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Bcs 53

The document provides examples of HTML, JavaScript, XML, and JSP code snippets for various web development tasks, including changing paragraph content, explaining the box model, creating cookies, and printing numbers using JSP. It also discusses the advantages of JSP over Servlets and outlines features and technologies of Web 2.0, such as AJAX and RSS. Additionally, it explains how to use CSS for styling web pages, including changing background color, font size, and text color.

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samaelstar2402
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© © All Rights Reserved
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9 views31 pages

Bcs 53

The document provides examples of HTML, JavaScript, XML, and JSP code snippets for various web development tasks, including changing paragraph content, explaining the box model, creating cookies, and printing numbers using JSP. It also discusses the advantages of JSP over Servlets and outlines features and technologies of Web 2.0, such as AJAX and RSS. Additionally, it explains how to use CSS for styling web pages, including changing background color, font size, and text color.

Uploaded by

samaelstar2402
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. (a) Write a JavaScript and related HTML code which changes the content of a paragraph having an id “IGNOU” from
“BCA Examination” to the text “The out of distance education”
Ans :- Certainly! Here's an example of HTML and JavaScript code that achieves the desired functionality:
Html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Paragraph Content Change</title>
<script>
// Function to change the content of the paragraph
function changeContent() {
// Get the paragraph element by its ID
var paragraph = document.getElementById("IGNOU");

// Check if the paragraph element exists


if (paragraph) {
// Change the content of the paragraph
paragraph.innerHTML = "The out of distance education";
} else {
// Display an error message if the element is not found
console.error("Paragraph with ID 'IGNOU' not found.");
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p id="IGNOU">BCA Examination</p>

<!-- Button to trigger the content change -->


<button onclick="changeContent()">Change Content</button>
</body>
</html>
In this example, we have a paragraph with the ID "IGNOU" and an initial text of "BCA Examination." The JavaScript
function changeContent is triggered when the button is clicked.
(b) Explain the box model of HTML with the help of a diagram.
Ans:- The box model in HTML is a fundamental concept that describes how elements on a web page are rendered in
terms of space and layout. It consists of the content area, padding, border, and margin. Each of these components
contributes to the overall dimensions of an HTML element.

Here's an explanation of each part of the box model:

Content:

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The innermost part of the box represents the actual content, such as text, images, or other media.
It has a width and height that you can set using CSS properties.
Padding: Padding is the space between the content and the border.
It can be set using the padding property in CSS.
Padding adds internal space inside the element.
Border The border surrounds the padding and content.
It can be styled with various properties such as color, width, and style.
The border property in CSS is used to define the border of an element.
Margin: Margin is the outermost layer, providing space between the border of the element and its surrounding
elements.
It can be set using the margin property in CSS.
Margins are used to create space between elements on a page.
Here's a simple diagram to illustrate the box model:
+--------------------------------------+
| Margin |
| +------------------------------+ |
| | Border | |
| | +----------------------+ | |
| | | Padding | | |
| | | +--------------+ | | |
| | | | Content | | | |
| | | +--------------+ | | |
| | +----------------------+ | |
| +------------------------------+ |
+--------------------------------------+
In this diagram:

Content is the actual content of the element.


Padding is the space between the content and the border.
Border surrounds the padding and content.
Margin is the outermost layer, providing space outside the border.
Understanding the box model is crucial for effective web design and layout, as it helps in controlling the spacing and
dimensions of elements on a webpage.
(c) Create an XML document having two records with the structure : • Name which have first name and last name of a
student. • Programe which is name of the programe of the student.
Ans :- Certainly! Below is an example of an XML document with two records, each containing information about a
student's name (first name and last name) and the name of the program they are enrolled in:

xml
Copy code
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<students>
<student>

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<name>
<first_name>John</first_name>
<last_name>Doe</last_name>
</name>
<programme>Computer Science</programme>
</student>

<student>
<name>
<first_name>Jane</first_name>
<last_name>Smith</last_name>
</name>
<programme>Business Administration</programme>
</student>
</students>
In this XML document:

<students> is the root element that contains information about multiple students.
<student> represents an individual student record, and within it:
<name> contains the first name (<first_name>) and last name (<last_name>) of the student.
<programme> contains the name of the program in which the student is enrolled.
You can customize the first names, last names, and program names to suit your specific data.
(d) What is a cookie ? Why are the cookies used ? Write the code that can create a new cookie
Ans :- A cookie is a small piece of data stored on a user's device (typically in a web browser) by a website. Cookies are
used to store information about the user's interactions with the website. They are often used to remember user
preferences, track user sessions, and store other information that can enhance the user experience.

Cookies have various use cases, including:

Session Management: Cookies are commonly used to manage user sessions. They help identify users as they navigate
through a website, allowing the website to remember user-specific information.

Personalization: Cookies can store user preferences and settings, providing a personalized experience for the user.

Tracking and Analytics: Cookies are used for tracking user behavior and gathering analytics data. This information is
valuable for website owners to understand how users interact with their site.

Authentication: Cookies can be used for user authentication, allowing users to stay logged in even if they navigate
away from the site and return later.

