Chapter II.

INTRODUCTION TO IoT

The birth of IoT

The term Internet of Things is 16 years old. But the actual

idea of connected devices had been around longer, at least
since the 70s. Back then, the idea was often called
“embedded internet” or “pervasive computing”. But the actual
term “Internet of Things” was coined by Kevin Ashton in
1999 during his work at Procter&Gamble. Ashton who was
working in supply chain optimization, wanted to attract senior
management’s attention to a new exciting technology called
Kevin Ashton, inventor RFID. Because the internet was the hottest new trend in
of the Internet of 1999 and because it somehow made sense, he called his
Things
presentation “Internet of Things”.
Even though Kevin grabbed the interest of some P&G executives, the term Internet of
Things did not get widespread attention for the next 10 years.

How do IoT devices work?

Smartphones do play a large role in the IoT, however, because many IoT devices can
be controlled through an app on a smartphone. You can use your smartphone to
communicate with your smart thermostat, for example, to deliver the perfect
temperature for you by the time you get home from work. Another plus? This can
eliminate unneeded heating or cooling while you’re away, potentially saving you money
on energy costs.
IoT devices contain sensors and mini-computer processors that act on the data
collected by the sensors via machine learning. Essentially, IoT devices are mini
computers, connected to the internet, and are vulnerable to malware and hacking.
Machine learning is when computers learn in a similar way to humans — by collecting
data from their surroundings — and it is what makes IoT devices smart. This data can
help the machine learn your preferences and adjust itself accordingly. Machine learning
is a type of artificial intelligence that helps computers learn without having to be
programmed by someone.
That doesn’t mean your smart speaker will discuss the key points of last night’s big
game with you. But your connected refrigerator may send you an alert on your
smartphone that you’re low on eggs and milk because it knows you’re near a
supermarket.

What are the benefits of the IoT?

The Internet of Things is designed to make our lives more convenient. Here are a few
examples:
Smart bathroom scales working in tandem with your treadmill, delivering food
preparation ideas to your laptop or smartphone, so you stay healthy.
Security devices monitoring your home, turning lights on and off as you enter and exit
rooms, and streaming video so you can check in while you’re away.
Smart voice assistants placing your usual takeout order on command, making it a
breeze to get fresh food delivered to your door.

IoT Applications
Top 10 IoT application areas
 1. IoT applications area #1: Manufacturing / Industrial
Manufacturing / Industrial has taken over the top spot from “Cities” – the number one
IoT application area in the 2018 analysis. Technology giants such as Microsoft and
AWS as well as large industrial automation players such as Siemens or Rockwell
Automation are among the driving forces of the digital transformation in the
manufacturing / industrial industry.
2. IoT applications area #2: Transportation / Mobility
Transportation / Mobility is the second largest IoT application area in 2020. Tesla set
the industry benchmark for connected cars when it launched the Model S in 2012,
introducing the first over-the-air software update capabilities. Since then pretty much
every car manufacturer has followed suit integrating similar IoT technologies.
3. IoT applications area #3: Energy
As worldwide energy consumption is expected to grow by 40% over the next 25 years,
the need for smarter energy solutions has reached an all-time high. IoT is
revolutionizing nearly every part of the energy industry from generation to transmission
to distribution and changing how energy companies and customers interact. Both
solution providers and energy companies themselves understand the need for and
value of connected IoT solutions in the sector.
4. IoT applications area #4: Retail
More and more retailers recognize that they can improve their cost-efficiency and in-
store customer-experience through innovative IoT use cases. There is a rising interest
for retailers to digitize stores and create smarter processes – retail now accounts for 9%
of the identified projects, up from 5% in the 2018 analysis.
5. IoT applications area #5: Cities
Smart cities are growing and blossoming in all parts of the world. The IMD Smart City
Index 2019, which focuses on how citizens perceive the scope and impact of efforts to
make their cities smart – balancing “economic and technological aspects” with “humane
dimensions”, put Singapore, Zurich and Oslo as the top 3 smartest cities in 2019,
followed by Geneva, Copenhagen, Auckland, Taipei, Helsinki, Bilbao and Dusseldorf
completing the top 10. More and more cities continue to embrace the smart city concept
from a citizen’s perspective:
6. IoT applications area #6: Healthcare
IoT has only slowly proliferated itself in healthcare. However, things look to be changing
in light of the center of COVID-19 pandemic. Early data suggests that digital health
solutions that relate to COVID-19 are surging. Demand for specific IoT health
applications such as telehealth consultations, digital diagnostics, remote monitoring,
and robot assistance is increasing. The pandemic has thrust the healthcare industry into
the limelight and many C-suites are taking note:
7. IoT applications area #7: Supply chain
As supply chains extend more and more to the end customers, resulting in more
intricate flows of goods that are more complex to deliver, logistics providers are
increasingly integrating connected digital solutions to tackle the complexity. A recent
survey by Kenco, a US logistics provider, found that 56% of supply chain professionals
are currently or planning to invest in sensors/IoT; up from 42% in 2017, to look for more
operational efficiencies in how their supply chains operate.
8. IoT applications area #8: Agriculture
In 2050, it is estimated that a population of almost 10 billion people will need up to 70
percent more food than we do today. One way to address this challenge is through
smart agriculture. IoT sensors can help farmers make more informed decisions to
achieve higher crop yield, better quality produce, and save costs by reducing the use of
fertilizers and pesticides. Some CEOs see IoT as the main source of disruption for the
agriculture industry:
9. IoT applications area #9: Buildings
As part of the 2019 Energy Efficiency Indicator study Johnson Controls surveyed 400
energy and facility management executives in the United States and found that 71
percent of organizations invested in smart building control system improvements and
over half have implemented an enterprise-wide smart building management system.
Most new innovative connected solutions aim to increase productivity and efficiency
while reducing operational costs through complete building life cycle management.
10. IoT applications area #10: Other
There are only a few (3%) projects that have been identified that are not part of the
other 9 categories.
 Challenges of IoT
5 challenges still facing the Internet of Things
https://www.iot-now.com/2020/06/03/103228-5-challenges-still-facing-the-internet-of-things/

