PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF

 Philosophy - The science of all things through the highest causes obtained by natural
reason
 It was the Greeks who inquired myths and moved away in attempting to know the
reality and respond to endless inquiry of curiosity, including the question of self.
 The diverse perspectives on the self can be best seen and understood then by
revisiting the ancient thinkers. The rich history of philosophy is replete with men and
women who inquired into the fundamental nature of the self.
 Logic came from the Greek word "logos", It is defined as the science of correct
reasoning.
 Cosmology the study of universe.
 Aesthetics is concerned with the analysis of aesthetic experience and the idea of what
is beautiful.
 Theodicy investigates the nature, of God not based on the bible and divine revelation
but by logical abstractions and reasoning.
 Metaphysics refers to the branch of philosophy that deals the nature of reality.
 Epistemology refers to the study of validity of human knowledge.
 Axiology refers to the philosophical study of value and as humans we value two things:
beauty and human conduct.
 Ethics (ethos), meaning "habit, custom“ is concerned with moral conduct.
 Ontology is the study of the nature of the existence of things
 MILESIAN PHILOSOPHERS: THALES, ANAXIMANDER, ANAXIMENES
 The idea of Socrates according the self (The self is synonymous to the soul. He
believes that every human possesses immortal soul that survives the physical body and
the cornerstones of Socrates philosophical venture is “Know Thyself”
 Socrates suggests that man must live an examined life and a life of purpose and value.
 Plato founded the Academy of Athens and formulated the World of Forms and World of
Senses
 Aristotle is considered the "Father of Western Philosophy “
 3 kinds of Soul of Aristotle: Vegitative Soul, Sensitive Soul and Rational Soul
 David Hume adhered that there is no self. What people experience is just a bundle or
collection of diverse perceptions
 Rene Descartes- According to this philosopher the self is a thinking entity distinct from
the body. His famous dictum is “Cogito, ergo sum”
 John Locke believed that the human mind at birth is tabularasa or a blank slate.
 Immanuel Kant: Respect for the Self – We Construct our self
 Paul Churchland the proponent of the theory that the self is the brain
 Gilbert Ryle – The self is the way people behave. He created the principle “ I act,
therefore I am”

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
 It is based on the statement that human behavior is influenced by a group of individuals
 Charles Horton Cooley introduced the concept “looking-glass self”
 George Herbert Mead is the proponent of the theory that supports that a person
develops a sense of self through social interaction and not on biological conditions.
 I - suggested that this element is the subjective view and active side of the self.
 Me- objective element of the self.
 Mead stages of development: Preparatory Stage During this stage, there is no self. (0-3
years old) Play Stage – self is developing (3-5 years old) Game stage – self is now
present and understand that only their own social position but also those around them.
(8-9 years old)
 Gerry Lanuza’s article, “The Constitution of the Self” discusses the relationship between
society and the individual. According to him, in modern societies the attainment and
stability of self-identity are freely chosen. It is no longer restricted by customs and
traditions.
 There is a need to discover the “authentic core” of the self for the individual to freely
work towards self-realization.
 Jean Baudrillard exposes the negative consequence of postmodernity. The postmodern
individuals attain self-identity through prestige symbol that they consume.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
 It is concerned primarily with how cultural and biological processes interact to shape
human experience.
 Anthropology is from the New Latin word anthropologia (“the study of humanity”) and
shares its ultimate root in Greek, anthrōpos (“human being)
 Through socialization and enculturation (The process of learning our own culture is
called enculturation, while the process of learning another culture is called
acculturation), people develop their individual potentials and learn or adapt culture.
 Clifford Geertz, an American anthropologist, offers a reformulation of the concept of
culture which favors a symbolic interpretative model. This idea is rooted in the idea that
the self is embedded in culture
 Identity Toolbox refers to the features of a person’s identity that he or she chooses to
emphasize in constructing the social self.
 Personal naming is a universal practice with numerous cross-cultural variations that
establishes a child’s birthright and social identity. One’s identity is not inborn
 Egocentric – the self is seen as an autonomous and distinct individual.
 Sociocentric – the self is contingent on a situation or social setting.