Here's an example of JavaScript code that creates a new cookie:

html
Copy code

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Create Cookie Example</title>
<script>
// Function to create a new cookie
function createCookie() {
// Set the cookie with a name, value, and optional expiration date
document.cookie = "exampleCookie=Hello, this is a new cookie; expires=Fri, 31 Dec 2023 23:59:59 GMT;
path=/";

alert("Cookie created successfully!");


}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Button to trigger the creation of a new cookie -->
<button onclick="createCookie()">Create Cookie</button>
</body>
</html>
In this example:

The createCookie function is triggered when the button is clicked.


It uses the document.cookie property to set a new cookie named "exampleCookie" with a value of "Hello, this is a new
cookie."
The expires attribute sets an expiration date for the cookie. In this case, it's set to expire on December 31, 2023.
The path attribute specifies the scope of the cookie, indicating that it is accessible across the entire website ("/").

(e) Write a JSP script that prints numbers 1 to 5 on a separate HTML paragraph.
Ans :- Certainly! Below is an example of a JSP (JavaServer Pages) script that prints numbers 1 to 5 on separate HTML
paragraphs:

jsp
Copy code
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Print Numbers</title>
</head>
<body>

<%

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// JSP scriptlet to print numbers 1 to 5


for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
%>
<p>Number <%= i %></p>
<%
}
%>

</body>
</html>
Explanation:

<%@ page ... %>: This directive is used to set the content type, character encoding, and scripting language for the JSP
page.

<% ... %>: These are JSP scriptlets. The code inside the scriptlets is executed on the server-side during the page
generation.

The for loop is used to iterate from 1 to 5.

<%= i %>: This expression is used to print the value of the variable i within the HTML content.

When you run this JSP page, it will generate HTML output with separate paragraphs for each number from 1 to 5. The
resulting HTML might look like this:
<html>
<head>
<title>Print Numbers</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Number 1</p>
<p>Number 2</p>
<p>Number 3</p>
<p>Number 4</p>
<p>Number 5</p>
</body>
</html>

(f) List the advantages of JSP over Servlet


Ans :- JavaServer Pages (JSP) and Servlets are both technologies used for building dynamic web applications in Java.
While both serve similar purposes, they have distinct features and advantages. Here are some advantages of JSP over
Servlets:

Simplicity and Ease of Use:

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JSP allows developers to embed Java code directly within HTML pages using special tags, making it more natural for
web designers who are familiar with HTML.
Servlets, on the other hand, involve a more complex structure where HTML is generated using Java code.
Rapid Development:

JSP simplifies the development process by providing a higher-level abstraction for designing web pages.
Developers can focus more on the presentation layer, and the integration of Java code with HTML is more
straightforward in JSP compared to Servlets.
Separation of Concerns:

JSP supports a clear separation of concerns by allowing developers to separate Java code from the HTML presentation
using custom tags and expression language (EL).
Servlets may require more effort to maintain a clean separation between business logic and presentation.
Implicit Objects:

JSP provides a set of implicit objects (request, response, session, application, etc.) that are readily available, reducing
the need for explicit object retrieval and casting.
In Servlets, developers need to retrieve these objects explicitly from the servlet context, request, or session.
Custom Tag Libraries:

JSP allows the use of custom tag libraries, making it easier to encapsulate and reuse functionality within JSP pages.
While Servlets can also use custom tags, JSP's tag libraries provide a more convenient way to extend functionality.
Built-in Expression Language:

JSP includes a built-in Expression Language (EL) that simplifies the insertion of dynamic data into JSP pages.
Servlets often require more manual coding to achieve similar dynamic content insertion.
Integration with Design Tools:

JSP is often more friendly to designers who use visual design tools because it closely resembles HTML.
Servlets, being pure Java code, may be less intuitive for designers and may require a separate layer for page design.
While JSP has these advantages, it's essential to note that both JSP and Servlets have their use cases, and the choice
between them often depends on the specific requirements of the web application. In some cases, a combination of
both technologies may be used in a single project.

2. (a) Explain the features of Web 2.0. Explain any three technologies of Web 2.0.
Ans:- Web 2.0: Features and Technologies

Web 2.0 is a term that refers to the second generation of the World Wide Web, characterized by the shift from static
web pages to dynamic and interactive content. Web 2.0 emphasizes user-generated content, collaboration, and the
idea that the web is a platform for applications. Here are some features of Web 2.0 and three key technologies
associated with it:

Features of Web 2.0:


User-Centric Design:

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Web 2.0 places a strong emphasis on user experience and user-centric design. Websites are designed to be more
intuitive, interactive, and responsive to user needs.
User-Generated Content:

Users actively contribute to the content of websites, creating and sharing information. This includes blogs, wikis, social
media posts, and other forms of collaborative content.
Collaboration and Social Interaction:

Social networking, social media, and collaborative tools are integral to Web 2.0. Websites facilitate user interaction,
collaboration, and the sharing of information among users.
Rich User Interfaces:

Web 2.0 applications often feature rich and dynamic user interfaces. AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is
commonly used to create responsive and interactive web applications.
Data-Driven Decision Making:

Web 2.0 emphasizes the use of data and analytics for decision-making. Websites collect and analyze user data to
improve services, tailor content, and enhance user experience.
Web Services and APIs:

Web 2.0 applications often leverage web services and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) to enable
interoperability and integration with other applications and services.
Three Technologies of Web 2.0:
AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML):