The Internet of Things (IoT) has quickly become a huge part of how people live,
communicate and do business. All around the world, web-enabled devices are turning
our world into a more switched-on place to live.
1. Security
Ask any security expert about the biggest headaches of the 21st century and
they’ll likely bring up IoT devices. The reason? In cybersecurity terms, IoT
devices greatly expand the “attack surface,” or the amount of potential areas for
cybercriminals to penetrate a secure network.

Cybercriminals don’t have to crack an IoT device’s plastic enclosure to access

sensitive materials. They can simply finesse their way in through one of the many
security vulnerabilities that are found throughout the IoT. Many IoT devices have
default passwords left unchanged, unpatched software and other major security
vulnerabilities.

In 2017, a casino’s data was compromised by hackers who accessed its network
through an IoT thermostat in one of its fish tanks. Far worse, parents have
reported strangers accessing their IoT baby monitors through the internet and
using them to talk to their children.

2. Regulation
Another common characteristic of technological innovations is that government
regulation often takes a long time to catch up with the current state of technology.
With the rapid evolution that’s happening every day in IoT, the government is
taking its time in catching up and businesses are often left without crucial
information they need to make decisions.

The lack of strong IoT regulations is a big part of why the IoT remains a severe
security risk, and the problem is likely to get worse as the potential attack surface
expands to include ever more crucial devices. When medical devices, cars and
children’s toys are all connected to the Internet, it’s not hard to imagine many
potential disaster scenarios unfolding in the absence of sufficient regulation.
 Quality control in IoT can be particularly tricky from a regulatory perspective. With
huge numbers of IoT devices now being imported from countries like China that
have different standards of quality and security, many experts are calling for
strong and universal security standards for IoT technology.

3. Compatibility
New waves of technology often feature a large stable of competitors jockeying for
market share, and IoT is certainly no exception. This can be good news, since
competition creates increased choices for consumers, but it can also create
frustrating compatibility issues.

Home mesh networks are one area where compatibility trouble is looming.
Bluetooth has long been the compatibility standard for IoT devices. In fact, it was
named after an ancient king, Harald Bluetooth, known for unifying warring tribes.
But when it comes to home automation using mesh networking, several
competitors have sprung up to challenge Bluetooth’s mesh network offerings,
including protocols such as Zigbee and Z-Wave. It could be years before the
market settles enough to crown a single universal standard for home IoT.

Continued compatibility for IoT devices also depends upon users keeping their
devices updated and patched, which, as we’ve just discussed, can be pretty
difficult. When IoT devices that have to talk to each other are running different
software versions, all kinds of performance issues and security vulnerabilities can
result. That’s a big part of why it’s so important that IoT consumers keep their
devices patched and up to date.

4. Bandwidth
Connectivity is a bigger challenge to the IoT than you might expect. As the size
of the IoT market grows exponentially, some experts are concerned that
bandwidth-intensive IoT applications such as video streaming will soon struggle
for space on the IoT’s current server-client model.

That’s because the server-client model uses a centralised server to authenticate

and direct traffic on IoT networks. However, as more and more devices begin to
connect to these networks, they often struggle to bear the load.

Thus, it’s important for IoT companies to carefully examine their IoT connectivity
providers and to choose one with a strong record of service and innovation.
Features like intelligent switching between mobile network operators (MNOs) are
particularly useful for creating a more reliable and user-friendly IoT product for
your customers.
5. Customer expectations
It’s often said that it’s better to under-promise and over-deliver. Many IoT
manufacturers have learned this the hard way, with IoT start-ups failing often and
leaving bewildered customers in their wake. When customer expectations and
product reality don’t match, the results can be system failures, orphaned
technologies and lost productivity.