 The concept of identity was used mostly in the context of “ethnic identity”, pointing out
the sameness of the SELF with others
 Arnold van Gennep believes that changes in one’s status and identity are marked by a
three-phased rite of passage
 Identity struggles was coined by Anthony Wallace and Raymond Fogelson to depict
collaboration in which there is a contradiction among the self of a person claims to
possess and the character ascribed to that person by others.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Carl Rogers defines the self as a changing perception of personal identity (real and
ideal self)
 William James suggested that the self is divided only in two the “I-self” and the “Me-
Self” The material self is attributed to an individual’s physical attributes that contribute to
one’s self-image. The social self refers to who is and how he or she acts in social
situations. The spiritual self refers to the most intimate and important part of the self
 Bandura believed that humans, through their agency perceived as proactive agents of
experience
 Winnicott has found that the self is composed of true self and false self
 Carl Jung’s theory of the self is the concept of archetypes
 Persona refers to social roles that individuals present to others
 Frued’s Elements of Personality
 Id – basic drives/urges and desires.
 Ego represents the I and operates the reality
 Superego - It refers to the conscience and moral judge of one’s conduct. In this sense
violation of rules leads to feelings of guilt.
 Psychosexual Theory (Sigmund Freud)
 Oral Stage – oral activities. Anal stage - derives pleasure from elimination
 Phallic Stage – pleasure form examining, touching and displaying their genitals
 Latency Stage- occupied in the school. Genital Stage – satisfy their sexual drives from
sexual relationship
 Erik Erickson main goal in his theory is to achieve an individual identity in which one
must create a vision of the self that is authentic.
 Psychological stages of development
 Trust versus mistrust – independence – drive and hope
 Autonomy versus shame and doubt- self-control and will to power
 Initiative versus guilt – direction and purpose
 Industry versus inferiority - competence
 Ego Identity versus. Role Confusion - fidelity
 Intimacy versus Isolation – affiliation and love
 Generativity versus. Stagnation – middle adulthood
 Integrity versus Despair - wisdom
 For Erickson’s adolescence is the period of identity and development

Western and Eastern concepts of Self

1. Western Self as Analytic - the western way of thinking is analytic -deductive with
emphasis on the casual links.
2. Western Self as Monotheistic - the belief in one Supreme Being as the main basis of their
spiritual belief
3. Western Self as Individualistic - exhibits the coexistence of favorable and unfavorable
conditions inherent in personal freedom.
4. Western Self as Materialistic and Rationalistic - the western way of thinking is focused on
material things and favors a rational- empirical approach over magical and superstitious
explanation.
 Eastern Concept of Self
In the east, philosophy and religion are twisted together. The Eastern thought is
described as pluralistic (Garcia, 2013) Although these 4 systems differ in their approaches
about the concept of the self, they share the same goal - to teach how to become a perfect
person (Villaba, 1995)
Hinduism.
✓ The Hindu concept of the self is expounded in Vedanta, a major school of Indian
thought. It is based on Upanishads, the classical Indian philosophical treatise.
✓ Brahman is an absolute reality.
✓ Atman - the true knowledge of the self, is identical to Brahman
✓ Vedanta - characterizes human suffering as the result of failure. The goal of a
person is to have a cognition of the true reality- Brahman.
✓ The law of Karma is the most essential doctrine of Hinduism.
✓ Reincarnation, a major tenet of Hinduism, is when the soul, which is seen as eternal
and part of a spiritual realm, returns to the physical realm in a new body. A soul will
complete this cycle many times, learning new things each time and working through its
karma.
 Buddhism
• Siddharta Gautama, known as Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.
• The root word of Buddhism is budh meaning awake. To be awake may imply that
opening the eyes would lead to understanding more about the self and the world.
• The 4 noble truths are the basic principles of Buddhism:
• life is suffering (2) suffering is caused by attachment to desires;
• suffering can be eliminated; and (4) elimination of suffering is through the practice of
Eightfold Path; *right view *right aspiration *right speech *right action *right livelihood
*right effort *right mindfulness *right concentration
• -In Buddhist philosophy, man is just a title for the summation of the 5 parts (matter,
sensation, perception, mental constructs and consciousness) that compose individual.
(Villaba, 1995) Man has no self. There is only nothing and all else is an illusion.
 Confucianism.
