Lab Repot- 1

TITLE: Over view of CPU

THEORY:
The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the primary component of a computer responsible for
executing instructions and performing calculations. It acts as the brain of the computer,
coordinating and controlling all operations. The CPU consists of several key components,
including the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which performs mathematical and logical operations,
and the Control Unit, which manages the execution of instructions and coordinates data
movement within the CPU and between other components. The CPU interacts with memory,
input/output devices, and other hardware components to process data and execute programs. It
operates based on instructions stored in memory, fetching, decoding, and executing these
instructions to perform tasks such as running applications, handling system operations, and
processing user inputs. CPU performance is measured in terms of clock speed, which represents
the number of cycles per second the CPU can execute. Additionally, factors such as the number
of cores, cache size, and architecture influence the CPU's processing power and efficiency.

Here's a simplified visual breakdown of a desktop PC:

 Central Processing Unit (CPU): This is the brain of the computer, responsible for executing
instructions and performing calculations.
 Motherboard: The motherboard serves as the main circuit board, providing connections for
various components such as the CPU, RAM, storage drives, and expansion cards.
 Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM stores data and program instructions that the CPU
needs to access quickly during operation.
 Storage Drives: These include hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs) for
storing data and system files.
 Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU converts electricity from the wall outlet into a form
usable by the computer's components.
 Graphics Card (GPU): The GPU processes graphical data, rendering images and videos
for display on the monitor.
 Expansion Slots: These slots allow users to install additional components such as
graphics cards, sound cards, or network cards to enhance the capabilities of the system.
 Cooling System: Fans or liquid cooling systems help dissipate heat generated by the CPU
and other components to prevent overheating.
 Input/Output Ports: These ports provide connections for peripherals such as keyboards,
mice, monitors, printers, USB devices, and network cables.
 Case: The case houses and protects the internal components of the PC, providing
physical support and airflow to maintain proper cooling.

CONCLUSION: These parts work together to process instructions, perform calculations, manage
data, and control the overall operation of the computer.

Lab Report- 2

1 Shiv Prasad Sharma

TITLE: Learn about MS Word, Page layout and Home
THEORY:
Word processer is an application software that enables the user to create, save, edit, format and
print documents. Example: MS Word, Word Star, Word perfect, PC-Write etc.

Advantage of using word processor:

 Documents can be store in a computer for future purpose.
 You can add, delete, or rearrange bullet points as needed, allowing for seamless revisions
and updates to your content.
 You can add, delete, or rearrange bullet points as needed, allowing for seamless revisions
and updates to your content
 Word processing programs provide extensive formatting options, allowing users to
customize fonts, styles, colors, and layouts to suit their preferences.
Features of word processing program:
 Text Editing: Basic functions such as typing, deleting, copying, cutting, and pasting text
are fundamental to word processing software.
 Formatting Tools: Word processors offer a wide range of formatting options to customize
the appearance of text, including font styles, sizes, colors, alignments, line spacing, and
indentation.
 Styles and Themes: Users can apply predefined styles and themes to quickly format entire
documents or specific sections with consistent fonts, colors, and layouts.
 Spell Check and Grammar Check: Built-in spelling and grammar checking tools help users
identify and correct errors in real-time, enhancing the accuracy and professionalism of
documents.
 AutoCorrect: AutoCorrect features automatically correct commonly misspelled words and
typographical errors as users' type, improving efficiency and accuracy.
 Find and Replace: Users can search for specific words or phrases within a document and
replace them with alternative text using the find and replace function.
 Page Layout: Word processing programs allow users to adjust page margins, orientation
(portrait or landscape), size, and layout settings to customize the appearance of
documents for printing or digital distribution.
 Headers and Footers: Users can add headers and footers to documents to include page
numbers, document titles, author names, dates, and other information that appears
consistently across multiple pages.

CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, Microsoft Word serves as an indispensable tool for creating, formatting, and
sharing documents across various industries and purposes. Its user-friendly interface, extensive
features, and customizable options make it accessible to users of all skill levels, from students to
professionals. Whether drafting reports, crafting resumes, designing flyers, or collaborating on
projects, Word offers a versatile platform that empowers users to express their ideas effectively
and efficiently.

Lab Report -3

2 Shiv Prasad Sharma

TITLE: Writing Tutorial

THEORY:

Step 1: Open Microsoft Word

Launch Microsoft Word on your computer to begin creating your document.

Step 2: Set Up Document

Start a new document by selecting "Blank Document" or choose a pre-designed template if
available.

Step 4: Headings
Use clear headings for the text.

Step 5: Formatting Text

Use a clear and legible font such as Times New Roman or Arial, with a size of 12 points.
Maintain consistent spacing (1.5 or double-spacing) throughout the document.
Use bold or italic formatting to emphasize important points. Align text to the left or justify for a
clean look.

Step 6: Inserting Tables and Figures

To insert a table, go to the "Insert" tab, select "Table," and choose the desired number of rows
and columns.
Populate the table with data and format it as needed.
To insert a figure (image or graph), go to the "Insert" tab, select "Pictures" or "Shapes," and
choose the desired image or create a graph using Excel.
Add captions below each table or figure to explain its content.

Step 7: Proofreading and Editing

Review your lab report for spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors.

Step 9: Save and Print

Save your document on your computer to avoid losing your work.

CONCLUSION: By following these steps, you can create documents. Even You can write a letter
for any purpose. This word processor program is used in different sector. Writer also use to write
their story and gives a look to their writing.

Lab Report – 4

TITLE: About Page Layout

3 Shiv Prasad Sharma

THEORY:
The page layout feature in Microsoft Word allows you to customize the appearance and
arrangement of content on your document pages. Here's an overview of the key aspects of page
layout in MS Word:

Margins:
Margins define the space between the content of your document and the edges of the page. You
can adjust margins to control how much white space surrounds your text. To set margins, go to
the "Layout" tab, click on "Margins," and choose from preset options or select "Custom Margins"
to specify your own margin measurements.

Orientation:
Orientation determines the direction in which content is displayed on the page. You can choose
between portrait (vertical) and landscape (horizontal) orientations. To change the orientation, go
to the "Layout" tab, click on "Orientation," and select either "Portrait" or "Landscape."

Size:
Page size refers to the dimensions of the document page. Common page sizes include letter (8.5
x 11 inches), legal (8.5 x 14 inches), and A4 (210 x 297 millimeters). To set the page size, go to
the "Layout" tab, click on "Size," and choose the desired size from the list of options.

Columns:
Columns allow you to divide your document page into multiple sections, with text flowing from one
column to the next. You can specify the number of columns, adjust their width and spacing, and
apply column formatting to selected sections of your document. To insert columns, go to the
"Layout" tab, click on "Columns," and choose the desired number and format.

Headers and Footers:

Headers and footers are sections of text that appear at the top (header) and bottom (footer) of
every page in your document. They often contain page numbers, document titles, dates, and
other information. To add headers and footers, go to the "Insert" tab, click on "Header" or
"Footer," and choose from preset options or select "Edit Header" or "Edit Footer" to customize.

Page Numbers:
Page numbers are sequential numbers that appear on each page of your document, usually in the
header or footer. You can add page numbers to your document by going to the "Insert" tab,
clicking on "Page Number," and selecting the desired location and format for the page numbers.

CONCLUSION:
By using these pages layout features effectively, you can customize the appearance and
formatting of your Microsoft Word documents to suit your specific needs and preferences.