With such strong competition in the IoT market, customers whose expectations
aren’t met won’t hesitate to go elsewhere. Businesses looking to enter this
competitive and innovative sector should be prepared for a market that never sits
still and customers who always want a smoother and more advanced experience.

Chapter III. PROGRAMMING WITH ARDUINO

Getting to know the Arduino

What is Arduino?

Arduino is an open-source
electronics platform based on easy-
to-use hardware and software.
Arduino boards are able to read
inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on
a button, or a Twitter message - and
turn it into an output - activating a
motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your
board what to do by sending a set of
instructions to the microcontroller on
the board. To do so you use the
Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE),
based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday
objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students,
hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-
source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible
knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast
prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming.
As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt
to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to
products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All
Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them
independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is
open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide.

Why Arduino?
Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been used in
thousands of different projects and applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux.
Teachers and students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry
and physics principles, or to get started with programming and robotics. Designers and
architects build interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and
to experiment with new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build many of
the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool to learn new
things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start tinkering just
following the step by step instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other
members of the Arduino community.

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for
physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's
Handyboard, and many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the
messy details of microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use
package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it
offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other
systems:

Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other

microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be
assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50

Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and
Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.

Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use

for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For
teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so
students learning to program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino
IDE works.
Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open
source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can
be expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical
details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which
it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you
want to.

Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are
published under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can
make their own version of the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively
inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the module in order to
understand how it works and save money.

 Types of Arduino
Features of Different Types of Arduino Boards

Arduino Analogue
Board Processor Memory Digital I/O I/O
16Mhz 2KB SRAM, 6 input, 0
Arduino Uno ATmega328 32KB flash 14 output
84MHz
AT91SAM3X8 96KB SRAM, 12 input, 2
Arduino Due E 512KB flash 54 output
16MHz 8KB SRAM, 16 input, 0
Arduino Mega ATmega2560 256KB flash 54 output
Arduino 16MHz 2.5KB SRAM, 12 input, 0
Leonardo ATmega32u4 32KB flash 20 output
Arduino Uno (R3) Arduino Nano

Arduino Micro Arduino Due

 Arduino ESP8266
Brief About NodeMCU ESP8266

The NodeMCU
ESP8266 development
board comes with the
ESP-12E module
containing ESP8266
chip having Tensilica
Xtensa 32-bit LX106
RISC microprocessor.
This microprocessor
supports RTOS and
operates at 80MHz to 160 MHz adjustable clock frequency. NodeMCU has 128 KB
RAM and 4MB of Flash memory to store data and programs. Its high processing power
with in-built Wi-Fi / Bluetooth and Deep Sleep Operating features make it ideal for IoT
projects.

NodeMCU can be powered using Micro USB jack and VIN pin (External Supply Pin). It
supports UART, SPI, and I2C interface.

Applications of NodeMCU
 Prototyping of IoT devices
 Low power battery operated applications
 Network projects

 Projects requiring multiple I/O interfaces with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionalities

 Arduino IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment is a cross-platform application that is

written in functions from C and C++. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino
compatible boards, but also, with the help of third-party cores, other vendor
development boards.
 Displaying Value on Serial Monitor

Sample 1

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.print("Hello World");
}
void loop() {
}

Sample 2

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
Serial.print("Hello World");
}

Light up 1 LED
1-led
1-200 ohms resistor

#define LED 16 // Led in NodeMCU at pin GPIO16 (D0).

void setup() {
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT); // set the digital pin as output.
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);// turn the LED off.(Note that LOW is the voltage level but
actually
//the LED is on; this is because it is acive low on the ESP8266.
delay(1000); // wait for 1 second.
digitalWrite(LED, LOW); // turn the LED on.
delay(1000); // wait for 1 second.
}

Control LED Using PushButton With NodeMCU

NodeMCU Peizo Buzzer on Arduino IDE

const int buzzer=14;

void setup() {
// put your setup code
here, to run once:
pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
// put your main code here,
to run repeatedly:
tone(buzzer, 1000);
delay(1000);
noTone(buzzer);
delay(200);
}

IV. ARDUINO SENSOR TYPES AND APPLICATIONS

Distance Sensor (ultrasonic)
// defines pins numbers

const int trigPin = 16; //D4

const int echoPin = 5; //D3
long duration;
int distance;
void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial communication
}
void loop() {
// Clears the trigPin
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);

// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

// Calculating the distance

distance= duration*0.034/2;
// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);
delay(2000);
}
Temperature Sensor Water and Weather
#include "dht.h"
dht DHT;
#define DHT11_PIN 2
void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop(){
int chk = DHT.read11(DHT11_PIN);
Serial.print("Temperature = ");
Serial.println(DHT.temperature);
Serial.print("Humidity = ");
Serial.println(DHT.humidity);
delay(1000);
}