantity as compared to low quality minerals. The
third main characteristic is that all minerals are
exhaustible over time. These take long to develop
geologically and they cannot be replenished
immediately atthe time of need. Thus, they have to
be conserved and not misused as they do not have
the second crop. Most of the metallic minerals
in India occur in the peninsular plateau region
in the old erystalline rocks. Over 97 per cent of
coal reserves occur in the valleys of Damodar,
Son, Mahanadi and Godavari. Petroleum reserves
are located in the sedimentary basins of Assam,
Gujarat and Mumbai High é., off-shore region in
the Arabian Sea. New reserves have been located
in the Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basins. Most
ofthe major mineral resources occur to the East of
a line linking Mangaluru and Kanpur
Q1L Which of the following is a metallic mineral?
a, Copper b Silver
©. Bauxite 4. Allof these
ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET
Q2 Which of the following is a characteristic of
minerals?
a. Unevenly distribution b. High cost
Lustrous and brittle 4, All of these
3. Which of the following is an inorganic mineral?
a. Mca b, Umestone
© Graphite 4d. All of these
Q4. Which of the following is an off-shore petroleum
refinery?
a. Mumbai High b. Baraunl
Ankaleshvar
(Answers)
v
3. (a)
4d. Allof these
Lid) 2 (a) 4, (a)
Passage 2
Read the passage given below and answer the
questions that follow:
India is endowed with fairly abundant resource
of iron ore. It has the largest reserve of iron
ore in Asia. The two main types of ore found
in the country are haematite and magnet
It has great demand in international market
due to its superior quality, The iron ore mines
‘occur in close proximity to the coal fields in the
North-Eastern plateau region of the country
which adds to their advantage. About 95 percent
of tolal reserves of iron ore is located in the states
of Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka,
Goa, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu. In Odisho, iron ore occurs in series of hill
ranges in Sundergath, Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar.
The important mines are Gorumahisani,
Sulaipet, Badampahar (Mayurbhanj), Kiribura
(Kendujhar) and Bonai (Sundergarh). Jharkhand
has some of the oldest iron ore mines and most
of the iron and steel plants are located around
them, Most of the important mines such as
Noamundi and Gua are located in Poorvi and
Pashchimi Singhbhum districts. This belt further
extends to Durg, Dantewada and Bailadila. Dalli
and Rajhara in Durg are the important mines of
iron-ore in the country. In Karnataka, iron ore
deposits occur in Sandur-Hospet area of Ballari
district, Baba Budan hills and Kudremukh in
Chikkamagaluru districtand parts of Shivamogga,
itradurga and Tumakur districts. The districts
of Chandrapur, Bhandara and Ratnagiri in
Maharashtra, Karimnagar and Warangal district
of Telangana, Kurnool, Cuddapah and Anantapur
districts of Andhra Pradesh, Salem and Nilgiri
districts of Tamil Nadu are other iron mining
regions. Goa has also emerged as an important
qu.
Ans,
Q2,
Ans,
Qa
Ans,
producer of iron ore. Manganese is an important
raw material for smelting of iron ore and also
used for manufacturing ferro alloys. Manganese
deposits are found in almost all geological
formations. However, itis mainly associated with
Dharwar system. Odisha is the leading producer
of manganese, Major mines in Odisha are located
in the central part of the iron ore belt of India,
particularly in Bonai, Kendujhar, Sundengarh,
Gangpur, Koraput, Kalahandi and Bolangir
‘Which minaral ara Is found in Mayurbhan} Hills?
Iron ore Is found in Mayurbhan| Hills
In which rocks are manganese mineral Is found?
Manganese mineral is found in Dharwar rocks.
‘Whore are Baba Budan hills located in? Explain tho
different ores of iron.
Baba Budan Hills are located in Karnataka. Different
ores of ron are haematite, magnetite. imonite and
dere:
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‘Why are mineral fuels required?
Mineral fuels are essential for generation af power,
agriculture, Industry, transport and other sectors of
the economy.
Why is petroleum referred to as liquid gold?
Petroleum is referred to as Liquid gold because of its
scarcity and diversified uses.
Define the term‘Mineral Resources:
Mineral resources can be defined as homogeneous.
naturally occurring, inorganic materials that are of
economic interest in or on the crust of the Earth
Define metallic minerals.
Metallic minerals are rich in metals, For example,
copper. iron-are, bauxite, gold. manganese. et.
Define non-metallic minerals.
Minerals that donot contain metals are called
‘non-metallic minerals. They are Inorganic in origin
‘and are derived from the buried animal and plant fe.
Define ferrous minerals.
Ferrous minerals are minerals
ich cantain iron
They have very small amount of other metals added,
Name any two important oil producing areas in
India.
Digbol_and Naharkatiya in Assam are important olt
‘preducing areas in india
Name the major oilfields found in India.
The major oilfields found in India are Ankaleshwar,
Kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam, Kosamba. Lune] and
Mumbai High.
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What types of ol refineries are found in India?
Field based (i) Market based
Where are most of the metallic minerals found in
India?