➢ The Confucian doctrine are found in the Analects. The core of the Confucian
thought is the Golden Rule or the principle of reciprocity:” Do not do to others what you
would not want others do to you”. The self is also known as relational self
 Taoism is a Chinese counterculture.
• Taoists reject the Confucian idea of relational self. The Tao is regarded as Nature
that is foundation of all that exists (Garcia, 2008)
• Taoists believed that simplicity, spontaneity, and harmony with nature should govern
one’s life. Individuals must seek to understand and act in accordance with the natural
order. There should be unity and harmony among opposing elements: Yin and Yang
(Abella, 2016)
Comparative Matrix of Western and Eastern Approaches in Understanding oneself
Dimension Western Thought Eastern Thought
Frame of Reference Separation between Philosophy and religion
 philosophy and religion are intertwined
School of Thought/ Belief Scholasticism, Hinduism, Taoism,
system Rationalism, Empiricism Buddhism and
and Phenomenology Confucianism
Notable Philosophers The Greek Triumvirate, Confucius, Lao Tzu,
Socrates, Plato and Buddha
Aristotle, Rene Descartes
and John Locke
Source of Knowledge Use of reason rather than Has trusted intuition and is
faith to pursue wisdom often associated with
religious beliefs
Modes of Cognition Analytic and Deductive Synthetic and Inductive
Emphasis Distinctions and Commonalities and
oppositions Harmonies
View of Self Egocentric Sociocentric
Theological View Monotheistic Polytheistic
Ideal Self-actualization through To achieve a balance life
personal growth and find one’s role in the
society
Cultural Framework Individualism Collectivism

 Physical Self
The physical changes that occur at the start of adolescence result largely from the
secretion of various hormones which virtually affects every aspect of an adolescent's life,
particularly the way they view themselves (Feldman, 2010). Generally, girls are more
dissatisfied than boys with their physical appearance and their overall body image.
The physical self refers to the body. The body's ability to perform its functions
gradually changes through an individual's aging. In general, the body performs least during
infancy and old age. Physical efficiency generally peaks in early adulthood between the
ages of twenty and thirty, and then slowly declines into the middle age.
Physical development and growth during childhood continue at a slow rate compared
to the rapid rate of growth in babyhood. Adolescence begins with the onset of puberty. This
stage is characterized by rapid physical changes that include the maturation of the
reproductive system. Each individual goes through a succession of developmental stages
throughout his or her life span. Life span refers to the development from conception to
death.
Elizabeth R. Hurlock outlines 10 stages in the life span
Two Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Development Physical growth and
development is the product of heredity and environment. Heredity is the biological process
of the inheritance of traits from parents to offspring.
Environment refers to the factors an individual is exposed to throughout life which
includes learning and experiences.
 Sex and other physical traits are determined by the combination of chromosomes and
genes during fertilization when the egg and sperm cells unite. Chromosomes are threadlike
tissues that carries the genes and are usually found in pairs. There are 23 pairs of
chromosomes. Genes are the basic carrier of hereditary traits.
THEORIES OF PHYSICAL SELF.
The theory of physiognomy suggests that a person's physical characteristics such as
facial features and expressions and body structures could be related to a person's
character or personality. According to the ancient Chinese practice of face reading, the face
is a three-dimensional reflection of "who we are and how life has affected us." This practice
is rooted in the Five Element theory which makes use of the elements of water, wood, fire,
earth, and metal as archetypes for everything occurring in the natural world.
In ancient Greece, Hippocrates developed a theory based on the prominence of body
fluids. The theory suggests that an excess of or deficiency in any of the four bodily fluids (or
humors)
The sanguine type has the prominence of red bile. They tend to be impulsive, cheerful,
happy, and optimistic.
The melancholic has the prominence of black bile. They tend to be depressed and
pessimistic.
The choleric has the prominence of yellow bile. They are easily angry, jumpy, and
temperament.
The phlegmatic has excess phlegm. They tend to be sluggish, dull, and slow.
In the 1940s, William Sheldon has developed a body-type theory based on physical
characteristics. The three body types are endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic.
Physically, one who has the endomorphic body type is soft and plump. People with this
body type are perceived to be easy going and sociable.
Physically, the mesomorphic type is characterized by a strong muscular body. People
who have mesomorphic body type are perceived to be energetic, adventurous, assertive,
and courageous. They are competitive and tend to be dominant.
