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INF2080 Lecture01 BasicConcepts S2024

The document provides an overview of database systems, including definitions of data and information, characteristics of databases, and the role of Database Management Systems (DBMS). It discusses various database models, schemas, and the ANSI-SPARC architecture, highlighting the importance of data abstraction, multiple user views, and transaction processing. Additionally, it outlines the advantages of using a DBMS, such as data integrity, redundancy control, and user access management.

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12 views25 pages

INF2080 Lecture01 BasicConcepts S2024

The document provides an overview of database systems, including definitions of data and information, characteristics of databases, and the role of Database Management Systems (DBMS). It discusses various database models, schemas, and the ANSI-SPARC architecture, highlighting the importance of data abstraction, multiple user views, and transaction processing. Additionally, it outlines the advantages of using a DBMS, such as data integrity, redundancy control, and user access management.

Uploaded by

dobbyg36
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INF2080 Database Systems

Basic Concepts
AUBG Spring 2024
Typical software application

Business Logic
INF 280
I
Transforming interface Query (SQL)
n
t into data request
e Data Processing
r Transforming
f datasets into
a reports/forms
Datasets Database
c
e
2
1
Database
as a collection of related data

3
Data and Information

▰ Data: Raw facts, or facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their
meaning to the end user.
▰ Information: The result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning.
Information consists of transformed data and facilitates decision making.
▻ Data constitutes the building blocks of information.
▻ Information is produced by processing data.
▻ Information is used to reveal the meaning of data.
▻ Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to good decision making.
▻ Good decision making is the key to organizational survival in a global environment.
4
DB as a collection of related data

▰ Database implicit properties:


▻ A database is a logically related collection of data.
▻ A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called the mini-
world or the Universe of Discourse (UoD).
▻ A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose.
It has an intended groups of users and some applications in which these users are
interested.

5
(Relational) Database example

6
2
Database:
Basic characteristics

7
Self-Describing Nature of a Database System

▰ System catalogue contains information about the structure of


each file, the type and storage format of each data item, and
various constraints on the data. The information stored in the
catalogue is called meta-data, and it describes the structure of the
primary database.

8
Insulation between Programs and Data, and
Data Abstraction

▰ The characteristic that allows program-data independence and program-operation


independence is called data abstraction.
▰ A DBMS provides users with a conceptual representation of data that does not
include many of the details of how the data is stored or how the operations are
implemented.
▰ Data model (or logical data model) is a type of data abstraction that is used to
provide this conceptual representation. Data model hides storage and
implementation details.

9
Support of Multiple Views of the Data

▰ A view may be a subset of the database or it may contain virtual


data that is derived from the database files but is not explicitly
stored.
▰ Different categories of users need different views on the database.
▰ One user may need to solve different problems with database and
for every problem may need different view on the data.

10
Sharing of Data and
Multiuser Transaction Processing

▰ Multiple users may need to access database simultaneously.


▰ The DBMS must include concurrency control software to ensure
that several users trying to update the same data do so in a
controlled manner so that the result of the updates is correct.

11
Database Management System

▰ A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of


programs that enable users to create and maintain a database.
▰ The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that facilitates
the processes of
▻ defining,
▻ constructing, and
▻ manipulating
databases for various applications.
12
Database System = DB + DBMS

13
Advantages of Using DBMS

▰ Controlling Redundancy (reducing)


▰ Preserving Data Integrity
▰ Restricting Unauthorized Access
▰ Permitting Inferencing and Actions Using Rules
▰ Providing Multiple User Interfaces
▰ Representing Complex Relationships Among Data
▰ Providing Backup and Recovery

14
3
Database models and database
schemas

15
DB Model

Data Model: collection of concepts that can be used to describe the


structure of a database
Structure: data types; relationships; constraints
Operation: retrieve, insert, delete, modify, user-defined operations
Behavior: dynamic

16
Hierarchical database model (1960s)

17
Network database model (1960s)

18
Relational database model (late 1970s)

19
Modern database models

▰ Late 1980s: Object-relational databases


▰ NoSQL databases (new trends)
▻ Key-value databases
▻ Wide-column databases
▻ Document databases
▻ Graph databases

20
DB Schema and DB State

▰ Database schema: Description of database using some database


model.
▰ In any data model, it is important to distinguish between the
description of the database and the database itself.
▰ The description of a database is called the database schema, which
is specified during database design and is not expected to change
frequently.
▰ The data in the database at a particular moment in time is called a
database state or snapshot. 21
DBMS ANSI-SPARC Architecture (1)
The external or view level includes
Categories of
Users a number of external schemas or
user views.
The conceptual level (conceptual
External Schemas Logical Data schema) describes the structure of
Independence
the whole database for a
Conceptual (logical) Schema
community of users.
Physical Data
Physical (internal) Schema Independence The internal level (internal
schema) describes the physical
storage structure of the database.
Data Files Meta Data
Indexes
Master Files System
Catalog
22
DBMS ANSI-SPARC Architecture (2)

▰ At the highest level, the multiple external schemas exist that correspond to
different views of the data.
▰ The conceptual schema describes all the entities, attributes, and
relationships together with integrity constraints.
▰ The internal schema is a complete description of the internal model,
containing the definitions of stored records, the methods of representation,
the data fields, and the indexes and storage structures used.
▰ There is only one conceptual schema and one internal schema per
database.
23
DBMS ANSI-SPARC Architecture (3)

▰ DBMS supports the following categories of languages:


▻ Data definition language (DDL) – deals with database schema
▻ Data manipulation language (DML) - Create, Read, Update, and Delete data
in database
▻ Transaction Control Language (TCL) – deals with transactions
▻ Data Control Language (DCL) – manages user privileges in database
▻ Note: In current DBMSs, these types of languages are not
considered distinct languages.
24
Questions?

25

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