Computer Science and Its Application

April 2023
 Outline
➔ Chapter One
◆ Introduction/ Overview of Computing
➔ Chapter Two
◆ Computer System
◆ Data Representation
◆ Number System
➔ Chapter Three
◆ Computer Networks
➔ Chapter Four
◆ Fundamentals of Information Systems
➔ Chapter Five
◆ Major Issues in Computer and IS
➔ Chapter Six
◆ Major Applications and Current trends of Computer and Information Systems
 Chapter One
Introduction
➔ What is Computer?
◆ An Electronic data processing device which is capable of performing Arithmetic
and Logical operations.
◆ It can choose, copy, move, position and perform other non-arithmetic operations
on the many alphabetic, numeric and other symbols that humans use to represent
things.
➔ Arithmetic operations are
◆ Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division etc.
➔ Logical operations are
◆ AND, OR, NOT, Compare etc.
 …
➔ Computer can also be defined as an electronic symbol manipulating system
that’s designed and organized to automatically
◆ Accept and store input data
◆ Process them and
◆ Produce the output
➔ According to Artificial Intelligence research, Computer is
◆ Computer is like human beings but without thinking power
● Computing refers to the use of computers to perform tasks and solve problems.
It encompasses a wide range of activities, including programming, data analysis,
artificial intelligence, and more.
● A computer is a machine that can execute software programs, while computing
is the act of using a computer to perform various tasks.
 Computer vs Human beings

❖ Humans have rather poor memory, he needs certain support apart from
his abilities and capacities.
❖ Because of poor memory and mental tiredness humans lack in accuracy,
speed, and reliability.
❖ that is why, human needs computer as their additional support.
 Computer vs Human beings

Human being Computer

➔ Can think ➔ Can’t think by itself

➔ Gets mental tiredness ➔ Never gets tired
➔ May do mistake ➔ Never do mistake by itself
➔ Has limited speed ➔ Very high speed
➔ Has limited memory ➔ More amount of memory
➔ Accuracy may be missing ➔ Never missing
 …

★ Human can do anything a computer can do but a computer cannot do everything a

human can do.
 …

Operations performed by a Computer Corresponding actions performed by a

human
➔ Hold instruction in internal storage
➔ Read data in machine readable form ➔ Remember a set of instructions
➔ Perform arithmetic Computations ➔ Read data in written or printed form and
➔ Make comparisons memorize it or file it.
➔ Can perform arithmetic operations
➔ Retrieve any data from internal memory
➔ Can make comparisons
or secondary storage
➔ Remember data or retrieve data from file
➔ Output the results on an output device ➔ Speak or Write the result on paper
 Characteristics of Computer

Some of the basic characteristics of computer are:-

● Speed
○ The most important characteristic of a computer is its speed. Computer works
only one step at a time.
● Storage
○ A computer can store large amount of information in a few numbers of disks.

And the time it took to retrieve or process single information is not more than a
micro or a nano seconds.
● Accuracy
○ Now a day’s computers are being used for surgical purposes which need almost
hundred percent accuracy.
 Characteristics of Computer

● Automatic
○ Once necessary information and program is feed to the computer, it performs
processing without human intervention.
● Diligence
○ A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work
for hours without creating any error.
● Versatility
○ It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work. You may
use your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may use it for
inventory management or to prepare electric bills.
 Importance of Computer

★ Computers are very important in every aspect of our lives

★ Computer are very important in
○ Business
○ Industry
○ Education
○ Administration offices
○ School and
○ Home
★ It do have the following advantages
○ To save your time and money
○ Increase your productivity
○ Process information with speed and accuracy
 What computers can do for you

★ Accounting ★ Hospital
○ Ledger preparation
○ Diagonsis
○ Payroll preparation
○ Accounts payable ○ Store patients and doctors
★ General Shops information
○ Stock maintenance ○ Store medicine information
○ Simple calculations like billing
★ Educational Institutions
★ Transportation
○ Reserve tickets ○ Learning through games, Ai tutors
○ Time keeping ○ Mantiane students information
● What are the applications of computers for Accounting?
 History of Computers

★ Abacus
○ The earliest mechanical computing device was the Abacus, named after the Chinese
scientist Abacus, during 1200 A.D.
★ Napier’s Bones
○ Later during 1614 a Scottish nobleman John Napier developed a tool called Napier’s
Bones that used for multiplication.
★ Rotating wheel calculator
○ By 1642, the French philosopher and mathematician, Blaise Pascal developed a
rotating wheel calculator.
○ It is a predecessor of Desk calculator
★ Difference Engine
○ During the period 1792 – 1871, a British mathematician and engineer, who is
considered to be the Father of today’s computer – Charles Babbage built a working
model of a machine – the Difference Engine.
○ Later the design of the Difference Engine was developed as Analytical Engine.
 History of Computers