Physically, one who has the ectomorphic body type is tall and thin. People who have
this body type tend to be restrained, quiet, introverted, and artistic. The illustrations show
the different body types according to Sheldon.
Finally, in her work The Wisdom of Your Face, Jean Haner (2008) suggests that
people with oval-shaped faces are generally hospitable and tactful. People with round-
shaped faces tend to be friendly, kindhearted, and selfless. People with square faces tend
to be witty, analytical, and great leaders. People who have heart-shaped faces are patient
and intuitive by nature. People with long-shaped faces are perfectionists and tend to be
aggressive. Persons with triangle-shaped faces tend to be creative, artistic, sensitive, and
determined. People with diamond faces are very detail-oriented. Haner also suggests that
people with full and thick eyebrows tend to be confident, assertive, and goal-oriented.
Persons with large o highly-defined jaws have strong values and firm beliefs.
Body image refers to how individuals perceive, think, and feel about their body and
physical appearance.
Appearance refers to everything about a person that others can observe such as
height, weight, skin color, clothes, and hairstyle.
 Body image is related to self-esteem which is a person's overall evaluation of his or
her own worth.
Adolescent boys and girls tend to experience negative self-image because they are in
a stage of development that is probably confusing to them. However, girls are more
concerned than boys about their physical appearance and overall body image.
Television, advertising, music, and movies are full of women who are thin, thus
constructing the notion that the ideal body shape is slim. Some girls and young women
compare themselves to models and actresses in advertisements.
Girls who have higher body dissatisfaction are likely to experience depression, low
self-esteem, and eating disorders (Demello, 2014). For example, anorexia is an eating
disorder in which the person refuses to eat for fear of gaining weight which can result in
severe starvation and death. It mostly affects females between the ages of 12 and 40,
although men may also develop it. Another disorder is bulimia nervosa in which the person
induces purging after binging on large quantities
Beauty has always been considered important throughout history because these
features indicate youth, health, good genes, and fertility (Demello, 2014).
One form of body modification is tattooing-which injects ink onto the skin to draw a
design. Makeup can also be permanently tattooed.
Body piercing is another type of body modification which lets people wear jewelry
through different piercings in their body such as the ears, nose, and tongue, among others.
Tattooing and piercing have been practiced across the globe since ancient times.
Traditionally, tattooing and piercing were considered signs of one's strength and social
status.
Cosmetic surgery is another form of body modification which includes surgical and
non-surgical procedures to restore, reconstruct, or alter body parts.
Different cultures have different definitions and perceptions of beauty. People often
say that beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
People tend to judge others based on physical appearance. However, physical
appearance alone is not enough to know a person’s true character. It is important to see
into a person's inner thoughts and feelings-one's inner self.
Above all things physical, it is more important to be beautiful on the inside. Here are
some ways to improve your body image and inner self

 Material self
A person's tangible possessions like his or her car, house, clothes, even family and
friends make up his or her material self.
Material Self According to William James (1980, p. 291), the self is everything that an
individual considers to be his or hers, not only his or her body and material possessions but
also his or her reputation and beliefs. The basic component of the material self includes the
body.
Another component of the material self is the clothes that people wear. Apart from
clothes, the material component of the self can include one's house, car, pets, and other
things that he or she considers as his or her possession.
 The material component of the self also includes people an individual has
relationships with such as one's immediate and extended family members as well as close
friends with whom one feels psychologically connected.
The Role of Material Possessions remain valuable because these possessions are
symbolic of one's social status.
Material possessions can reflect hard work and success.
People tend to judge others through their material possessions, Thus, the greater the
material possessions, the more likely one will be accepted and regarded well by other
people. The important point is that these components of the material self-become a
significant reference of one's sense of self and identity. However, the desire for material
possessions also have negative effects on one's sense of self and identity.
Materialism refers to giving more status to material possessions than intangible
values.
The strong desire for material possessions could lead to psychological dysfunction or
impairment in functioning such as compulsive buying disorder (CBD) which is characterized
by an obsession with shopping and buying behaviors that can cause adverse
consequences.
When a person is about to make a purchase, he or she should ask himself or herself a
very important question: DO I REALLY NEED THIS?
Consumer Culture is a social system in which consumption is dominated by the
consumption of commercial products.