Most of the metal minerals in Indla are found in
the peninsular plateau region
Name the minorals found in tho South-Western
Plateau region?
Bauyite, iron-ore_manganese_and limestone are
found In the South-Wostern plateau region,
Why should the export of minerals be raduced?
Export of minerals should be reduced so that the
existing reserve may be used for a longer period.
How can metallic minerals be conserved?
‘Metalic minerals can be conserved by recycling,
Name any two alternate energy sources that can be
Used to conserve minaral resources,
‘The altornate anergy sources that can be used to
‘wave and geothermal energy
Mention any four features of non-metallic minorals
in india,
The main features of non-metallic minerals in India
are: good electric and thermal conductivity, luster
rigor and malleablin
Mention any four features of “Geothermal energy’
in india,
The main features of Geothermal energy in India
are,
(i) Huge potential
(ii) Retiable
(ii) Envirorimentallyfriench
(hy) Ro heleegued
Mention any four features of Solar energy in India,
The Features of solar energy in india are:
()) Renewable energy source
(i) Reduces electricity bls
(iil) Cow maintenance costs
(iv) Technology development
Mention any four characteristics of non-conventional
sources of energy in India.
The main features of non-conventional sources of
energy in India are:
(i) They are inexhaustible.
(i) They do not cause pollution
(ii) They are cheap to be maintained. stored and
wansmitte.
(Wv) They Include wind, Uda, solar geothermal and
bloenergy.
Mention any four features of ‘Tidal and Wave
energy in India,
The features of Tidal and Wave energy in India are:
()) lis reliable and renewable source of energ
(i) does not poliute the atmosphere
(i) produces no green grass and no other waste.
(lv) Itis energy efficient,
20. Mention any four features of wind energy in India.
Ans. The features of wind energy in india are:
(i) Itis.a clean fuel source.
(il) Itis sustainable.
(ii) Wis a domestic source of eneray.
(lv) It can be built on existing Farms.
@ Short Answer tupe Questions W
QL. Write a detailed note on the petroleum resources
of India,
Ans. Crude petroleum consists of hydrocarbons. in
Uquid and gaseous states and varying In chemical
composition. colour and specific gravity. t occurs
In sedimentary racks of tertiary period. TH 1956
Digbol in Assam was the only oll producing region
But in recent years, new oll deposits have been
found at the extreme western and eastern parts of
the country. The areas whore petroleum resources
are located are:
Assam
* DigbolL_Naharkatiya_and Moron_aro_major_oll
producing areas,
Gujarat
# Ankleshwar, Kalol Mehsana, Nawagam, Kosamba
and Lune are the major oll tetas
‘Mumbai High
lies 160 kom off Mumbai. was discovered in 1973
and commenced production in 1976
Exploratory Wells
# Exploratory wells in Krishna-Gadavari and Kaveri
Basin an the Gast coast.
Q2. Explain any three main characteristics of mineral
resources,
Ans, Three main characteristics of mineral resources are
as follows:
() Uneven Distribution Over €arth’s Surface
The distribution of mineral _over_the earth's
Surface is uneven Some regions are rich
in_minerals whereas others are deficient in
minerals
(i) Inverse Relationship between Quality and
Quantity:
The quality and quantity of minerals have an
inverse relationship. Minerals of goods quality
‘are less in amount whereas minerals of low
‘quality are more in amount on earth.
(i) Exhaustble In Noture
Minerals are exhaustible in nature Le, once
used. they cant be used again, Minerals take
long time to develop geologically and_once
they get exhausted. they cannot be replenished
immediately atthe time of need
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3. Give two advantage of manganese. Mention four cof non-cooking grade. in india. coal is found In two
manganese producing states of India. rock sequences:
Ans. Two advantages of manganese are ( Gondwana Coalfields
(V) it 5 used as a raw material in Iron and steel (Gh Theva lacked Frit Valea 66
industry for smelting of iran-ore Joanie Soadava
itis also used in the manufacturing of ferroalioys. # Mahanadl aon
‘The manganese producing states of Indla are
Odisha
Leading producer of manganese. Important
imines are located in districts of
(b) They lie in Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt.
Important coal fields in this region are:
+ Ranigan| (2nd largest coal fled)
+ sharia (Largest coal field)
isan Some “onan
*Bolangir E
ee {@) Most important coal mining canteas are
» Madhya Pradesh ~» Singraull
Chhattisgarh -» Korba
Important mines are lacated In dlstricts of
#Dhanwad + Ballar
Belgaum North Canara + Odisha ~» Talcher and Rampur
*Chikkmageluru « Shvamogga # Maharashtra »» Chanda Wardha
«Chitradurga» Tumakur +» Kamptee and Bander
Maharashtra Telangana ~» Singareni
Important mines are found In districts of: Andhra Pradesh ~» Pandur
sBhandara «Nagpur {U) Tertiary Coal Fetds
Ratnagiri They occur in
Madhya Pradesh (@) Assam: Extracted from Makum, Jalpur and
Mines are located in a belt that extend through Nalera in upper Assam.
the following districts (b) Meghalaya; Extracted from —Darangiet
Balaghat * Chhindwara Cherrapunji, Mewtang and Langrin,
#Nimar Mandla « Jhabua (©) Arunachal Pradesh: Extracted from
4. Give two advantages of ‘Copper Mention four Namchlk-Namphuk
copper mining areas of India (4) Jammu & Kashmir: Extracted from Kalakot.
ne) "Wis identities of capper (6) Nagaland: The uses of coal are
(W) As it is alloyable, malleable and ductite, It_is eltis used In the generation of thermal power.
mostly used in electrical industry for making + Its used In the smelting of iron-ore
wines electric motors. generators etc, 6. WhyIsit necessary to develop bio-energy in india?
