Digital Communications

Chapter 4: BandPass Modulation

and demodulation (part: 2)
 BandPass Modulation Schemes:
2. Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK):
n In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier is varied
and modulated in accordance with the
information message.
%! cos 2*+" " +,- 0 ≤ " ≤ 0

7
n !! " = $
0 12!13ℎ1-1

jam
The key

q Where !! is the carrier freq. j D

q T is one symbol duration
q Waveforms have identical freq and phase, but
different amplitudes.
a
2. Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK):
a. Binary ASK (BASK)
n !! " represents binary “0”, and !" " represents “1”.

% cos 2*+" " +,- 0 ≤ " ≤ 0

q !! " = $ ", -151-!16" 7869-: "0"
0 12!13ℎ1-1

−% cos 2*+" " +,- 0 ≤ " ≤ 0

q !# " = $ ", -151-!"6" 7869-: "1"
0 12!13ℎ1-1
q !# (") = −!! (")
$! % &'
q @= ⟹%=
& %

− 5 5 2
2$ 2" !" " = cos 2)*# " *,- 0 ≤ " ≤ %
0 %
0 01203ℎ0-0
2. Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK): Contin’…
b. M-ary ASK.
n There will be M different waveforms each of which
represents k bits, where " = $%&" ' .
,# cos 21!! * !%2 0 ≤ * ≤ 5
n )# * = + , : = 0, 1, … , ' − 1
0 6$)67ℎ626
q ## = # % − 2( + 1
q Example: % = 4 ⟹ 4 different waveforms with amp:
n #7 =
n #8 =
n #9 =
n #: =
 $! (&) 00
A=2
$# (&) 11

$$ (&) 10

$" (&) 01
00111001
2. Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK): Contin’…
b. M-ary ASK.
n Since the amplitude of M-ary ASK is different, so
is the energy:

*+! ,
+ /01 ( <
("! ) *+! ) *
q -# = *
⟹ ## = ± )
=
*+! ,
− )
/01 ( ≥ *

"$;
q )# * = >± %
cos 21!! * !%2 0 ≤ * ≤ 5 , ∀ :.
0 6$)67ℎ626
2. Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK): Contin’…
b. M-ary ASK.
"$;
>± cos 21!! * !%2 0 ≤ * ≤ 5
&; (() +
q
| &; ( |
= %
$;
0 6$)67ℎ626
)# (*)
⟹ = ±E, (*)
| )# * |

+ :! : < '/2
)# * = ± )# * E, * = ± F# E, *
− :! : ≥ '/2

$(&'") (&) … $ & (&) $ & (&) … $" (&) $! (&) -! (&)
(#) 0 ( # '")
 M-ary ASK: Example
n Show the signal space of 4-ary ASK.
-
q M=4 ⟹ "
= 2 ⟹ .1 #/ #0"
#/ #2"

q ), * : ,, = 3, ⟹ F, =
q )+ * : ,+ = , ⟹ F+ =
q )" * : ," = −, ⟹ F" =
q )3 * : ,3 = −3, ⟹ F3 =

+ 34 3 < 6/2
$) & = ± 0) -! &
− 34 3 ≥ 6/2

-! (&)
0
2. Amp-Shift Keying (ASK): Contin’…
n Transmitter Structure:
q )# * = ± F# E, *

2
cos(2?4* &)
;

Baseband
Modulation
#!

$ t
3. Amplitude Phase keying (APK)

n It is a combination of ASK and PSK, in which the amplitude and

phase of the carrier are both varied in accordance with the
information to be transmitted.
The key
9=+
%< & = ' cos 2,-? & + /< -01 0 ≤ & ≤ 4 , : = 0,1, … , (> − 1)
n >
0 56%57ℎ515

n !# " = -# cos 7# 8! " + -# sin 7# 8"(").

3. Amplitude Phase keying (APK)

n !( " = @( cos B( C! " + @( sin B( C# (").

-" (&)

-! (&)

n A special type of APK is the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
n The 2-dim signal space is arranged
in a rectangular constellation.
n The signals are typically grouped at -" (&) 16-QAM
8-QAM
4-QAM
x-axis and y-axis points.
3A

n !#& " = GC! (") − 3GC# (") A

n @#& = G & + (−3G)&
−3A −A A 3A -! (&)
)*+ −A
n B#& = "96)# ( )
+
−3A $"#
&'%!
!#& " = I cos 2*+" " + B#& +,- 0 ≤ " ≤ 0
n %
0 12!13ℎ1-1
 Transmitter structure of M-ary QAM
n !# " = =# 8! " + ># 8"(").

%!

$ t B) -! &

~ 2/%cos(2)*# ")
$) &
A) Baseband
?@
Modulation 2
− 2/%sin(2)*# ")

&!
C) -" &

$
4. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
n The frequency of the carrier wave is varied in
accordance with the information bits.
# cos 2@/# " /01 0 ≤ " ≤ C
n !# " = ? , ( = 0, 1, … , % − 1
0 DE!DFℎD1D
q T is one symbol duration
q Waveforms have identical amplitude and phase, but
different frequencies.
J! K LM
q "= ⟹%=
L K
 4. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
a. Binary FSK
n Transmit !A " to represent binary “0” and !B " to
represent binary “1”, where
&'
!! " = I cos 2*+" " +,- 0 ≤ " ≤ 0 ", -151-!16" 7869-: "0"
q %
0 12!13ℎ1-1

&'
!# " = I cos 2*(+" +∆+)" +,- 0 ≤ " ≤ 0 ", -151-!"6" 7869-: "1“
q %
0 12!13ℎ1-1
q ⟹ -7 = -? , DEF -8 = -? + ∆-
 4. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
a. Binary FSK
n In typical FSK, the signals are set to be orthogonal
q !! " = -8! " and !" " = -8" " , where
& -" (&)
C! " = I cos 2*+" " +,- 0 ≤ " ≤ 0
q %
0 12!13ℎ1-1 5 2$

& 5
C# " = I cos 2*(+" +∆+)" +,- 0 ≤ " ≤ 0 2" -! (&)
q %
0 12!13ℎ1-1

q The goal is to find the right frequency spacing ∆/ such that:

C! " ⊥ C# "
q < E, * , E+ * > = 0
%

⟹ N E, * E+ * O* = 0
,
%
2
N cos 21!! * cos 21 !! + ∆! * O* = 0
5
,
Using: 1
cos Q cos R = [cos R + Q + cos R − Q ]
2
%
1
⟹ N[cos 21 2!! + ∆! * + cos 21∆!* O* = 0
5
,
% %
1 sin(21 2!! + ∆! *) sin(21∆!*)
R + R =0
5 21 2!! + ∆! ,
21∆! ,
4. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
a. Binary FSK
DEF(*G∆I))
q = 0, (remember that the variable is ∆-).
*G∆I)
q In general, sin J = 0 when J = K, , where z any integer
number.
q ⟹ 2,∆-4 = K,
U
⟹ ∆! =
25
+
q If z=1, ∆! = , this will give the minimum frequency
"%
spacing.
q In this case, this binary ⊥ WXY is called “minimum shift
keying (MSK)”
q MSK minimizes the required BW.
 4. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
a. M-ary FSK
n There will be M different waveforms each of which
represents k bits, where & = '()L * .

"$
n )# * = > %
cos 21(!! +:∆!)* !%2 0 ≤ * ≤ 5 ,
0 6$)67ℎ626
q : = 0, 1, … (> − 1)
8
q ∆- =
9>

n )# * = FE# * 7ℎ626 E4 * ⊥ E# * ∀ Z ≠ :.