 Sexual Self
The beginning of adolescence is marked by rapid physical changes, including the
maturation of the reproductive system and the development of primary and secondary sex
characteristics. Primary sex characteristics are physical characteristics present at birth.
For the specific body parts of the male and female reproductive system kindly read the
module posted in our schoology account. Thank You
Alfred Kinsey was born in 1894 in New Jersey to poor strict Methodist parents. Kinsley
has a degree in Etymology and Psychology his first major research was on wasp, but he
drifted his interest toward human sexuality and his research on human sexuality paved way
for decades of study into sex. He surveyed thousands of men and women about their
sexual habits and histories, and found interesting things related to sexual preferences,
masturbation, and orgasms and pre-marital sex. Kinsey cited two of his major discoveries
which are: One he was an early adopter of having a scientific approach to studying sex
and. Two he showed that the popular perception of what people do and don't do sexually
versus what people do and feel was often different.
In the late 1950s and 60s American gynecologist William Masters and his collaborator
and future wife sexologists Virginia Johnson did something no researcher had ever done
before. They interviewed nearly 700 male and female volunteers, many of whom were sex
workers to come into their lab get it on either meaning orgasm either alone or with their
partner. Goal is to record the body's physiological response to sex.
 The main thing they documented was the four distinct stages of sexual response:
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Masters and Johnson maintained happen in a
linear way one after the other.
Many believe that compared with women, men think about sex more often because
they report more frequent sex fantasies and more frequent feelings of sexual desire.
Nevertheless, women tend to place more emphasis on emotional closeness with a lover
than men do. Overall, women and men have equal potential for sexual arousal and women
are no less physically responsive than men (Peplau, 2003).
The excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasmic phase, and the resolution phase
Importance of Orgasm
(1) General Health - An orgasm at least once or twice per week appears to strength
the immune system’s ability to resist flu and other viruses
(2) Pain Relief - Some women find that an orgasm’s release of hormones and muscle
contractions help relieve the pain of menstrual cramps and raise pain tolerance in
general.
(3) Better Sleep - The neurotransmitter dopamine, released during orgasm, triggers a
stress-reducing, sleep-inducing response that may last up to two hours
(4) Lower Cancer Rate - Men who have more than five ejaculations per week during
their 20s have a significantly lower rate of prostate cancer later in life
(5) Mood Enhancement - Orgasms increase estrogen and endorphins, which tend to
improve mood and ward off depression in women
(6) Greater Feelings of Intimacy - The hormone oxytocin, which may play a role in
feelings of love and intimacy, increases fivefold at orgasm
Sexual hormones serve two major purposes: one they direct the physical development
of biological sex characteristics and two they help activate sexual behavior
Puberty is an important stage in sexual development.
Physical attractiveness refers to the degree to which a person's physical traits are
regarded as aesthetically pleasing or beautiful.
Robert Sternberg suggests that there are 3 components of love: intimacy, passion,
and commitment.
The intimacy component refers to the feelings of connectedness, and bondedness.
The passion component refers to the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction,
and sexual consummation while the commitment component refers to the decision to love
and the commitment to maintain that love.
Helen Fisher, biological anthropologist and expert in the science of human attraction,
suggests the important ingredients of romantic love: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust is
driven by the desire for sexual gratification. Attraction is often associated with sexual
attraction. Attachment occurs when individuals desire to connect with another person
intimately. It may also be called affectionate or companionate love.
External stimuli in western society they are constantly criticized for sexually charged
content from movies and TV to advertisements to music
Our sexual desires are being fueled by internal stimuli our imaginations and memories
and fantasies. According to plenty of studies at least 95% of people fantasize about sex at
some point.
 Most basic purposes sometimes procreation, but also stress reduction, maintaining
healthy relationships, social bonding, and the expression of love and overall fulfillment.
Sexual orientation refers to a person's sexual identity anchored on what gender they
are attracted to. The most common sexual orientation in which one is sexually attracted to
members of the opposite sex is heterosexuality.
Homosexuality, on the other hand, is the orientation of one who is sexually attracted to
the same sex. Homosexual males referred to as gays, while homosexual females are
referred to as lesbians.
