Scribd
Upload
7 views43 pages

Net - Lec. 4 - Fall 2024

The document discusses the transmission of digital data, focusing on asynchronous and synchronous transmission methods. Asynchronous transmission sends data one character at a time to avoid timing issues, while synchronous transmission sends data in blocks with synchronized clocks. It also covers error detection and correction techniques, highlighting the importance of redundancy in ensuring data integrity during transmission.

Uploaded by

david1milad1982
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views43 pages

Net - Lec. 4 - Fall 2024

The document discusses the transmission of digital data, focusing on asynchronous and synchronous transmission methods. Asynchronous transmission sends data one character at a time to avoid timing issues, while synchronous transmission sends data in blocks with synchronized clocks. It also covers error detection and correction techniques, highlighting the importance of redundancy in ensuring data integrity during transmission.

Uploaded by

david1milad1982
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 43

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

Fall, 2024

COMPUTER NETWORKS

Lec. 4

Prof. Ahmed Salah EL-Din Mohamed Ali


Transmission of Digital Data
Parallel Transmission
Serial Transmission
Asynchronous and Synchronous
Transmission
 Timingproblems require a mechanism to
synchronize the transmitter and receiver.

 Receiver samples stream at bit intervals.


 If clocks not aligned and drifting will sample at
wrong time after sufficient bits are sent.

 Two solutions to synchronizing clocks


 Asynchronous transmission.
 Synchronous transmission.
Asynchronous Transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
Asynchronous - Behavior
In asynchronous transmission, each character of data is treated
independently. The strategy with this scheme is to avoid the timing problem
by not sending long, uninterrupted streams of bits. Instead, data are
transmitted one character at a time. Each character begins with a start bit that
alerts the receiver that a character is arriving. The receiver samples each bit
in the character and then looks for the beginning of the next character. This
technique would not work well for long blocks of data because the receiver's
clock might eventually drift out of synchronization with the transmitter's
clock.
 Simple
 Cheap
 Overhead of 2 or 3 bits per char (~20%)
 Good for data with large gaps (keyboard)
Synchronous Transmission

For large blocks, synchronous transmission is used. Each block of data is


formatted as a frame that includes a starting and an ending flag, and is
transmitted in a steady stream without start and stop codes. The block may be
many bits in length. To prevent timing drift between transmitter and receiver,
their clocks must somehow be synchronized. With synchronous transmission,
there is another level of synchronization required, to allow the receiver to
determine the beginning and end of a block of data. To achieve this, each block
begins with a preamble bit pattern and generally ends with a postamble bit
pattern. The data plus preamble, postamble, and control information are called a
frame. The exact format of the frame depends on which data link control
procedure is being used.
Synchronous Transmission

 Block of data transmitted sent as a frame


 Clocks must be synchronized
 Can use separate clock line
 Or embed clock signal in data
 Need to indicate start and end of block
 Use preamble and postamble
 More efficient (lower overhead) than async
The Physical Layer of
the OSI reference Model
DTE-DCE interface
Sending Data
Control
Serial Connectors

 Cisco routers support the EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, V.35, X.21,


and EIA/TIA-530 standards for serial connections,
 Memorizing these connection types is not important.
 Just know that a router has a DB-60 port that can support five
different cabling standards.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15
Serial Connectors

DCE Cable

DTE Cable

 Router is typically a DTE device.


 The DTE cable is connected to the serial interface on
the router to a CSU/DSU device (DCE).

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16
Configuring a serial interface

DTE Cable DCE Cable

How can you tell which end is the DTE and which end is the DCE?
 Look at the label on the cable.
 Look at the connecter between the two cables - The DTE cable will
always be male and the DCE cable will always be female.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17
Smart Serial

ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18
Smart Serial connector

ITE 1 Chapter 6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19
EIA-232
Data Pins
Control Pins
Timing Pins
Other Pins
Synchronous Full-Duplex Transmission
Synchronous Full-Duplex Transmission
Modem
Error Detection
and Correction

• Types of Errors
• Detection
• Correction
Types of Error
 An error occurs when a bit is altered between
transmission and reception.

 Single bit errors


 Only one bit altered
 Caused by white noise

 Burst errors
 Contiguous sequence of B bits in which first last and
any number of intermediate bits in error
 Caused by impulse noise or by fading in wireless
 Effect greater at higher data rates
Types of Error
Single-bit error
Multiple-bit error
Burst error
Error Detection
Regardless of the design of the transmission system, there will be errors, resulting in
the change of one or more bits in a transmitted frame. Error detection is performed
by calculating an error-detecting code that is a function of the bits being transmitted.
The code is appended to the transmitted bits. The receiver calculates the code based
on the incoming bits and compares it to the incoming code to check for errors. A
detected error occurs if and only if there is a mismatch. There is a probability that a
frame contains errors and that the error-detecting scheme will detect that fact. Also
have a residual error rate, being the probability that an error will be undetected
despite the use of an error-detecting scheme.

The simplest error-detecting scheme is to append a parity bit to the end of a block of
data. The value of this bit is selected so that the character has an even number of 1s
(even parity) or an odd number of 1s (odd parity). Note, however, that if two (or any
even number) of bits are inverted due to error, an undetected error occurs. Typically,
even parity is used for synchronous transmission and odd parity for asynchronous
transmission. The use of the parity bit is not foolproof, as noise impulses are often
long enough to destroy more than one bit, particularly at high data rates.
Error Detection Process
Error Detection Methods
Redundancy
Error Correction

 Correction of detected errors usually requires


data block to be retransmitted.

 It would be desirable to enable the receiver to correct


errors in an incoming transmission on the basis of the
bits in that transmission. Error correction operates
in a fashion similar to error detection but is capable of
correcting certain errors in a transmitted bit stream.
Error Correction Process
How Error Correction Works
 In essence, error correction works by adding redundancy to the
transmitted message. The redundancy makes it possible for the
receiver to deduce what the original message was, even in the face
of a certain level of error rate. In this section we look at a widely
used form of error-correcting code known as a block error-
correcting code. If wish to transmit blocks of data of length k bits,
so map each k-bit sequence into a unique n-bit codeword, which
differ significantly from each other. Typically, each valid
codeword reproduces the original k data bits and adds to them (n –
k) check bits to form the n-bit codeword. Then if an invalid
codeword is received, assume the valid codeword is the one that is
closest to it, and use the input bit sequence associated with it.
How Error Correction Works

 The ratio of redundant bits to data bits, (n – k)/k, is


called the redundancy of the code, and the ratio of data
bits to total bits, k/n, is called the code rate. The code
rate is a measure of how much additional bandwidth is
required to carry data at the same data rate as without the
code. For example, a code rate of 1/2 requires double the
transmission capacity of an uncoded system to maintain
the same data rate.
Error Correction

(K)

K+

You might also like