★ Hollerith machine
○ Designed and developed by the statistician Herman Hollerith for processing census data.
○ It uses punched cards for data processing.
★ Electronic Calculator
○ The first Electronic Calculator was developed by John Vincent Atanasoff in the late 1930s and
along with Clifford Berry a prototype of the Atanasoff-Berry computer was constructed during
1939.
★ ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)
○ A fully electronic computer
○ Was built during 1943 to 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania.
★ IBM650
○ A medium sized computer developed by IBM in 1953.
★ PDP-1 Computer
○ In the Middle of 1960s, the Digital Equipment Corporation released its first PDP-1 computer.
 Generation of Computers

● People have been processing data and information in some

form since prehistoric times.
● However, it was the development of the computer that
revolutionized information processing.
● The first large scale electronic computer the grand parent of
today’s hand held machines, was the Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer/Calculator (ENIAC), which became
operational in 1946.
 …

❖ ENIAC contained approximately

▪ 18000 light bulb size electronic vacuum tubes,
▪ weighed 30 tons and
▪ occupied about 1500 square feet of floor space.
❖ From the start, computers have been developed through four
generations or stages, each characterized by
▪ smaller size,
▪ more powerful and
▪ less expensive than its predecessor.
 Generation of Computers

★ First generation (1944-1958)

○ Were manufactured using vacuum tubes
○ Highly unreliable as the vacuum tubes failed very frequently
○ Punched cards were used for input and output
○ Very huge in size
○ Produced enormous amount of heat
○ Very slow and very expensive

Example:

➔ ENIAC and UNIVAC(UNIVersal Automatic Computer)

 …

.
 Second Generation (1959-1963)

★ By the early 1960s, transistors were developed and used in manufacturing computers.
★ Transistor is an electronic switching device that alternatively allows or does not allow
electronic signals to pass and it was comparatively smaller than vacuum tube.
★ Transistors consumed less power and produced less heat when compared to VT
★ Second generation computers are
○ Smaller in size
○ More reliable, and
○ Considerably faster than first generation of computers
★ Magnetic tape and disk packs introduced as a storage devices
★ Programming languages like BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, etc. were used.
 Second Generation (1959-1963)

.
 Third Generation (1964-1970)

★ During this period, the Integrated Chips very popularly known as ICs, started
replacing the usage of individual transistors in manufacturing computers.
★ IC is a complete circuit packed with hundreds of transistors and other
electronic components on a small silicon chip.
★ The size of the computers still got reduced with improved reliability and
speed when compared to the previous generation of computers.
★ The usage of RAM (Random Access Memory) and magnetic disks as the
storage media became wide spread.
 Third Generation (1964-1970)

.
 Fourth Generation (1971-Now)

★ Large Scale Integrated (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits
were developed.
★ LSI and VLSI are composed of thousands of transistors on a tiny chips.
★ In 1971, Intel developed the microprocessor, which contained the entire
CPU (the Control Unit, Memory Unit, and ALU) on a single chip, leading to
the process of miniaturization – the development of smaller and smaller
computers
 Fourth Generation (1971-Now)

➢ As a result, the computers main memory

✓ capacity increased,

✓ the cost got decreased and

✓ speed also increased, which directly affected the types and

usefulness of software that could be used.

● Software applications like Word Processing, Electronic Spreadsheets,
Database Management Programs, Painting and Drawing programs, and so
forth became commercially available giving more people reasons to use a
computer.
 Fifth Generation

★ These computers are function with the Artificial Intelligence

provided to it.
★ Have the ability to learn by itself.
★ Can reason and make decisions with the knowledge it posses.
 Classification of Computers

★ Two major categories

○ Based on their application
○ Based on their capacity and size
★ Based on application
○ Analog
○ Digital
○ Hybrid
 …

★ Based on capacity and size

○ Microcomputer
○ Minicomputer
○ Mainframe computer
○ Supercomputer
 Based on Application

1. Analog Computer
○ Uses analog signals for calculating and transmitting data
○ It can be defined as “A device that operates on data in the form
of continuously varying physical quantities”.
○ The values of the analog signals are continuously changing with
states in between high and low
○ Analog data is calculated using the concept of “measuring values”
like magnitude in terms of voltage, length, current.
○ Example: Electrical signals on a telephone line
○ SLIDE RULER is an example of analog computers.
 Based on Application

2. Digital Computer
○ Uses digital signals to calculate and transmit data
○ The word digital is derived from the word “digit”.
○ Digit means numeral
○ Is calculated using the concept of “counting values”.
○ The result obtained from the digital computer is more accurate when
compared to the analog computers.
○ The digital signal has two values: 0 or 1, High or Low and ON or OFF
○ To facilitate the performance of digital computers intermediate
languages such as
■ BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, PASCAL, C, C++, JAVA etc., has been developed.
 Based on Application