Bisexuality is an orientation where one is attracted to both opposite and same sex.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIS) or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are
contracted primarily through sexual contact (vaginal, oral, or anal sex).
However, even curable bacterial infections can cause serious health problems if
ignored and left untreated.
STDs commonly include human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (HIV/AIDS), gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital herpes, and genital warts.
HIV/AIDS infections are caused by direct contact with body fluids such as through blood
transfusion, breast feeding, and sexual intercourse. It attacks the immune system and the
infected person eventually dies.
Chlamydia is caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis. In men, chlamydia can
cause swollen testicles and a burning sensation during urination. It can result in sterility
among women if left untreated because it damages the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian
tubes. Chlamydia can be easily cured with antibiotics
Gonorrhea is caused by gonococcal bacteria which attack the lining of the mucous
membrane such as the mouth, throat, vagina, and urethra. Gonorrhea can be treated by
penicillin or other antibiotics. Considered to be a natural cure for
gonorrhea, Mangosteen has antibacterial properties such that a decoction of its rind (skin)
can be used to treat gonorrhea and to get rid of its symptoms. (tulo in the Filipino
perspective)
Syphilis infects the genital areas and other parts of the body including the brain and
can cause paralysis or even death when left untreated.
Genital herpes can cause itching and tingling sensations, abscesses, and blisters in
the genital area. There is no cure for herpes.
Ang kulugo sa ari ay sanhi ng Human Papillomavirus (HPV), isang uri ng sexually
transmitted infection. Very contagious virus. Some people never get symptoms. Some types
cause genital warts (galligu)and other types can cause cancer of the cervix. There is no
cure for HPV Genital warts are caused by the human papillomavirus and women with
human papillomavirus are prone gto cervical cancer. Though the warts can be removed,
they may recur.
Remember herpes is not curable. it is treatable! there is no cure for herpes. Antiviral
medications can, however, prevent or shorten outbreaks during the time the person takes
the medication.
Hepatitis A & B can be prevented by vaccines. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C.
remember hepatitis is not curable! Hepatitis A is transmitted through fecal oral route.
The fecal–oral route describes a particular route of transmission of a disease wherein
pathogens in fecal particles pass from one person to the mouth of another person. Hep B is
transmitted through blood and bodily fluids. Hep C is transmitted mostly through blood but
also through bodily fluids
Thus, the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012, also known
as Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, guarantees universal access to methods of
contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care. The RH Law provides
for the "prevention and treatment of HIV/ AIDS and other STIS/STDS," especially since the
number of HIV cases among the youth is rising.
Sexual dysfunctions are disorders in desire, arousal, and orgasm. Sexual dysfunctions
are usually caused by performance anxiety, unrealistic expectations, misinformation, early
conditioning, and or ignorance of sexual Physiology.

❖ Kendall (1998) defines politics as a social institution through which power is

acquired and exercised by people.
❖ In Aristotle’s work, Politics, he describes the role that politics and the political
community must play in bringing about a virtuous life in the citizenry. He observes that
“man is by nature a political animal.”
❖ Citizenship is the most basic identification with the nation.
❖ The family has a hierarchical structure that requires each member toa perform his
or her role. Each position carries a set of rights, responsibilities, and expectations.
❖ The first and foremost duty of parents is to educate their children about basic values
and beliefs. Equally, the Philippine Constitution, recognizes the vital role of
schools, Church, Peers and Mass media
❖ There are 7 principles of public life
❖ Selflessness it means caring for what the people need and want instead of
promoting personal interests.
❖ Objectivity means being neutral & free from biases
❖ Integrity means maintaining a good name and character.
❖ Honesty means telling the truth, hiding nothing & being transparent.
❖ Accountability means being liable for one's actions.
❖ Openness means being transparent with whatever information one handles.
❖ Leadership means being able to lead the way for growth that would
❖ Governance is the process by which governments are selected, held accountable,
monitored, and replaced.
❖ British Prime Minister John Major created the Committee on Standards in Public
Life to outline proper behavior by public servants in 1994.
❖ Nolan Principles - named after the committee's first chairman, Lord Michael Nolan.
It is the first report that was released by the committee. The principles aim to eliminate
corruption in the government.
❖ According to the social learning theory, a person can acquire learning through
observation and imitation.