AJAX is a key technology in Web 2.0 that allows web pages to be updated asynchronously by exchanging small
amounts of data with the server behind the scenes. This enables more responsive and interactive user interfaces
without requiring a full page reload.
RSS (Really Simple Syndication):

RSS is a technology used for syndicating and subscribing to web content. It allows users to receive updates from
websites without visiting them directly. RSS feeds are commonly used in blogs and news websites, enabling users to
stay informed about new content.
Web APIs (Application Programming Interfaces):

Web APIs provide a way for different web applications to communicate with each other. They allow developers to
access and integrate functionalities from other services, enabling the creation of mashups and composite applications.
Examples include the Google Maps API, Twitter API, and various social media APIs.
Rich Internet Applications (RIAs):

RIAs use technologies like Adobe Flash, Microsoft Silverlight, and HTML5 to deliver a more desktop-like user
experience in the browser. They offer enhanced interactivity and multimedia capabilities, contributing to the dynamic
nature of Web 2.0 applications.

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Web 2.0 technologies have played a significant role in shaping the modern web, fostering collaboration, and enabling
a more interactive and user-centric online experience.
(b) What is CSS ? Explain how CSS can be
used for the following : 5
(i) Change the background colour of a
page to red.
(ii) Change the font size of a paragraph to
17 points.
(iii) Changes colour of a paragraph.
Ans :-
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets):

CSS is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in HTML or XML. It enables web
developers to control the layout, styling, and appearance of web pages. CSS allows for the separation of content and
presentation, making it easier to maintain and update the visual aspects of a website.

How CSS Can Be Used for the Following:


(i) Change the background color of a page to red:
To change the background color of a page, you can use the background-color property in your CSS. Here's an
example:

css
Copy code
/* CSS */
body {
background-color: red;
}
This CSS rule sets the background color of the body element (which represents the entire page) to red. You can
include this CSS in a <style> tag within the HTML document or link to an external stylesheet.

(ii) Change the font size of a paragraph to 17 points:


To change the font size of a paragraph, you can use the font-size property. Here's an example:

css
Copy code
/* CSS */
p{
font-size: 17pt;
}
This CSS rule sets the font size of all <p> (paragraph) elements to 17 points. Adjust the selector (p in this case) to
target the specific paragraphs you want to style.

(iii) Change the color of a paragraph:


To change the text color of a paragraph, you can use the color property. Here's an example:

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9

css
Copy code
/* CSS */
p{
color: blue;
}
This CSS rule sets the text color of all <p> elements to blue. Like the previous example, you can adjust the selector to
target specific paragraphs.

Implementation in HTML:
To apply these styles to an HTML document, you can include the CSS within a <style> tag in the document's <head>
section or link to an external stylesheet.

html
Copy code
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>CSS Example</title>
<style>
/* Include the CSS rules here */
body {
background-color: red;
}

p{
font-size: 17pt;
color: blue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Your HTML content goes here -->
<p>This is a paragraph with customized styles.</p>
</body>
</html>
In this example, the CSS rules are embedded within the <style> tag in the document's <head> section. Alternatively,
you could place these rules in an external CSS file and link to it using the <link> tag.
3. (a) What is a DTD in the context of an XML document ? Given the following DTD : 5 Create a document having two
records, which are valid as per the DTD given above.
Ans :-

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DTD (Document Type Definition) in XML:

A Document Type Definition (DTD) is a set of rules that defines the structure and legal elements and attributes of an
XML document. It serves as a schema for an XML document, specifying the types and order of elements that can
appear in the document.

Given the provided DTD:

xml
Copy code
<!ELEMENT University (Name, Address)>
<!ELEMENT Name (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT Address (Location, Pincode)>
<!ELEMENT Location (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT Pincode (#PCDATA)>
This DTD defines a structure for an XML document with a root element University, which contains Name and Address
elements. The Name element consists of parsed character data (#PCDATA), and the Address element contains
Location and Pincode elements, both of which also consist of parsed character data.

Creating a Valid XML Document:


Based on the given DTD, here is an example of a valid XML document with two records:

xml
Copy code
<!DOCTYPE University [
<!ELEMENT University (Name, Address)>
<!ELEMENT Name (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT Address (Location, Pincode)>
<!ELEMENT Location (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT Pincode (#PCDATA)>
]>

<University>
<Name>John Doe</Name>
<Address>
<Location>123 Main Street</Location>
<Pincode>12345</Pincode>
</Address>
</University>

<University>
<Name>Jane Smith</Name>
<Address>
<Location>456 Oak Avenue</Location>

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<Pincode>67890</Pincode>
</Address>
</University>
In this XML document:

The root element is <University>, which contains two records (instances) of student information.
Each record consists of a <Name> element (containing the student's name) and an <Address> element (containing
<Location> and <Pincode> elements for the student's address information).
The data within elements is represented by parsed character data (#PCDATA).
This XML document adheres to the structure defined by the provided DTD, making it a valid instance of the specified
document type.

