 The strain developed in a body, when the force

ELASTICITY is parallel to its surface is called shearing

 A force which changes or tries to change the strain or tangential strain.
shape or size of the body without moving it as AA'
a whole is called deforming force.  Shearing strain =
AD
 A force which is developed inside the body F
and which tries to regain the original shape or A A B B
size of the body is called restoring force.  
 Restoring force per unit area is called stress. D C
Restoring force ( F ) Displaceme nt in the upper surface
Stress = Tan  =
Area ( A) distance between the layers
Unit: N/m2 (or) Pascal. Tangential stress
DF: (ML-1T -2) Rigidity modulus =
Tangential strain
 The ratio of change in dimension of the body
to its original dimension is called strain. Strain F F  AD 
n   
has no unit and no DF. A  Tan  A  AA ' 
change in dimension  Shearing strain is applicable only for solids
strain 
original dimension  The strain produced in a loaded spring is
 According to Hooke’s law, within the elastic shearing strain.
limit the stress is proportional to the strain  Shearing strain is the sum of elongational and
stress compressional strain in mutually
E perpendicular directions.
strain
(Elastic constant (or) Modulus of elasticity)  In bulk strain volume of the body changes
without a change in the shape.
Unit : N / m2 or Pascal DF : ML-1T-2
 In shearing strain shape of the body changes
change in length ( l)
 Linear strain = without any change in the volume.
original length (l)
 Shearing strain = 2  elongational strain
linear stress Fl  Volume strain = 3  elongational strain
Young’s Modulus = 
linear strain Al lateral strain
 Poisons ratio (  ) =
Fl Fl mgl longitudin al strain
Y  
Al Ae r 2 e r / r
FV  where r is the radius.
Y 2 (V  Volume) l / l
A l
Volumes of  : Theoretical – ( -1 to 0.5 )
 Linear strain is applicable only for solids.
Practical – (0 to 0.5 )
 The strain produced in a bent rod is
 When the volume of a wire is constant, then
elongational strain.
 = 0.5
 Y is infinity for a perfect elastic material.
V = r2l = constant  l.2rr + l.r2 = 0
 Y is zero for gases , liquids and perfectly
r / r 1
inelastic materials. 2rr.l = - l.r2  =  
l / l 2
Change in volume v
 Bulk strain =  Ex: A cylindrical rod is made of material of
Original volume v poisons ratio  . When it is stretched, the
Bulk stress  Fv fractional change in its volume is
 Bulk modulus =  r / r
Bulk strain A v Sol. V   r 2l and   
PV
l / l
K  v r l
V 2 
The –ve sign indicates that as pressure v r l
increases volume decreases. v l v r  l 
 1  2  (or)  2 
 Bulk strain is applicable only for fluids v l v r  
 1  A uniform cylindrical wire (Y = 2  1011N/m2) is
 The reciprocal of bulk modulus   is called
K  subjected to a longitudinal tensile stress 5 
compressibility(C). 107N/m2. If the overall volume change in the
 Bulk modulus of an incompressible liquid is wire is 0.02%, the fractional decrease in the
infinity radius of the wire is
 V 2r l T2 . The actual length of the wire is
Sol.: V = r2l Or  
V r l l1T2  l2T1
L
Also
l stress
  2.5  10  4 T2  T1
l Y
Ex: The ratio of lengths, radii and young’s moduli
2 r r of steel and brass wires are a, b
 2  10  4  2.5  10  4   0.25  10  4
r r and c respectively. Then the steel
 Poisson’s ratio of a material is 0.2. If uniform corresponding ratio of increase in M
rod of same material with circular cross their lengths would be Brass
section undergoes a change in volume of e1 3a 2M
0.24%. The longitudinal strain in it is Sol.:  2
e 2 2b c
V l V l
Sol:  (1 2)   (1 2 0.2) = Ex : A wire of length 1m and radius 1mm is
V l V l subjected to a load. The extension is x. The
l l wire is melted and recast into another wire of
0.6   4  103 square cross section of side 1mm. Find the
l l
extension under the same load.
Ex: Two wires which have identical dimension
have young’s modulus y1 and y2. They are Sol.: r2l = la2
stretched by the same force. If the total   l2  1 = l1  l1 and l = 
elongation is e, then the elongations in the e1 l A x 1 1
individual wires are  1 2     e2   2 x
e2 l 2 A1 e2    l1
1    
Sol. Y   Y1  e2  e2  e  y2  and e1  e y1  Ex: A shear stress P applied on metal can rupture
e Y2 e1 y 
 1 2y y 
 1 2y the metal. The force needed to punch
Ex: Two spheres of different radii r1 and r2 are (1) a circular hole of radius in the metal sheet
attached to two identical strings of same of thickness t
material. The ratio of (2) a square hole of side a
elongations will be
Sol. e  F  mg  r 3 Force
Sol.: Stress =  F = SA
l1 r13 Area
 1) Force = P  2r  t
l2 r23
(Perimeter  thickness = Area)
Ex :A long wire of length l is suspended from the
2) Force = P  4a t
ceiling of a room. A sphere of mass M and
radius r is attached to the lower end of the Ex: A uniform wire of length L and weight w is
wire. The height of the ceiling is (L + 2r + l) suspended from a support and a load w1 is
when the sphere is made to oscillate as a attached to the lower end. The stress
pendulum, the lowest point just touched the L
developed at a point from the lower end is
floor. The velocity of the sphere at the lowest 4
point is (area of cross section is A)
L L/4
r Yl 2
 2 
 T  mg  mv 
w1  w
Sol: v   Lg  Sol.: Stress =
F
 4 w1
m  r  A A
Ex: Three wires A, B and C of Ex: A solid sphere of radius R made of material of
same material and same length bulk modulus K is surrounded by a liquid in a
are suspended at different cylindrical container. A massless piston of
loads. The graphs of variation area A floats on the surface of the liquid.
of their elongation (l) with load When mass M is placed on the piston, it
(F) are shown in the figure. The compresses the liquid. The fractional change
wire which has largest thickness is r
in the radius of the sphere =
Fl l l 1 r
Sol.: Y  or Slope =  
4 3 r r
A.l F AY A Sol.: V = r 3