❖ Cognitive Theory suggests that the mental activities of individuals are important
determinants of behavior (e.g., political attitudes).
❖ The theory of symbolic interaction suggests that behaviors are products of
communication, meaning, and symbols.
❖ Culture is derived from the Latin Word “cultura” or “cultus” which means care or
cultivation. Culture as cultivation implies that every human being is a potential member
of his own social group.
❖ Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people
use to define their culture.
❖ Non‐material culture refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their
culture, beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language.
❖ Filipino Political Culture Politics involves the production, allocation, and use of
decision-making powers among large groups of individuals. In stable and strong
states, political activities usually refer to the powers of the state to govern.
❖ POSITIVE FILIPINO VALUES. Religious, Respect for Elders
Filipinos, Remedyo Attitude Filipinos, Matiyaga Filipinos, Utang na Loob
❖ Passivity and lack of Initiative -Acceptance of what happens, without active
response or resistance.
❖ Colonial Mentality refers to the attitude the Filipinos feel that product coming from
other countries are more superior than the local products.
❖ Kanya-kanya syndrome – Filipinos have a selfish, self-serving attitude that
generates a feeling of envy and competitiveness towards others, particularly one’s
peers who seem to have gained some status or prestige.
❖ Extreme Personalism -Filipinos view the world in terms of personal relationships
and the extent to which one is able to personally relate things and people determines
the recognition of their existence and the value given to them.
❖ Extreme Family Centeredness
❖ Lack of discipline- Procrastination is one reason of lack of self-discipline, lack of
willpower, motivation and ambition
❖ Lack of Self-analysis and reflection -In the face of serious problems, both personal
and social, there is lack of analysis or reflection. We joke about the most serious
matters and this prevents looking deeply into the problem.
❖ Ningas Cogon – A Filipino attitude of being enthusiastic only during the start of new
undertaking but ends dismally in accomplishing nothing.
❖ Gaya-Gaya Attitude – A Filipino Attitude of imitating other culture specifically in
mode of dressing, language, fashion, trend or even haircut.

• At present, the use of technology is essential for individual survival and for
communication with other people.
• The Business Dictionary defines technology as the application of information in the
design, production, and utilization of goods and services.
• Digital technology has immensely changed the pattern of working as well as the
learning of new concepts, including communication.
• Innovations in mobile phones, for example, resulted in the widespread use of the
internet and social networking.
• John DeLamater and Daniel Myers (2012) cite that the self is heavily influenced by
feedback from others.
• The impact of others whom people interact with depends upon the nature of one's
relationship with them.
• Interaction with significant others may be very influential to how one presents himself
or herself in a virtual space. The views of others through online interactions (social
networking) are so important that they become part of the self.
• Nevertheless, the desire to create positive impressions and to be "liked" by others
may lead to consequences that can be risky to one's security and mental health, such
as identity theft, cyberbullying, gossiping as well as anxiety and depression.
• The portrayal of male and female behaviour in media could affect the construction of
appropriate behaviors of people, especially adolescents.
• The Psychological Association of the Philippines, for example, provides scientific
knowledge on the application of psychological theories, concepts, and principles on
gender identity and sexual orientation to benefit society and improve the lives of the
members of the LGBTQ+
• Anti-Discrimination Act aims to protect the rights and welfare of the LGBTQ+ people
in the Philippines.
• The Philippines has the fastest growing internet population in Southeast Asia.
• This can be rooted to majority of the Filipinos, particularly the youth, use the internet
primarily for social networking which is mostly used for communication, information,
and entertainment (Estuar, 2003; Bristol, Caro, Mangaliman, & Bernarte, 2013;
Ignatius & Hechanova, 2014).
• Malik (2017) suggest that mobile phones are ever more becoming a very
valuable part of the daily life of today's youth.
• Hechanova and Ortega-Go find that the use of the internet has both positive and
negative outcomes. In their study, the use of the Internet can improve one's
relationships through easier ways of communicating
• Adolescents are particularly susceptible to cyberbullying, gossip, and stalking. For
this reason, the government together with academic and even religious institutions in
the Philippines make efforts to prevent and effectively manage the spread of identity
theft, false information, and fake news in the country.
• To protect the people from the invasion of privacy, Republic Act 10173, otherwise
known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012 was passed in the Philippines.