Module 2
Module 2
Module 2
Actual displacement are assumed to be small enough that if θ is the angle of rotation
of any bar, Sin θ= θ and Cos θ= θ
Consider only static problems. Within these restriction, the analysis is exact, not
approximate.
𝑃𝐿 𝐴𝐸∆
∆= and 𝑃 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐿
𝐀𝐄
if ∆= 1; 𝐏 =
𝐋
Unit displacement is applied at node 1, along x-direction, fig. b, the force development at
nodes 1 and 2 can be found
Members of truss element are subjected to axial force only, but their
orientation in the plane may be at any angle
AE AE
𝑘31 = −PCosθ = − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 θ;𝑘41 = −PSinθ = CosθSinθ
L L
AE AE
𝑘33 = PCosθ = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 θ; 𝑘43 = PSinθ = CosθSinθ
L L
Therefore,
AE AE
𝑘14 = PCosθ = L SinθCosθ; 𝑘24 = −PSinθ = − L Sin2θ
AE AE
𝑘34 = PCosθ = SinθCosθ;𝑘44 = PSinθ = Sin2θ
L L
Analysis of continuous beams normally axial deformation is negligible and hence only
two unknowns may be taken at each end of the element
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
0 0 − 0 0
𝐿 𝐿
12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
0 0 −
𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿2
6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
0 0 − 𝐿2
𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿
𝐾= 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
− 0 0 0 0
𝐿 𝐿
12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
0 − − 0 −
𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿2
The Stiffness matrix is 6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
0 0 − 𝐿2
12 6𝐿 −12 6L 𝐿2 𝐿 𝐿
𝐸𝐼 6𝐿 4𝐿2 −6L 2L2
𝐾= 3
𝐿 −12 −6L 12 −6L
6L 2L2 −6L 4L2
The method is based on the idea of reducing the given system of equations Ax = B
to an upper triangular system of equations Ux = z, using elementary row operations.
That is, the solutions of both the systems are identical. Here 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒′𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
After that we have to apply the same process to make that pattern to a upper triangular
matrix.
𝑎11𝑥 + 𝑎12𝑦 + 𝑎13𝑧 = 𝑏1
0+𝑎′22𝑦 + 𝑎′23𝑧 = 𝑏′2
0 + 0 + 𝑎′′33𝑧 = 𝑏′′3 [ 𝑅′′3 = 𝑅′3 −(𝑎′32/𝑎′22)∗ 𝑅′2 ]
We can then successively find the values z, y, and x
They become :
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 8
0 + 7𝑦 − 28𝑧 = −21
0 − 4𝑦 − 17𝑧 = −21
So that :
𝑧 = 1; 𝑦 =(−21+28𝑧)/7= 1;
𝑥 = (8 − 9𝑧 + 2𝑦) = 1 .
Step 1: Write down the node-element connectivity table inking local and global nodes;
also form the table of direction cosines (l, m)
Step 2: Write down the stiffness matrix of each element in global coordinate system
with global numbering
Step 3: Assemble the element stiffness matrices to form the global stiffness matrix for
the entire structure using the node element connectivity table
Step 5: Solve resulting set of reduced equations for the unknown displacements
3 3 1
1 2 (x2,y2)
L
El 1 60 El 3
θ
2 60 60 3 1 (x ,y )
1 1
El 2
Department of Civil Engineering 20
Stiffness matrix of element 1
Stiffness matrix of element 2
d1x d1y d2x d2y
d2x d2y d3x d3y
d1x
d2x
= d1y
(1)
= d2y
k ( 2)
d2x k
d3x
d2y
d3y
Stiffness matrix of element 3
There are 4 degrees of
d3x d3y d1x d1y
freedom (dof) per element
d3x (2 per node)
= d3y
( 3)
k
d1x
d1y
Department of Civil Engineering 21
(1)
k
Global stiffness matrix
d1x d1y d2x d2y d3x d3y
d1x
( 2)
d1y k
d2x
K= d2y
d3x
( 3)
k
d3y
66
3 0 2Lsin45
L −l 2 −lm l2 lm
−lm − m 2
lm m2
1 1 −1 −1 0 0
1 1 −1 −1 0 0
EA −1 −1 2 0 −1 1
K=
2L −1 −1 0 2 1 −1
0 0 −1 1 1 −1
0 0 1 −1 −1 1
EA 2 0 d 2 x P1
=
2L
0
2 d 2 y P2
P1L
d2 x
EA
=
d
2 y P2 L
EA
Step 6: Obtain stresses in the elements 0
Solution
Step 1: Node element connectivity table ELEMENT Node 1 Node 2
1 1 2
2 2 3
3 1 3
3 L L
3 L 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
1 1 1
d 3x 2 2 d
2
( d 3x + d 3 y )
= 3x =
− 1
d 3 y 1 d3 y 1
( d − d )
2 2
2
3 y 3 x
d 3y = 0 (Multi-point constraint)
d 3y =
1
2
( d3 y − d3 x ) = 0
d3 y − d3 x = 0 Eq (2)
1 1 1
F 3x 2 2 F
2
( F3x + F3 y )
= 3x =
− 1
F 3 y 1 F3 y 1
( F − F )
2 2 2
3 y 3 x
F 3x = 0
F 3x =
1
2
( F3 y + F3 x ) = 0
F3 y + F3 x = 0 Eq (3)
Kd = F Eq(1)
d3 y − d3 x = 0 Eq(2)
F3 y + F3 x = 0 Eq(3)
1 −1 0 d 2 x P
1260 105
−1 1.5 0.5 =
3x 3x
d F
0.5 d F
0 0.5 3y 3y
d 2 x = 3d3 x Eq(7)
1260 105 (3d 3 x − d 3 x ) = P
Plug this into Eq(4)
2520 105 d 3 x = 106
Department of Civil Engineering 41
d 3 x = 0.003968m
d 2 x = 3d 3 x = 0.0119m