Lab Report – 5

TITLE: About Insert tab, view tab and review tab

4 Shiv Prasad Sharma

THEORY:
Here's a brief overview of the Insert, View, and Review tabs in Microsoft Word:

Insert Tab:
The Insert tab contains commands for adding various elements to your document. Here are some
key features:

1. Pages: Insert new pages, cover pages, or blank pages into your document.
2. Tables: Create tables to organize data in rows and columns.
3. Illustrations: Insert pictures, shapes, SmartArt graphics, and charts.
4. Links: Add hyperlinks, bookmarks, or cross-references to navigate within or outside the
document.
5. Header & Footer: Include headers, footers, or page numbers for consistent page
formatting.
6. Text: Add text boxes, symbols, or drop caps to enhance text presentation.
7. Date & Time: Insert current date and time stamps into your document.
8. Object: Embed objects from other applications such as Excel worksheets or PDF files.

View Tab:
The View tab provides options for changing the way you view and navigate your document. Here
are some key features:

1. Document Views: Switch between different document views like Print Layout, Read Mode,
or Web Layout.
2. Show/Hide: Display or hide elements such as rulers, gridlines, or navigation panes.
3. Zoom: Adjust the zoom level to view your document at different magnifications.
4. Window: Arrange multiple document windows or split the current window to view different
parts of the same document.
5. Macros: Record or run macros to automate repetitive tasks.
6. Show Markup: Review and edit tracked changes, comments, or annotations in your
document.

Review Tab:
The Review tab offers tools for reviewing and editing your document. Here are some key features:

1. Proofing: Check spelling and grammar, translate text, or access the thesaurus.
2. Comments: Add, edit, or delete comments to provide feedback or collaborate with others.
3. Tracking: Track changes made to the document and accept or reject edits.
4. Compare: Compare two versions of a document to identify differences.
5. Protect: Restrict editing, encrypt the document, or add digital signatures for security.
6. Accessibility: Check document accessibility and make it more usable for individuals with
disabilities.

CONCLUSION: Each of these tabs contains a range of tools and options to help you create, edit,
and review your documents efficiently in Microsoft Word.

Lab Report – 6

TITLE: MS Excel

5 Shiv Prasad Sharma

THEORY:
Excel is a spreadsheet program used for data analysis, calculation, and visualization. In Excel,
cells are organized in a grid-like layout. Here's a brief overview of cell merge and split functions:

Cell Merge:
 Definition: Cell merge combines multiple adjacent cells into a single, larger cell.
 How to Merge Cells: Select the cells you want to merge, then click the "Merge & Center"
button in the Home tab. This merges the cells and centers the content.

Cell Split:
 Definition: Cell split divides a merged cell back into its original individual cells.
 How to Split Cells: Select the merged cell, then click the "Merge & Center" button again,
and choose "Unmerge Cells." This splits the merged cell back into its original individual
cells.

CONCLUSION: Microsoft Excel is an indispensable tool for organizing data, performing

calculations, and creating visualizations. Its user-friendly interface and powerful features make it a
go-to choose for professionals in various fields. Excel's versatility and efficiency streamline tasks,
empower users, and enhance productivity, making it a staple in both personal and professional
settings. We can merge and split merge cell as our need in EXCEL.

6 Shiv Prasad Sharma

 Lab Report – 7

TITLE: Insert tab and formula tab

THEORY:
Here's a concise overview of the Insert tab and Formula tab in Excel, along with images.
Insert Tab:
Purpose: The Insert tab in Excel provides tools for adding various elements to your spreadsheet.
Key Features:
1. Tables: Organize and analyze data efficiently.
2. Illustrations: Visualize data with pictures, shapes, charts, and SmartArt.
3. Charts: Create different types of charts to represent data trends.
4. Sparklines: Insert small charts within cells to show trends.
5. Filters: Apply filters to manipulate and analyze data quickly.
6. Hyperlinks: Insert links to navigate to websites or other locations within the spreadsheet.
7. Text: Add text boxes, headers, and footers to annotate or label your spreadsheet.