For the wire A slope is less and hence thickness 3 r r
is more. p Mg / A r Mg
And K   
Ex: The length of a wire when suspended from a V / V 3r / r r 3 AK
rigid support is l1 , when the tension on the Ex: A uniform rod of length l cross section A and
wire is T1. Its length is l2 when the tension is Young’s modulus y is acted upon by forces
as shown. Elongation in the rod is
 l/3
3F
F
2F suspended mass are dL and dB respectively
Sol.  d 
then e 2  e1  1  L 
 dB 
 Relation between Y, n, K and 
3 1 9
Fl 1  2l  l  8Fl Y = 2 n (1 +  ) ;  
e  e1  e2  3F   2F     e  n K Y
AY AY  3  3  3AY
3K  2n
Ex. A homogeneous block of mass 100kg hangs  = ; Y = 3K (1 – 2 )
2n  9K
on three vertical wires of equal lengths
Behavior of wire under increasing load:
arranged symmetrically as shown. Middle
wire is steel and the other two are copper. OB – Elasticity S tress
D
The Y of steel is double that of copper. If all BD – plasticity A
B C

the wires are of same cross section, the OP – permanent set

tension in the middle wire is (the block is A – proportionality limit
horizontal always). B – Elastic limit or yield
O P S tra in
Fl yAe point
Sol. y  F
Ae l D – Breaking point or fracture point
Fc y Y 1  The capacity of body that can withstand large
 c   stress is called resilience.
Fs ys 2Y 2
Fs = 2Fc Or 2Fc + Fs = mg  If the distance between B and D is more, that
F mg metal is ductile (can be drawn into wires)
 2 s  Fs  mg  Fs   50 N
2 2 Ex.gold, silver, copper, aluminum, high
Factors effecting elasticity: carbon steel etc.
1) Presence of impurities may increase or
 If the distance between B and D is less, that
decrease elasticity.
metal brittle. Ex.: Glass, Cast-iron, low carbon
2) Elasticity decreases with the increase of steel etc.
temperature but for nickel and invar steel
 The temporary loss of elasticity of a body due
temperature has no effect on elasticity.
to successive stress and strain is called
3) Hammering and rolling increases the elasticity. elastic fatigue.
4) Annealing decreases the elasticity.  The time delay in regaining the original shape
Ex: One end of a long metal wire is suspended (or) size of the body after removing the
from rigid support and a mass less spring of deforming force is called elastic after effect.
constant K is attached to the  Elastic aftereffect is exhibited by glass.
other end of the spring. The
 Elastic after effect is not exhibited by quartz or
area of cross section of the
phosphor bronze.
wire is A and its youngs
modulus is Y. If the mass  Water is more elastic than air, because water
attached to the spring is requires more stress than air for the same
pulled down slightly and released it will change in volume.
oscillate with a time period.  Steel is more elastic than rubber, because
steel requires more stress than rubber for the
KYA (KL  YA )m
Sol.: K eqm  Or T = 2 same elongation.
KL  YA KYA
 Elongation produced in a wire due to its own
Ex: Two wires of equal length and cross section l 2 dg
are suspended as shown. Their Young’s weight e
2Y
moduli are Y1 and Y2 respectively. The
equivalent Young’s modulus will be  Length of the wire which breaks under its own
P
Sol.: K 
YA
K eqm  K 1  K 2
weight L  Where P is the breaking