(b) Write the code in WML that creates the following table : 5 Course Name Teacher Web Programming ABC DBMS
XYZ
Ans :- WML (Wireless Markup Language) is an XML-based language used for developing content for WAP (Wireless
Application Protocol) devices, such as mobile phones. Below is an example of WML code that creates a simple table
with two columns: "Course Name" and "Teacher."

wml
Copy code
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd">

<wml>
<card id="main" title="Course Information">
<p>
<table width="100%">
<tr>
<td><b>Course Name</b></td>
<td><b>Teacher</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Web Programming</td>
<td>ABC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DBMS</td>
<td>XYZ</td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>
</card>
</wml>
In this WML code:

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The <card> element represents a card in a WML deck, and its title attribute sets the title of the card.
The <p> element is used to define a paragraph.
The <table> element is used to create a table.
<tr> represents a table row, and <td> represents a table data (cell).
The width="100%" attribute ensures that the table spans the full width of the screen.
This WML code creates a card displaying a simple table with two columns ("Course Name" and "Teacher") and two
rows of data. Adjustments can be made to the content, styles, and structure based on specific requirements and the
capabilities of the target WAP devices.

4. (a) Differentiate between the following : 6 (i) GET and POST methods (ii) HTTP server and Web container (iii) Action
elements and JSP implicit objects
Ans :-
(i) GET and POST methods:

GET Method:

It is a request method used by the World Wide Web.


Parameters are passed in the URL.
Limited amount of data can be sent, typically less than 2KB.
Data is visible in the URL.
It is less secure for sending sensitive information like passwords.
POST Method:

It is a request method used by the World Wide Web.


Parameters are passed in the request body.
Larger amount of data can be sent.
Data is not visible in the URL.
It is more secure for sending sensitive information.
(ii) HTTP server and Web container:

HTTP Server:

It handles the HTTP protocol.


Listens for incoming requests on a specific port (e.g., port 80 for HTTP).
Manages static resources (HTML, images, etc.).
Examples include Apache HTTP Server and Nginx.
Web Container:

It is part of a web server or application server.


Listens for requests but specifically for dynamic content.
Manages servlets and JSPs, executing Java code to generate dynamic content.
Examples include Apache Tomcat and Jetty.
(iii) Action elements and JSP implicit objects:

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Action Elements in JSP:

<jsp:useBean>: Instantiates a JavaBean.


<jsp:setProperty>: Sets the properties of a JavaBean.
<jsp:getProperty>: Retrieves the properties of a JavaBean.
<jsp:forward>: Forwards the request to another resource.
<jsp:include>: Includes the content of another resource.
JSP Implicit Objects:

request: Represents the client's request.


response: Represents the server's response.
out: Provides a way to send content to the client.
session: Represents the user's session.
application: Represents the web application itself.
config: Provides configuration information for the servlet.
pageContext: Encapsulates information about the JSP page.
In summary, action elements in JSP are tags used to perform specific tasks like working with JavaBeans and controlling
the flow, while JSP implicit objects are automatically available objects providing access to various aspects of the
request, response, and application context.

(b) What is an exception ? What are the different types of errors in JSP ? Give one example of each.
Ans:- An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program and disrupts the normal flow of
instructions. In Java and JSP, exceptions are typically objects that represent an abnormal condition or error. When an
exceptional condition arises, an exception object is thrown, and the program's normal flow is transferred to a
predefined exception-handling code.

Different Types of Errors in JSP:

Checked Exceptions:

Checked exceptions are exceptions that the Java compiler requires you to catch or declare using the throws clause.
Example: IOException, which is thrown when there is an error reading or writing data.
jsp
Copy code
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ page import="java.io.BufferedReader, java.io.FileReader, java.io.IOException" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Checked Exception Example</title>
</head>
<body>

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<%
try {
// Attempt to read from a file that may not exist
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("nonexistentfile.txt"));
String line = reader.readLine();
out.println("File Content: " + line);
} catch (IOException e) {
out.println("An IOException occurred: " + e.getMessage());
}
%>
</body>
</html>
Unchecked Exceptions (Runtime Exceptions):

Unchecked exceptions are exceptions that do not need to be explicitly caught or declared.
Example: ArithmeticException, which occurs when attempting to divide by zero.
jsp
Copy code
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<head>
<title>Unchecked Exception Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<%
try {
// Attempt to divide by zero
int result = 5 / 0;
out.println("Result: " + result);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
out.println("An ArithmeticException occurred: " + e.getMessage());
}
%>
</body>
</html>
In the above examples, the first JSP page demonstrates a checked exception (IOException), and the second JSP page
demonstrates an unchecked exception (ArithmeticException). It's important to handle exceptions appropriately to
ensure graceful error handling in web applications.

5. Explain the following with the help of an example : (a) DriverManager class (b) PrepareStatement( ) method (c)
ResultSet object (d) MVC architecture
Ans :- the application more modular and easier to maintain.

Model: Represents the data and business logic of the application. It is responsible for handling data-related tasks and

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updating the View.

View: Represents the user interface and presentation of the application. It displays the data from the Model to the user
and sends user input to the Controller.

Controller: Acts as an interface between the Model and the View. It processes user input, manipulates the Model, and
updates the View accordingly.