Formula Tab:
Purpose: The Formula tab contains tools for working with formulas and functions in Excel.
Key Features:
1. Function Library: Access a wide range of built-in functions for calculations.
2. Insert Function: Quickly insert functions into cells using the Function Wizard.
3. Defined Names: Manage named ranges and defined names for easier referencing.
4. Formula Auditing: Trace precedents, trace dependents, and evaluate formulas for error
checking.
5. Calculation Options: Control calculation settings, such as automatic or manual calculation
mode.
6. Formula Auditing: Use tools like Trace Precedents and Trace Dependents to analyze and
troubleshoot formulas.

CONCLUSION:
The Insert tab and Formula tab in Excel are essential tools for creating, analyzing, and managing
data effectively. The Insert tab allows you to add various elements such as tables, illustrations,
charts, and hyperlinks to enhance the visual appeal and functionality of your spreadsheet.

7 Shiv Prasad Sharma

 Lab Report – 8

TITLE: Design marksheet in excel

THEORY:
Designing a marksheet in Excel involves setting up a structured layout to input and calculate
students' marks efficiently. Here's a step-by-step guide along with a conclusion:

Step-by-Step Guide to Design a Marksheet in Excel:

1. Plan Your Layout:
- Determine the structure of your marksheet, including columns for student names,
subjects, marks obtained, total marks, and percentage.
2. Enter Student Information:
- Enter student names in one column and subjects in the adjacent columns.
3. Enter Marks:
- Input marks obtained by each student in respective subject columns.
4. Calculate Total Marks:
- Use a formula (e.g., SUM function) to calculate the total marks obtained by each
student across all subjects.
5. Calculate Percentage:
- Calculate the percentage for each student using a formula (e.g., divide total marks
obtained by total possible marks and multiply by 100).
6. Apply Formatting:
- Format cells to make the marksheet visually appealing and easy to read. You can use
borders, colors, font styles, and alignment options.
7. Add Headers and Titles:
- Include headers for student names, subjects, marks obtained, total marks, and
percentage. Add a title for your marksheet.
8. Include Additional Information:
- You may want to include additional information such as grade scale, teacher's remarks,
or any other relevant details.
9. Test and Review:
- Test your marksheet with sample data to ensure calculations are accurate and
formatting is consistent.
10. Save and Print:
- Save your marksheet in Excel format for future use. Print copies as needed for record-
keeping or
distribution.

CONCLUSION:
Designing a marksheet in Excel offers a convenient and efficient way to manage student
assessment data. By organizing information into a structured layout and utilizing Excel's
calculation and formatting features, you can create a professional-looking marksheet that provides
valuable insights into students' performance. Whether you're a teacher, school administrator, or
educational institution, Excel marksheet templates can streamline the process of recording,
analyzing, and presenting student assessment data. With careful planning and attention to detail,
you can create a marksheet that meets your specific needs and helps facilitate effective
assessment and evaluation practices.

8 Shiv Prasad Sharma

 Lab Report – 9

TITLE: Mail Merge of marksheet

THEORY:
Mail merge is a feature in Microsoft Word that allows you to create personalized documents such
as letters, envelopes, labels, or emails by combining a single template with a data source, such as
an Excel spreadsheet or a list of contacts. Here's a brief overview of the mail merge process:

Mail Merge Process:

1. Prepare Your Data Source:
- Create or gather the data you want to include in your document. This could be a list of
names, addresses, email addresses, or any other information you want to personalize.
2. Open Microsoft Word:
- Launch Microsoft Word and open a new document.
3. Start the Mail Merge Wizard:
- Go to the "Mailings" tab and click on "Start Mail Merge."
- Choose the type of document you want to create, such as letters, envelopes, labels, or
emails.
4. Select Recipients:
- Click on "Select Recipients" and choose your data source.
- If using an Excel spreadsheet or other external data source, browse and select the file.
5. Insert Merge Fields:
- Place your cursor where you want to insert personalized information (e.g., recipient's
name or address).
- Click on "Insert Merge Field" in the Mailings tab and choose the field you want to insert
from your data source.
- Repeat this process for each piece of information you want to personalize.
6. Preview Your Document:
- Click on "Preview Results" to see how your document will look with the personalized
information filled in.
- Use the arrows in the Mail Merge Preview section to navigate through each record in
your data source and check for accuracy.
7. Complete the Merge:
- Once you're satisfied with the preview, click on "Finish & Merge" in the Mailings tab.
- Choose whether to print the merged documents, edit individual documents, or send
the documents as email messages.
- If printing, select the printer settings and click "OK" to print the merged documents.
- If sending as email messages, enter the email subject and customize the email
message as needed before sending.