l dg
Y (2A) Y1 A Y2 A Y1  Y2 stress
   Y  Stress required to double the length of the wire
l l l 2 is Y
 The elongation produced in a wire when the  Stress required, if the elongation is double the
load is in air is e1 and when the load in a
length of the wire, is 2Y
liquid is e2. If the density of liquid and
 Isothermal elasticity = pressure of the gas
 Adiabatic elasticity =   pressure of the gas  The upper end of a
cylinder is clamped and a
 Thermal stress    Yt (or)
F
F = YA  t tangential force is applied at
A the lower end so that the
Where the coefficient of linear expansion of cylinder is twisted through an
the solid and t is the rise in temperature of the angle  shearing strain
solid. developed is r =
Similarly Pressure r
lФ or Ф=
P P l
(P) = K  t (or) K  
t 3t  A load is attached to one end of the wire of
 is the coefficient of volume expansion of a length l and the wire is rotated in a horizontal
solid. circle with a constant angular speed . The
elongation produced is given by
 If a spring of constant K is cut into n equal
parts the spring constant of each part is Fl Fl (ml 2 )l Ml 2  2
Y  e = 
K=nk Ae AY AY AY
 If the spring of constant K is cut into unequal  A load is attached one end of the wire of
parts then length l and cross sectional area A is rotated in
l1k1 = l2k2 = l3k3 = (l1 + l2 + l3)k a vertical circle with the other end as centre
 A hollow pipe of inner radius r1 and outer with critical speed. The strain produced at the
radius r2 and length l is fixed from a support e 6mg
lowest position is 
and loaded at the other end. the elongation in l YA
Fl FL 11. Two rods of different metals
the pipe as given by e  
AY (r2 2  r12 )Y have same area of cross
section A are placed
 A sphere of radius r is attached to a wire of between two massive walls
length l and radius of cross section R. as shown. The first rod has l1, 1, y1 and
Another sphere of same material but of radius second rod has l2, 2, y2. Temperature of
2r is attached to another wire of double length
both the rods is increased by tC. Find force
but thrice the radius of cross section and
with which the rods act on each other. Find
same material. The ratio of elongation.
displacement in the joint.
3 2 3 2
Sol.: e  Fl  e1  r1  l 1  R 2   r    l    3r  Ans. l1  l11t and l2  l2 2t
3 2
AY e2 r2 l2 R1  2r   2l   R 
e1 1 1 9
l  l1  l2   l11  l2 2  t
=  9 
e2 8 2 16 As the walls are rigid length increment is
not possible. This will be compensated by
 Work done in stretching a string
equal and opposite force from F producing
1 decrease in the rods due to elasticity.
W= stress  strain  volume
2 Fl1 Fl
1 W 1 1 (stress ) 2 l1  are l2  2
W= Fe   Y (strain ) 2 or W  Ay1 Ay2
2 V 2 2 Y
F  l1 l2 
Also, W =
1
 Where  is the coefficient l  l1  l2    
2 A  y1 y2 
of linear expansion of the wire. F  l1 l 
 A mass m as attached to the lower end of wire    2    l1 1  l 2  2  t
fixed at the top end. If the elongation in the A  y1 y2 
wire is l then A  l1  1  l 2  2  t
a) Gravitational PE = mgl F 
l1 l
1  2
b) Work done to elongate the wire = mgl y1 y2
2
1  Fl1 
c) The heat energy developed = mgl Length of the first rod =  l1  l11t  
2  A y1 
Length of the second rod =
 Fl2 
 l2  l2 2t  
 A y2 