★ Digital Computer are classified as

○ General purpose computer
○ Special purpose computer
 1. General Purpose Computer

★ One that has the ability to store different programs of

instructions
★ Performs a variety of operations
★ It is designed to do a wide variety of jobs rather than perform a
specific activity.
★ It is also called Personal Computers (PC’s)
 2. Special Purpose Computer

★ Designed to perform one specific task

★ Instructions is built into, or permanently stored in the machine
★ Specialization results in the given task being performed very quickly
and efficiently
★ inflexible and cannot be easily used to perform other operations.
★ Past, it was expensive.
★ Now-a-days, for example, new cars have such devices installed to
monitor and control fuel, ignition and other system.
 3. Hybrid Computer

★ Uses both analog and digital mechanisms

★ Desirable features of analog and digital computers are combined
to develop a hybrid computer.
★ In a hospital, the intensive care unit, an analog device measures a
patient’s heart function, temperature and other vital signs, these
measurements are then converted into numbers and supplied to
a digital component that monitors the patient’s vital signs and
signals to a nurse’s station.
 Based on Capacity and Size

● Computers are also classified into different types mainly based on

processing and storage capacity.
● A Computer that is capable and used for general purpose business
applications like billing, accounting, maintaining stock information ,...
cannot be used for very advanced applications like forecasting and analysis
of weather phenomena, oil exploration, aircraft design etc.
 Based on Capacity and Size

★ Microcomputers
○ Also called Personal computers (PCs)
○ The smallest category of computer
○ These computers that can either fit next to a desk (called the
Desktop) or can be carried around (called the Laptop and Notebook).
○ Microprocessor is its important device
■ Microprocessor is a chip used to perform arithmetic and logical
operations.
○ Are used for general purpose business such as invoicing, accounting
etc.
 Based on Capacity and Size

★ Microcomputers
 Based on Capacity and Size

★ Minicomputers
○ When compared to microcomputers, Minicomputers are
■ Bigger in size
■ Faster in speed
■ Have more memory capacity and
■ Expensive
○ Can be used for
■ General purpose applications
■ As a server for small networks
○ These computers are relatively small but expensive computer with somewhat
limited input and output capabilities.
○ Minicomputers use large hard-disk units as online secondary storage.
 Based on Capacity and Size

★ Minicomputers
 Based on Capacity and Size

★ Mainframe
○ When compared to microcomputers & Minicomputers, Mainframe are
■ More powerful in processing
■ Faster in speed
■ Have large memory, and
■ Very expensive
○ The word mainframe refers to mean the “Central Processor”.
○ Their size varies depending on how many concurrent users they are
serving – from a few hundreds to thousands when used in networks
and has the capacity to support many powerful peripheral devices.
○ Used by multinational companies like banks, insurance, Airlines etc.
 Based on Capacity and Size

★ Mainframe
 Based on Capacity and Size

★ Supercomputer
○ When compared to the previous computers, Supercomputers are
■ The largest
■ Fastest
■ most expensive and
■ Very powerful computers available
○ Occupy specially designed air-conditioned rooms
○ Unlike microcomputers, which generally have only one CPU, super computers have
hundreds of processors.
○ Often used for research and To process complex scientific applications like
■ weather forecasting, oil exploration, aircraft design, mathematical research etc.
■ CRAY-I is an example of super computer.
 Data Processing

★ One or more operations performed on data to achieve a desired

objective is called as Data Processing
★ Is the activity of converting raw facts [ data ] into information.
★ Information is data that have been processed using the data
processing functions.
★ Example
○ Data: Bob, John Doe, +251900112233
○ Information: +251900112233 is John’s number
 Data Processing vs Information Processing

★ In data processing the various functions apply to raw data,

★ But, in information processing the same functions apply to
information.
★ Data Processing is the activity converting raw facts into
information.
★ Information is the result of processing data so that they become
useful.
 Functions of Data Processing

★ Data Collecting
★ Data Recording
★ Sorting
★ Classifying
★ Calculating
★ Storing and Retrieving
★ Summarizing
★ Communicating
 Processing Methods

★ Batch Processing
★ Real Time Processing

➔ Batch Processing
◆ Where data to be processed is accumulated over a period of time.
◆ The accumulated batch of transaction is processed periodically.
◆ Otherwise, Gathers transactions and saves them for processing all
at once.
◆ Very efficient but always delay in Processing.
 Realtime Processing (Online Processing)

★ Each transaction is processed as soon as it is received.

★ There is no waiting to accumulate. Such as, a computerized Reservation
system where an immediate responsible is useful.
★ Otherwise, by contrast, Process transaction as they occur, Ex: Air Line
reservation system.
Time Sharing
➔ Is the concurrent use of a single computer system by many users, each of
which has an I/O device and can access the same computer at the same time.
➔ Therefore, if a computer is shared by many unscheduled users simultaneously
it is called TIME SHARING.
Q&A