CONCLUSION:
Mail merge simplifies the process of creating personalized documents in bulk by automatically
filling in information from a data source. By following the steps outlined above, you can quickly
and efficiently create personalized letters, envelopes, labels, or emails tailored to each recipient,
saving time and ensuring accuracy in your communications.

9 Shiv Prasad Sharma

 Lab Report – 10

TITLE: To generate billing system in excel

THEORY:
To generate a billing system in Excel, you can create a structured layout to input transaction
details and automatically calculate totals. Here's a brief guide along with a conclusion:

Step-by-Step Guide to Generate a Billing System in Excel:

1. Plan Your Layout:
- Determine the structure of your billing system, including columns for invoice number, date,
customer details, item description, quantity, price per unit, subtotal, taxes, and total.
2. Enter Transaction Details:
- Input transaction details such as invoice number, date, customer name, item details,
quantity, and price per unit into respective columns.
3. Calculate Subtotal:
- Use a formula (e.g., multiplication) to calculate the subtotal for each transaction by
multiplying quantity with the price per unit.
4. Calculate Taxes (if applicable):
- If taxes apply, use a formula to calculate the tax amount based on the subtotal and tax
rate.
5. Calculate Total:
- Add the subtotal and tax amount (if applicable) to calculate the total amount for each
transaction.
6. Apply Formatting:
- Format cells to make the billing system visually appealing and easy to read. Use borders,
colors, font styles, and alignment options to enhance readability.
7. Include Additional Information:
- You may want to include additional information such as payment terms, due dates,
payment status, or any other relevant details.
8. Test and Review:
- Test your billing system with sample transactions to ensure calculations are accurate and
formatting is consistent.
9. Save and Print:
- Save your billing system in Excel format for future use. Print invoices or billing statements
as needed for record-keeping or distribution.

CONCLUSION:
Creating a billing system in Excel offers a simple and efficient way to manage transactions and
generate invoices or billing statements. By organizing transaction details into a structured layout
and utilizing Excel's calculation and formatting features, you can create professional-looking
invoices tailored to your business needs. Whether you're a freelancer, small business owner, or
individual, Excel billing templates can streamline the process of invoicing clients, tracking
payments, and managing finances. With careful planning and attention to detail, you can create a
billing system that helps you maintain accurate records and streamline your billing process.

10 Shiv Prasad Sharma

 Lab Report – 11

TITLE: To calculate commission

THEORY:
To calculate commission in Excel, you can use a formula based on the sales amount and the
commission rate. Here's a short guide:

1. Commission Formula:
- Determine the commission rate, which is usually a percentage of the sales amount.
- Multiply the sales amount by the commission rate to calculate the commission.

2. Example Formula:
- If the commission rate is 10% and the sales amount is Rs.1000, the formula would
be: Commission = Sales Amount Commission Rate
- Commission = Rs.1000 x 10% = Rs. 100

3. Enter Formula in Excel:

- In an Excel cell, enter the formula using cell references or values directly.
- For example, if the sales amount is in cell A1 and the commission rate is in cell B1,
you can use the formula =A1*B1 to calculate the commission.

CONCLUSION:
Excel provides a convenient way to calculate commission based on sales performance. By using
simple formulas, you can quickly determine the commission earned for different sales amounts
and commission rates. This allows businesses to accurately compensate salespeople based on
their performance, incentivizing them to achieve higher sales targets.