Example (MVC in a Java Swing application):

java
Copy code
// Model
public class Student {
private String name;
private int age;

// Getters and setters


}

// View
public class StudentView {
public void displayStudentDetails(String name, int age) {
System.out.println("Student Details: Name - " + name + ", Age - " + age);
}
}

// Controller
public class StudentController {
private Student model;
private StudentView view;

public StudentController(Student model, StudentView view) {


this.model = model;
this.view = view;
}

public void setStudentName(String name) {


model.setName(name);
}

public void setStudentAge(int age) {


model.setAge(age);
}

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public void updateView() {


view.displayStudentDetails(model.getName(), model.getAge());
}
}

// Example usage
public class MVCPatternExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student model = new Student();
StudentView view = new StudentView();
StudentController controller = new StudentController(model, view);

controller.setStudentName("John Doe");
controller.setStudentAge(25);
controller.updateView();
}
}
In this example, the Student class represents the Model, the StudentView class represents the View, and the
StudentController class represents the Controller. The main application demonstrates the flow of data and control
between these components.

(d) List three characteristics that should be supported by server side scripting tools.
Ans :- Server-side scripting tools play a crucial role in dynamic web application development. Here are three
characteristics that should be supported by server-side scripting tools:

Ease of Integration with Server-Side Technologies:

A good server-side scripting tool should seamlessly integrate with server-side technologies such as databases, web
servers, and application servers.
Support for common database connectivity (e.g., JDBC for Java, SQLAlchemy for Python, or PDO for PHP) allows easy
interaction with databases.
Integration with web servers (e.g., Apache, Nginx) and application servers (e.g., Tomcat, Node.js) ensures smooth
deployment and execution.
Security Features:

Server-side scripting tools must provide robust security features to protect against common web vulnerabilities such
as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and cross-site request forgery (CSRF).
Support for parameterized queries in database interactions helps prevent SQL injection.
Output escaping and input validation functions contribute to mitigating XSS attacks.
Session management and authentication mechanisms are essential for securing user interactions and sensitive data.
Scalability and Performance Optimization:

Scalability is a critical characteristic, especially for server-side scripting tools handling a large number of concurrent

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requests.
Support for caching mechanisms, both at the application level and through integration with caching systems (e.g.,
Redis, Memcached), helps optimize performance.
Asynchronous processing capabilities (e.g., event-driven architectures, asynchronous I/O) can enhance scalability by
efficiently handling concurrent requests without blocking.
These characteristics ensure that server-side scripting tools provide a solid foundation for building secure, efficient,
and well-integrated web applications. Additionally, good documentation, community support, and compatibility with
industry standards contribute to the overall effectiveness of server-side scripting tools.

(b) Explain the HTML DOM node tree, with the help of an example.
Ans :- The HTML DOM (Document Object Model) represents the structure of an HTML document as a tree of objects,
where each object corresponds to an HTML element in the document. The DOM provides a structured way to access,
manipulate, and update the content and structure of an HTML document.

HTML DOM Node Tree:

The HTML DOM tree is a hierarchical structure consisting of nodes. Each node in the tree represents an element,
attribute, or piece of text in the HTML document. The topmost node is the root node, representing the entire HTML
document. Nodes are organized in a parent-child relationship, where a node can have children (nodes that are
contained within it) and a parent (the node that contains it).

Here is a simple example to illustrate the HTML DOM node tree:

html
Copy code
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>DOM Node Tree Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="container">
<h1>Welcome to my website</h1>
<p>This is a sample paragraph.</p>
<ul>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Explanation:

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Root Node (<html>):

It is the root of the HTML DOM tree, representing the entire HTML document.
It has two children: <head> and <body>.
Head Node (<head>):

It is a child of the root node.


It has two children: <meta> and <title>.
Meta Node (<meta>):

It is a child of the head node.


Title Node (<title>):

It is a child of the head node.


Body Node (<body>):

It is a child of the root node.


It has one child: <div>.
Div Node (<div>):

It is a child of the body node.


It has three children: <h1>, <p>, and <ul>.
H1 Node (<h1>):

It is a child of the div node.


P Node (<p>):

It is a child of the div node.


Ul Node (<ul>):

It is a child of the div node.


It has three children: <li>, <li>, and <li>.
Li Nodes (<li>):

They are children of the ul node.


This represents a simplified view of the HTML DOM node tree for the given example. In practice, the tree can be much
more complex, especially in larger and more intricate HTML documents. The structure of the tree allows developers to
navigate and manipulate the content of the HTML document using scripting languages like JavaScript.

5. (a) Differentiate between Session objects and Cookies. 3 (b) Explain the purpose of session management, with the
help of an example. 2 (c) Which type of error is reported to browser as HTTP Status 500 ? Explain why such error can
occur. 2 (d) What is the need of JDBC ? Why can ODBC not be used in Java programs ?
Ans :- (a) Differentiate between Session objects and Cookies:

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Storage Location:

Session Objects: Stored on the server side. The server maintains a session for each user and stores session data on the
server.
Cookies: Stored on the client side. Cookies are small pieces of data sent by the server and stored in the user's browser.
Lifetime:

Session Objects: Exist for the duration of a user's session. They are typically destroyed when the user closes the
browser or after a specified period of inactivity.
Cookies: Have an expiration time, which can be set by the server. They can persist across multiple sessions if their
expiration date is set for a future time.
Storage Capacity:

Session Objects: Can store relatively larger amounts of data on the server side.
Cookies: Have size limitations (usually a few kilobytes). They are suitable for storing small pieces of data.
(b) Explain the purpose of session management, with the help of an example:

Purpose of Session Management:


Session management is crucial for maintaining stateful interactions between a web server and a client across multiple
requests. It allows the server to recognize a user and maintain information about their session, such as login status,
preferences, and temporary data.

