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Experiment 6 - Operational Amplifiers and Their Applications

The document outlines Experiment 6 on operational amplifiers, focusing on non-inverting and inverting amplifiers, as well as adder and subtracter circuits. It details the aims, theory, apparatus, experimental procedures, observations, and results, confirming that the experimental readings align with theoretical values. Key findings include voltage gain calculations, saturation frequencies, and phase relationships between input and output voltages.

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Tanvi Mathur
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12 views11 pages

Experiment 6 - Operational Amplifiers and Their Applications

The document outlines Experiment 6 on operational amplifiers, focusing on non-inverting and inverting amplifiers, as well as adder and subtracter circuits. It details the aims, theory, apparatus, experimental procedures, observations, and results, confirming that the experimental readings align with theoretical values. Key findings include voltage gain calculations, saturation frequencies, and phase relationships between input and output voltages.

Uploaded by

Tanvi Mathur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: Tanvi Mathur

Entry No. 2023CH71188


Group 32

Experiment 6: Operational amplifiers and their applications

Aim:
To study:
● Non-inverting amplifier
● Inverting amplifier
● Adder
● Subtracter

Theory:
The operational amplifier is an electronic circuit component that can be used to perform
mathematical operations, such as addition, subtraction, scaling, integration, differentiation
etc., on voltage and currents. In this experiment you will be studying the basic functionality of
an op-amp (short for operational amplifier) and learn how to use it to perform amplification,
addition and subtraction.

Apparatus: LM741 Op-Amp, Resistors, DSO, Signal generator

Experiment:
A. Non-inverting amplifier

● Choose R1 as 1 kΩ and R2 as 10 kΩ to obtain a voltage gain of +11.


● Apply a sinusoid input of amplitude upto 1 volt and observe the output along with the
input.
● Verify the operation at different frequencies. Check at frequencies upto 1MHz and at
what frequency the gain becomes lower than ideal
● Check at which input amplitude the output of the amplifier saturates.
● Use R2 of 47kΩ to obtain a theoretical voltage gain of +48.
● Apply a sinusoid input of amplitude upto 100mV and observe the output along with
the input.
● Verify the operation at different frequencies. Measure the frequency at which the gain
becomes lower than ideal
● Check at what input amplitude the output of the amplifier saturates.

B. Inverting amplifier

● Choose R1 as 1 kΩ, and R2 as 10 kΩ to obtain a voltage gain of -10.


● Apply a sinusoid input of amplitude upto 1 volt and observe the output along with the
input.
● Verify the operation at different frequencies. Check at frequencies upto 1MHz.
Measure frequency at which the gain becomes lower than ideal.
● Measure input amplitude at which the output of the amplifier saturates.
● Now use R2 of 47kΩ to obtain a theoretical voltage gain of -47.
● Apply a sinusoid input of amplitude upto 100mV and observe the output along with
the input.
● Verify the operation at different frequencies. Measure frequency at which the gain
becomes lower than ideal.
● Measure input amplitude at which the output of the amplifier saturates.
● Observe what happens + terminal of the op-amp is connected to the resistors, and
the - terminal of the op-amp to the ground.

C. Adder and subtracter circuits

Adder
● Use R1 of 1kΩ and R2 of 10kΩ.
● Apply two inputs at 1kHz and 5kHz. Set both amplitudes to less than 0.5 volts.
● Observe the output on the DSO, and find the relationship between the output and the
two inputs.

Subtracter

● Use R1 of 1kΩ and R2 of 10kΩ


● Apply two inputs at 1kHz and 5kHz. Set both amplitudes to less than 0.5 volts.
● Observe the output on the DSO, and find the relationship between the output and the
two inputs.
Observations:
(A) R1 = 1 kohm
R2 = 10 kohm

Frequency Input voltage Output voltage

1 kHz 1V 13.0 V

10 kHz 1V 11.1 V

10 kHz 1.25 V (severe clipping) 24.02 V

15 kHz (cutoff) 1V 5.1 V

150 kHz (saturation) 1V 480 mV

R1 = 1 kohm
R2 = 47 kohm

Frequency Input voltage Output voltage

1 kHz 100 mV 5.6 V

10 kHz 100 mV 4.08 V

10 kHz 255 mV (severe clipping) 24.02 V

15 kHz (cutoff) 100 mV 2.3 V

150 kHz (saturation) 100 mV 230 mV


Results:
1. Readings tally with theoretical values.
2. Output voltage is given by: (1+R2/R1) Vin and is in phase with input voltage.
3. Saturation frequency is 150 kHz and cutoff frequency is 15 kHz.
(B) R1 = 1 kohm
R2 = 10 kohm

Frequency Input voltage Output voltage

1 kHz 100 mV 1.01 V

10 kHz 100 mV 802 mV

10 kHz 2.5 V (severe clipping) 24.02 V

15 kHz (cutoff) 100 mV 402 mV

150 kHz (saturation) 100 mV 103 mV

R1 = 1 kohm
R2 = 47 kohm

Frequency Input voltage Output voltage

1 kHz 100 mV 4.72 V

10 kHz 100 mV 4.08 V

10 kHz 515 mV (severe clipping) 24.02 V

15 kHz (cutoff) 100 mV 2.3 V

150 kHz (saturation) 100 mV 230 mV


Results:
1. The readings tally with theoretical values.
2. The formula for output voltage is: -R2/R1 Vin
3. Output voltage is 180o out of phase with input voltage.
4. Saturation frequency is 150 kHz and cutoff frequency is 15 kHz.
5. When + terminal of the op-amp is connected to the resistors, and the - terminal of the
op-amp to the ground, there is a positive feedback loop which causes the output
voltage to saturate and causes the signal to distort.
(C) Adder circuit
R1 = 1 k ohm
R2 = 10 k ohm
(i) f = 1 kHz

Input V at (1) Input V at (2) Output V

100 mV 100 mV 2.06 V

300 mV 200 mV 4.88 V

400 mV 300 mV 7.21 V

(ii) f = 5 kHz

Input V at (1) Input V at (2) Output V

250 mV 250 mV 4.72 V

400 mV 300 mV 6.48 V

Results:

● For adder circuit, output voltage comes out to be:


−𝑅2
(V1+V2) = -10(V1+V2)
𝑅1
● The observations tally with theoretical values.
● The output voltage is 1800 out of phase with input voltage.
(B) Subtracter circuit
R1 = 1 k ohm
R2 = 10 k ohm
(i) f = 1 kHz

Input V at (1) Input V at (2) Output V

250 mV 250 mV 480 mV

350 mV 250 mV 1.2 V

(ii) f = 5 kHz

Input V at (1) Input V at (2) Output V

250 mV 250 mV 235 mV

350 mV 250 mV 1.12 V


Results:

● For subtracter circuit, output voltage comes out to be:


−𝑅2
(V1-V2) = -10(V1-V2)
𝑅1
● The observations tally with theoretical values.
● The output voltage is 1800 out of phase if V1>V2 and in phase if V1<V2.

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