(i) IIs mixed with gold by Jewellers to_provide oR
Seger NET Explain the significance of blo-energy to human
Four copper mining areas of india are ind in india pets 2ni)
sharkhand AAns._Blo-Energy: I refers to energy derived from blologlcal
© Singhbhum district products which includes agricultural_residues.
Madhya Pradesh ‘municipal industrial and other wastes.
*Bolaghat district Significance of bio-energy to humankind in india can
Rajasthan bbe understood from the following points
« Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts () Potential Source of Energy Conversion:
‘Andhra Pradesh Blo-energy can be converted int:
« Agnigundala in Guntru strict «electrical energy
Karnataka heat ener
«Chitradurga and Hassan districts 1 25 for cooking
‘Tem Nach Benefit: This converted energy form can be used
for a varlety of purposes.
* South Arcot district
(ii) Helps in Processing of Waste and Energy
QS. Give an account of production and use of coal in Production:
India, Ik_will_process the waste and garbage and
Ans. About 80% of coal faund In Indla Is bituminous coal produce energy.
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Benefit: This will: improve economic tife of rural
areas, reduce environmental pollution. enhance
self-reliance, reduce pressure on fuel wood.
Example of a project converting waste into energy is,
‘Dania in Delhi
Describe the uneven distribution of mineral
and energy resources In India by giving suitable
‘examples.
India Is arich country in terms of minerals, However.
there Is unevan distribution of mineral and ener
resources In_country it & explained through
Following oamples
(i) Most of the metallic minerals occurs in the
peninsular plateau region in the old crystalline
(l) Biver valleys of Damodar. Son. Mahanadl and
Godavari have ovar $795 of Coal reserves in indla
(Ww) Sedimentary basins of Assam and off-shore
region In the Arabian Seo (Gujarat and Mumbal
High) are famous for thelr crude petroleum
reserves.
(iv) The araa to the east of a ling joining Mangaluru
‘and Kanpur has most of the major minerat
3
(v) Mineral are mainly concentrated in three broad
belts, namely:
(e) The North-Eastern elateau region.
(b) The South-Western Plateau region.
() The North-Western Plateau region.
the promotion of the use of non-conventional
sources of energy in India is the need of the hour."
‘Support the statement. (NCERT 2016)
The promotion of the use_of non-conventional
sources of energy in Indl Is the need of the hour
ue to the following reasons:
() They are Cheaper and Renewable: UnUke
conventional sources of energy, mast of the
on-conventional energy sources are cheaper
‘and renevable. The limitation and scarcity of
fossil fuels have given rise to the urgent need
for using the alternative energy sources such as
renewable non-conventional energy resources.
(i) They are Environmental Friendly: Powver fram
non-conventional _and_ renewable sources Is
‘must in order to reduce carbon dioxide (CO;
emissions from the coal-based power plants.
Non-conventional resources are environment
friendly.
(ii) They Meet Rural Energy Needs Efficiently:
Locally available non-conventional and renewable
power resources lke vind and sun can meet local
rural energy needs with minimum costs, Thus.
hon-conventional energy resources will ensure
sustainable development by meeting the needs
Of the present generation without harming the
need of future generation
Q9. “Conservation of minerals Is more important
than other resources." Explain by giving three
arguments.
‘Ans. Conservation of minerals 's more important than
ther resources due to the following reasons:
(i) Minerals_are important as large oumber_of
industries are dependent _on them as raw
materials
(W) We are rapidly consuming mineral resources
which took millions of years to Farm.
(ii) Minerals are in insufficient quantities and
cexhaustible
(iv) Mineral conservation is necessary because once
they get exhausted. it wil be dificult to find
‘other alternatives to take thelr place.
(W) Economic_and_industrlal_dovolopment_of_a
‘country depends on minerals
Q10. Explain any three mothods of conservation of
mineral resources in India.
‘Ans. Thrae methods of conservation of mineral resources
In Ina are
(i) Adoption of Renewable Resource: To conserve
‘ourmineral cesources. we must adopt renewable
Fesources In place of exhaustible resources Uke
‘solar power, wind. wave. geathermal energy. etc
(i) Use of Recycled Scrap Metals
To prevent the mining of newer metals, recycled
scrap metals must be used, Scope of recycling
Scarce metallic minerals Uke zinc, copper. lead
ke, [5 more In india because our country Is