Example:
Consider a shopping website where users can add items to their shopping carts. Session management helps in
maintaining the state of the user's shopping cart across multiple requests. A session could be used to store the items
added to the cart, and this information persists as the user navigates through different pages of the website. Without
session management, the server wouldn't be able to associate subsequent requests with the same user, and the
shopping cart would be reset with each page load.

(c) HTTP Status 500 Error:

Type of Error: Internal Server Error (HTTP Status 500).

Explanation: This error is typically reported when an unexpected condition occurs on the server, and the server cannot
fulfill the request. It could be due to a bug in the server-side code, misconfiguration, or other server-related issues.

Why Such Error Can Occur:

Coding Errors: Bugs in server-side code, such as NullPointerException or other unhandled exceptions.
Misconfiguration: Incorrect configuration of the server, database, or other components.
Resource Exhaustion: Running out of system resources like memory or disk space.
(d) Need of JDBC and Why ODBC Cannot Be Used in Java Programs:

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Need of JDBC:

Database Connectivity: JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is a Java API that provides a standard interface for
connecting Java applications to relational databases.
Database Operations: It allows Java programs to execute SQL queries, retrieve results, and perform database
operations.
Portability: JDBC provides database independence, allowing the same Java code to work with different databases.
Why ODBC Cannot Be Used in Java Programs:

Platform Dependence: ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) is a standard API for connecting to databases, but it is
designed for the C programming language and is platform-dependent.
Lack of Direct Support: Java programs cannot directly use ODBC without a bridge, like the JDBC-ODBC bridge, which
may not be suitable for all scenarios.
Native Java Solution: JDBC is a native Java solution that provides better integration with Java applications and is
designed to work seamlessly with the Java programming language.

1. (a) Consider the following information : 3+3 Student Name Programme First name Last Name Code Ravi Kumar BCA
Ananth Malik MCA (i) Create an XML document for the data given in the table above. Use appropriate tags. (ii) Create
the DTD to validate the XML document created in part (i).
Ans :-
(i) Create an XML document for the data given in the table above:

xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Students>
<Student>
<Name>
<FirstName>Ravi</FirstName>
<LastName>Kumar</LastName>
</Name>
<Programme>
<Code>BCA</Code>
</Programme>
</Student>
<Student>
<Name>
<FirstName>Ananth</FirstName>
<LastName>Malik</LastName>
</Name>
<Programme>
<Code>MCA</Code>
</Programme>

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</Student>
</Students>
(ii) Create the DTD to validate the XML document created in part (i):

xml
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<!DOCTYPE Students [
<!ELEMENT Students (Student+)>
<!ELEMENT Student (Name, Programme)>
<!ELEMENT Name (FirstName, LastName)>
<!ELEMENT FirstName (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT LastName (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT Programme (Code)>
<!ELEMENT Code (#PCDATA)>
]>
Explanation:

The DTD defines the structure of the XML document.


<!ELEMENT Students (Student+)>: Specifies that the root element Students should contain one or more Student
elements.
<!ELEMENT Student (Name, Programme)>: Defines the structure of the Student element, which consists of Name and
Programme elements.
<!ELEMENT Name (FirstName, LastName)>: Describes the structure of the Name element, which contains FirstName
and LastName elements.
<!ELEMENT FirstName (#PCDATA)> and <!ELEMENT LastName (#PCDATA)>: Define that FirstName and LastName
elements contain parsed character data.
<!ELEMENT Programme (Code)>: Specifies that the Programme element contains a Code element.
<!ELEMENT Code (#PCDATA)>: Specifies that the Code element contains parsed character data.

(c) Write a JavaScript script that changes the colour of paragraph, whose id is “IGNOU”, to green.
Ans :- Certainly! Below is a simple JavaScript script that changes the color of a paragraph with the id "IGNOU" to
green:

html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Change Paragraph Color</title>
<script>
// JavaScript script to change paragraph color

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function changeColor() {
// Get the paragraph element by its id
var paragraph = document.getElementById("IGNOU");

// Change the color to green


paragraph.style.color = "green";
}
</script>
</head>
<body>

<!-- Example paragraph with id "IGNOU" -->


<p id="IGNOU">This is the IGNOU paragraph.</p>

<!-- Button to trigger the color change -->


<button onclick="changeColor()">Change Color to Green</button>

</body>
</html>
In this example:

The JavaScript function changeColor() is defined to change the color of the paragraph.
The paragraph element is accessed using document.getElementById("IGNOU").
The style.color property is then set to "green" to change the text color.
You can click the "Change Color to Green" button to trigger the color change for the specified paragraph.