11 Shiv Prasad Sharma

 Lab Report – 12

TITLE: Data Validation in excel

THEORY:
Data validation in Excel is a feature that allows you to control what type of data can be entered
into a cell or range of cells. Data validation ensures that data entered into a cell meets specific
criteria or conditions set by the user. It helps maintain data accuracy, consistency, and integrity in
spreadsheets.

Key Features of Data Validation:

1. Input Message:
You can add a message that appears when a user selects a cell with data validation,
providing guidance on what type of data is expected.
2. Error Alert:
You can display an error message if the entered data violates the validation criteria,
helping users correct their input.
3. Criteria:
Data validation allows you to define various criteria such as whole numbers, decimals,
dates, times, text length, list selection, custom formulas, and more.
4. List Validation:
You can create drop-down lists to restrict data entry to predefined options, ensuring
consistency and accuracy.
5. Date and Time Validation:
Data validation can enforce date and time formats, preventing incorrect input and ensuring
data consistency.
6. Custom Formulas:
Advanced users can create custom validation formulas using Excel's built-in functions to
define complex validation rules.

How to Use Data Validation:

1. Select Cells:
Highlight the cells where you want to apply data validation.
2. Access Data Validation:
Go to the "Data" tab, click on "Data Validation" in the "Data Tools" group.
3. Set Validation Criteria:
Choose the validation criteria such as number, decimal, date, time, text length, list, or
custom formula.
4. Configure Input Message and Error Alert:
Optionally, set an input message and error alert to provide guidance and feedback to
users.
5. Apply and Test:
Click "OK" to apply data validation. Test by entering data into the validated cells to ensure
it meets the specified criteria.
CONCLUSION:
Data validation in Excel is a powerful tool for maintaining data accuracy and consistency in
spreadsheets. By enforcing specific criteria and conditions for data entry, it helps prevent errors,
ensures data integrity, and improves the overall quality of your Excel workbooks.

12 Shiv Prasad Sharma

 Lab Report – 13

TITLE: To create PowerPoint presentation

THEORY:
Microsoft PowerPoint is a powerful presentation software that allows users to create visually
appealing slideshows for various purposes, such as business meetings, academic presentations,
training sessions, and more. Here's a short guide on how to create a PowerPoint presentation.

Steps to Create a PowerPoint Presentation:

1. Open PowerPoint:
Launch Microsoft PowerPoint on your computer.
2. Select a Design Theme:
Choose a design theme or template from the available options. This sets the overall look
and feel of your presentation.
3. Add Slides:
Click on the "New Slide" button to add slides to your presentation.
Choose from different layouts for title slides, content slides, and more.
4. Insert Content:
Enter your text by clicking on the placeholders on each slide.
Add images, charts, graphs, or multimedia elements to enhance your slides.
5. Format and Customize:
Format text by changing font styles, sizes, and colors.
Customize slide backgrounds, colors, and layouts to match your presentation theme.
6. Add Transitions:
Apply slide transitions to add visual effects between slides.
Choose from a variety of transition styles to create smooth transitions.
7. Include Animations:
Add animations to individual elements within slides to make them appear or disappear in a
dynamic way.
Use animations to emphasize key points or engage the audience.
8. Save and Present:
Save your presentation by clicking on the "Save" button.
Practice your presentation and then present it to your audience using the slideshow mode.

CONCLUSION:
Microsoft PowerPoint provides users with a user-friendly platform to create professional-looking
presentations quickly and easily. By following these simple steps, users can craft engaging
slideshows that effectively convey their message and captivate their audience. PowerPoint's
extensive range of design tools, customization options, and multimedia capabilities make it an
indispensable tool for business professionals, educators, students, and anyone else looking to
create compelling presentations. With its intuitive interface and powerful features.

13 Shiv Prasad Sharma