STIRRED TANKS WITH FLOW RATES A FUNCTION OF LEVEL

A more complex and realistic tank modeling case is to consider the situation in which both
input and output flow rates are influenced by the level in the tank.
In this case the inflow F1 passes through a fixed inlet valve from a pressure source, P1.
The pressure on the downstream side of the inlet valve is P2, that is, the hydrostatic pressure in
the tank at the level of the valve. In a similar fashion, the outflow passes through a fixed valve
with the hydrostatic pressure P2 on the upstream side discharging to pressure P3. The flows F1
and F2 are influenced by the level Z and the pressures P0 and P3.
Thus, applying the principle of conservation of mass to the system
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑍
𝐴 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2
𝑑𝑡
The flows F1 and F2 can be related to the pressure drop across each valve by applying the
mechanical energy balance across each valve.
Assuming that any hydraulic transients are very fast compared to the volume transients in the
system, so that we can use the steady-state form of the mechanical energy balance equation,
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝐴𝑐𝑐. 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
{ }= { }− { } + {𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 } − {𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 }
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝑉1 2 𝑃1 𝑉2 2 𝑃2
0= ( + 𝑔𝑍1 + ) − ( + 𝑔𝑍2 + ) − ℎ𝐿 − 𝑊𝑠
2 𝜌 2 𝜌

The potential energy differences are negligible and there is no mechanical work, WS

𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2
+ + ℎ𝐿 = 0
𝜌 2
The steady-state mass balance across the valve gives
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
{ }={ }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜌1 𝑉1 𝑆1 = 𝜌2 𝑉2 𝑆2
Or
𝑉1 𝑆1
𝑉2 =
𝑆2
where S1 - upstream pipe cross-section area and S2 - the cross-section area at the throat of the
valve. Combining equations ( ) and ( ) and solving for Vl gives
 ∆𝑃
2 (− 𝜌 − ℎ𝐿 )
𝑉! = √
𝑆1 2
−1
𝑆2 2

Letting the friction head be expressed as some fraction of the total pressure drop
∆𝑃 ∆𝑃
+ ℎ𝐿 = 𝐶1 2
𝜌 𝜌
equation (3.4.6) becomes

2
𝑆1 𝑉1 = 𝐹1 = 𝐶1 𝑆1 √𝑃1 − 𝑃2
2
√ 𝑆
(( 1 2 ) − 1) 𝜌
𝑆2

𝐹1 = 𝐶𝑉1 √(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )
CV1= valve constant for the inlet valve
Similarly
𝐹2 = 𝐶𝑉2 √(𝑃2 − 𝑃3 )

The hydrostatic pressure P2 can be computed by application of the mechanical energy balance
on the control volume of the tank itself.
𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑜
= 𝑔𝑍
𝜌
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑂 + 𝜌𝑔𝑍
Information flow diagram
Enclosed Tank Vessel

This case is similar to the above except that the vessel is wholly enclosed
Pressure P0 above the surface becomes a variable instead of a constant. Movement of the
surface up and down will compress and expand the gas and cause the pressure to change.
Assuming an ideal gas, using the equation of state
𝑃𝑜 𝑉𝐺 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇𝐺
➢ Under the assumption of adiabatic conditions, the temperature of the system
compression can be computed.
➢ Since no heat is lost from the system and all the work is converted into sensible heat,
the energy balance on the closed system becomes

∆𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑄 − Ẁ

KE = kinetic energy
PE = potential energy
For adiabatic conditions Q = 0 and we will also assume that Δ(KE) = 0 and Δ(PE) = 0 for
this system.
Therefore, the energy balance becomes

∆𝑈 = −∆Ẁ
Applying this to a differential element in the gas phase,
𝑑𝑈 = −𝑑Ẁ
The internal energy can be related to the temperature of the system
𝑑𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑇𝐺
Cv is the heat capacity at constant volume
The only form of work in this system is PV work so that
𝑑Ẁ = 𝑃𝑜 𝑑Ṽ
Ṽ is the specific volume of the gas
Combining equations ( ), ( ), and ( ) gives
𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑇𝐺 = −𝑃𝑜 𝑑Ṽ
𝑃𝑜
𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑇𝐺 = − 𝑑𝑉
𝑚 𝐺

where m = the mass of the system.

Using the ideal gas law and assuming Cv is constant, equation ( ) can be integrated as
𝑛𝑅𝑇𝐺
𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑇𝐺 = − 𝑑𝑉𝐺
𝑚𝑉𝐺
𝑇𝐺 𝑉𝐺
𝑑𝑇𝐺 𝑅 𝑑𝑉𝐺
∫ =− ∫
𝑇𝐺0 𝑇𝐺 𝑀𝐶𝑉 𝑉𝐺0 𝑉𝐺

TG0 , TG = Temperature of gas initially and during the process

VGO, VG = Volume of gas initially and during the process.
𝑇𝐺 𝑅 𝑉𝐺0
𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑇𝐺0 𝑀𝐶𝑉 𝑉𝐺

𝑅
𝑇𝐺 𝑉𝐺0 (𝑀𝐶𝑉 )
( )= ( )
𝑇𝐺0 𝑉𝐺

The volume of the gas can be computed at any time from

𝑉𝐺 = 𝑉0 − 𝐴𝑍
V0 = total tank volume
A = cross-sectional area of the tank
Other Equations
𝑑𝑍
𝐴 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2
𝑑𝑡

𝐹1 = 𝐶𝑉1 √(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )

𝐹2 = 𝐶𝑉2 √(𝑃2 − 𝑃3 )
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑂 + 𝜌𝑔𝑍
Information Flow Diagram
Enclosed Tank With Reaction