(b) What are implicit objects in the context of JSP ? Explain any two implicit objects of JSP.
Ans :-
In JSP (JavaServer Pages), implicit objects are predefined objects that are automatically available in every JSP page
without the need for explicit declaration or initialization. These objects provide convenient access to various aspects of
the request, response, and other elements of the JSP page's environment. Here are explanations for two commonly
used implicit objects in JSP:

request Implicit Object:

The request object represents the client's request and encapsulates information sent by the client to the server. It is an
instance of the javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest class.
Example usage in a JSP page:
jsp
Copy code
<%
// Retrieving a parameter from the request
String username = request.getParameter("username");

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out.println("Username: " + username);


%>
session Implicit Object:

The session object represents the user's session and provides access to session-specific information. It is an instance of
the javax.servlet.http.HttpSession class.
Example usage in a JSP page:
jsp
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<%
// Creating or retrieving a session attribute
session.setAttribute("userRole", "Admin");
// Retrieving a session attribute
String userRole = (String) session.getAttribute("userRole");
out.println("User Role: " + userRole);
%>
application Implicit Object:

The application object represents the entire web application and allows sharing data among different users and
sessions. It is an instance of the javax.servlet.ServletContext class.
Example usage in a JSP page:
jsp
<%
// Setting and retrieving an application attribute
application.setAttribute("appName", "MyWebApp");
String appName = (String) application.getAttribute("appName");
out.println("Application Name: " + appName);
%>
These implicit objects provide a convenient way to access request-specific, session-specific, and application-wide
information in JSP pages, making it easier to develop dynamic and interactive web applications.
3. (a) What is the need of session management in the context of HTTP ? Define the terms– session and state in this
context. Explain with the help of .JSP script, how session object can be used to create a session
Ans :- Need of Session Management in HTTP:

In the context of HTTP, which is a stateless protocol, session management becomes essential for maintaining stateful
interactions between a web server and a client. HTTP itself does not inherently retain information about the state of a
user's interaction with a website between requests. Session management is needed to:

Maintain State:

Track user-specific information across multiple requests and responses.


Retain data such as user authentication, preferences, and shopping cart contents.
Enable Personalization:

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Provide personalized experiences by remembering user-specific settings or information.


Customize content based on user preferences.
Support User Identification:

Enable user identification and authentication, ensuring secure access to restricted areas of a website.
Definition of Terms:

Session:

A session is a period of interaction between a user and a web application. It starts when a user accesses the
application and ends when the user closes the browser or remains inactive for a specified period.
State:

In the context of HTTP, state refers to the data or information associated with a specific user's interaction with a web
application. This can include user-specific settings, authentication status, and other relevant data.
Using Session Object in JSP:

In JSP, the session object is an implicit object that represents the user's session. It provides methods to create, retrieve,
and manipulate session attributes. Here's an example JSP script demonstrating how the session object can be used to
create a session:

jsp
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<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Session Management Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<%
// Get the session object
HttpSession session = request.getSession(true);

// Check if the session is new


if (session.isNew()) {
out.println("New Session Created");
} else {
out.println("Session Already Exists");
}

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// Set a session attribute


session.setAttribute("username", "john_doe");

// Retrieve and display the session attribute


String username = (String) session.getAttribute("username");
out.println("Username from Session: " + username);
%>

</body>
</html>
In this example:

The getSession(true) method is used to get the HttpSession object. The true parameter indicates that a new session
should be created if it doesn't exist.
The isNew() method checks if the session is new or already exists.
The setAttribute() method sets a session attribute named "username" with the value "john_doe."
The getAttribute() method retrieves and displays the session attribute.

(b) What is include directive in JSP ? Explain its use with the help of an example.
Ans:-
In JSP (JavaServer Pages), the include directive is a mechanism that allows the inclusion of the content of another
resource (such as a JSP page, HTML file, or text file) into the current JSP page during the translation phase. This
inclusion is performed before the JSP page is compiled into a servlet, and the included content becomes part of the
generated servlet code. The syntax for the include directive is as follows:

jsp
Copy code
<%@ include file="filename" %>
Here, filename is the path to the resource to be included.

Example of Include Directive in JSP:

Let's consider a simple example where we have two JSP files: header.jsp and footer.jsp. We want to include both of
these files in a main JSP page named index.jsp using the include directive.

header.jsp:

jsp
Copy code
<!-- header.jsp -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Header</title>

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</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Welcome to our Website</h1>
</header>
footer.jsp:

jsp
Copy code
<!-- footer.jsp -->
<footer>
<p>&copy; 2023 Our Website. All rights reserved.</p>
</footer>
</body>
</html>
index.jsp:

jsp
Copy code
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Main Page</title>
</head>
<body>

<%-- Include the header.jsp file --%>


<%@ include file="header.jsp" %>

<section>
<p>This is the main content of the page.</p>
</section>

<%-- Include the footer.jsp file --%>


<%@ include file="footer.jsp" %>

</body>
</html>
In this example:

The index.jsp page uses the include directive (<%@ include file="header.jsp" %>) to include the content of the

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header.jsp file.
Similarly, it includes the content of the footer.jsp file using <%@ include file="footer.jsp" %>.
When the index.jsp page is accessed, the content of both header.jsp and footer.jsp is included, creating a complete
HTML page.
The include directive is useful for modularizing and reusing code across multiple JSP pages, promoting maintainability
and consistency in web applications.

4. (a) Explain the following technologies in the context of Web 2.0 : (i) Widgets (ii) Blogging (iii) Podcasting
Ans :-
(a) Explanation of Web 2.0 Technologies:

(i) Widgets:
Widgets, in the context of Web 2.0, refer to small, portable web applications or components that can be embedded
and executed within other web pages. These are often used to provide specific functionalities, services, or content on a
website without requiring users to leave the page. Widgets can be interactive, dynamic, and customizable.

Characteristics:

Portability: Widgets can be easily moved or integrated into different web pages.
Interactivity: They often provide interactive features, such as real-time updates or user engagement.
Customization: Users can often customize the appearance or behavior of widgets.
Example: A weather widget embedded on a news website, providing real-time weather updates without redirecting
the user to a separate weather website.

(ii) Blogging:
Blogging is a key aspect of Web 2.0, involving the creation and maintenance of a web log or blog. Blogs are online
platforms where individuals or organizations regularly publish content in a chronological format. They often include
text, images, multimedia, and links to other resources. Blogs encourage user engagement through comments and
social sharing.

Characteristics:

Chronological Format: Content is typically organized in reverse chronological order, with the latest post appearing
first.
Interactivity: Readers can comment on posts, fostering interaction and discussion.
Multimedia: Blogs may include a variety of media, such as images, videos, and embedded content.
Example: WordPress and Blogger are popular blogging platforms that allow users to create and manage their blogs.

(iii) Podcasting:
Podcasting is a method of distributing digital audio or video files over the internet for playback on portable media
players, computers, or other devices. It enables users to subscribe to content feeds and receive automatic updates
when new episodes are available. Podcasts cover a wide range of topics, including news, entertainment, education,
and more.

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Characteristics:

Subscription Model: Users can subscribe to podcasts and receive automatic updates when new episodes are released.
Portable: Content can be easily consumed on various devices, including smartphones and media players.
Diverse Content: Podcasts cover diverse topics, from storytelling and interviews to educational content.
Example: "The Joe Rogan Experience" is a popular podcast that features long-form interviews with various guests,
covering a wide range of topics.

These technologies exemplify the interactive, collaborative, and user-centric nature of Web 2.0, where users actively
participate in content creation, sharing, and consumption.
5. (a) What are the advantages of using CSS ? What is an external style sheet ? How is it linked to the related HTML
document ?
5 (b) Explain the following WML elements with the help of an example : 3+2 (i) WML Tables (ii) element
Ans :- (a) Advantages of Using CSS and External Style Sheet:

Advantages of CSS:

Separation of Concerns: CSS allows the separation of style (presentation) from content (HTML structure), making the
code more modular and maintainable.
Consistency: With CSS, you can define styles in one place and apply them consistently across multiple pages, ensuring
a uniform look and feel.
Easy Maintenance: Changes to the design can be made centrally in the CSS file, affecting all pages linked to it,
simplifying maintenance.
File Size Reduction: External stylesheets can be cached by browsers, leading to faster page loading for subsequent
visits.
Responsive Design: CSS facilitates the creation of responsive designs that adapt to different screen sizes and devices.
External Style Sheet:
An external style sheet is a separate file containing CSS rules that define the styling for one or more HTML documents.
It is saved with a .css file extension. Using an external style sheet promotes reusability and allows for consistent styling
across multiple web pages.

Linking an External Style Sheet to HTML:


To link an external style sheet to an HTML document, you use the <link> element within the <head> section of the
HTML document. Here's an example:

styles.css (External CSS File):

css
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/* styles.css */
body {
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
background-color: #f0f0f0;
color: #333;

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h1 {
color: #0077cc;
}
index.html (HTML Document):

html
Copy code
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>External CSS Example</title>

<!-- Link to the external style sheet -->


<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
In this example, the <link> element includes the href attribute pointing to the location of the external CSS file
(styles.css). This establishes a connection between the HTML document and the external style sheet.

(b) WML Elements with Examples:

(i) WML Tables:


WML (Wireless Markup Language) tables are used to structure data in a tabular format. Here's an example:

wml
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<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd">
<wml>
<card id="tableExample" title="WML Table Example">
<p>This is a WML table example.</p>

<table title="Employee Data">


<tr>
<th>Name</th>

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<th>Position</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>John Doe</td>
<td>Developer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jane Smith</td>
<td>Designer</td>
</tr>
</table>
</card>
</wml>
In this example, the <table> element is used to define a table, and <tr> and <td> elements represent rows and cells,
respectively.

(ii) <anchor> Element:


The <anchor> element is used to create hyperlinks (anchors) in WML. Here's an example:

wml
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<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd">
<wml>
<card id="linkExample" title="WML Anchor Example">
<p>This is a WML anchor example.</p>

<!-- Anchor linking to an external URL -->


<anchor href="http://www.example.com">Visit Example.com</anchor>

<!-- Anchor linking to another card in the same deck -->


<anchor href="#tableExample">See Employee Data</anchor>
</card>

<!-- Another card with a table (referenced by the anchor above) -->
<card id="tableExample" title="WML Table Example">
<p>This is another card with a WML table.</p>
<!-- Table content goes here... -->
</card>
</wml>
In this example, the <anchor> element is used to create links. The href attribute specifies the target URL or the ID of
another card in the same deck (as shown with the anchor linking to #tableExample).

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