K1
𝐴+𝐵 ⇄𝐶+𝐷
K2

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { } + { 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 } − {𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 }
𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖
Component A balance
𝑑(𝑉𝐶𝐴2 )
= 𝐹1 𝐶𝐴2 − 𝐹2 𝐶𝐴2 − 𝑉𝐾1 𝐶𝐴2 𝐶𝐵2 + 𝑉𝐾2 𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐷2
𝑑𝑡
Component B balance
𝑑(𝑉𝐶𝐵2 )
= 𝐹1 𝐶𝐵2 − 𝐹2 𝐶𝐵2 − 𝑉𝐾1 𝐶𝐴2 𝐶𝐵2 + 𝑉𝐾2 𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐷2
𝑑𝑡
Component C balance
𝑑(𝑉𝐶𝐶2 )
= −𝐹2 𝐶𝐶2 + 𝑉𝐾1 𝐶𝐴2 𝐶𝐵2 − 𝑉𝐾2 𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐷2
𝑑𝑡
Component D balance

𝑑(𝑉𝐶𝐷2 )
= −𝐹2 𝐶𝐷2 + 𝑉𝐾1 𝐶𝐴2 𝐶𝐵2 − 𝑉𝐾2 𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐷2
𝑑𝑡

Take 𝑅 = 𝑉𝐾1 𝐶𝐴2 𝐶𝐵2 − 𝑉𝐾2 𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐷2

𝑑(𝑉𝐶𝐴2 )
= 𝐹1 𝐶𝐴2 − 𝐹2 𝐶𝐴2 − 𝑅
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝑉𝐶𝐵2 )
= 𝐹1 𝐶𝐵2 − 𝐹2 𝐶𝐵2 − 𝑅
𝑑𝑡
 𝑑(𝑉𝐶𝐶2 )
= 𝑅 − 𝐹2 𝐶𝐶2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝑉𝐶𝐷2 )
= 𝑅 − 𝐹2 𝐶𝐷2
𝑑𝑡
Other Equations (already derived)
𝑃𝑜 𝑉𝐺 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇𝐺
𝑅
𝑇𝐺 𝑉𝐺0 (𝑀𝐶𝑉)
( )= ( )
𝑇𝐺0 𝑉𝐺
𝑉𝐺 = 𝑉0 − 𝐴𝑍
𝑑𝑍
𝐴 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2
𝑑𝑡
𝐹1 = 𝐶𝑉1 √(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )

𝐹2 = 𝐶𝑉2 √(𝑃2 − 𝑃3 )
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑂 + 𝜌𝑔𝑍
Information Flow Daigram
Wedge Shaped Tank

Overall Mass Balance

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑(𝑉𝜌)
= 𝐹1 𝜌 − 𝐹2 𝜌 ---------- (1)
𝑑𝑡

V = volume of water/liquid in tank at any time t

1
𝑉= × 𝑊 × ℎ × 𝐿 ---------- (2) Substituting eqn.(2) in eqn.(1) but both W and h keeps
2
varying. To solve for height , we have to have a relation between W and h.
Using similar Triangle rule(given below)
ℎ 𝑊 𝑊×ℎ
= or ℎ = ------- (3)
𝐻 𝐵 𝐵

Sub. eqn.(3) in eqn.(2)

1 𝐵
𝑉= 2
× 𝐻 × ℎ2 × 𝐿 ------(4)

Sub eqn.(4) in eqn.(1) and separating the variable and Integrating with limits
t= to ; h=ho
t=t ; h= h

1 𝐵
𝑑 (2 × 𝐻 × ℎ2 × 𝐿)
= 𝐹1 − 𝐹2
𝑑𝑡
ℎ 𝑡
2𝐻
∫ 𝑑ℎ2 = (𝐹1 − 𝐹2 ) ∫ 𝑑𝑡
ℎ𝑜 𝐵𝐿 𝑡𝑜

2𝐻
ℎ=√ (𝐹1 − 𝐹2 )(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 ) + ℎ𝑜 2
𝐵𝐿

Conical Shaped Tank

Overall Mass Balance
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑(𝑉𝜌)
= 𝐹1 𝜌 − 𝐹2 𝜌 ---------- (1)
𝑑𝑡

V = volume of water/liquid in tank at any time t

1
𝑉= × 𝜋 × 𝑟 2 × ℎ ---------- (2) Substituting eqn.(2) in eqn.(1) but both r and h keeps
3
varying. To solve for height, we have to have a relation between r and h.
Using similar Triangle rule (given below)
ℎ 𝑟 𝑅×ℎ
=𝑅 or 𝑟 = ------- (3)
𝐻 𝐻

Sub. eqn.(3) in eqn.(2)

1 𝑅2
𝑉= × 𝜋 × 𝐻 2 × ℎ3 ------(4)
3

Sub eqn.(4) in eqn.(1) and separating the variable and Integrating with limits
t= to ; h=ho
t=t ; h= h
 1 𝑅2
𝑑 ( 3 × 𝜋 × 2 × ℎ3 )
𝐻
= 𝐹1 − 𝐹2
𝑑𝑡
ℎ 𝑡
3𝐻 2
∫ 𝑑ℎ3 = (𝐹 − 𝐹 ) ∫ 𝑑𝑡
ℎ𝑜 𝜋𝑅 2 1 2
𝑡𝑜

3 3𝐻 2
ℎ=√ 2
(𝐹1 − 𝐹2 )(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 ) + ℎ𝑜 3
𝜋𝑅

Home Work ( Hemishperical Tank)

Problem 1
A square tank 4m on a side and 10m height is filled to the brim. Tank has a 5 cm2 hole in the
bottom which is suddenly opened. Derive the dynamic model equation for the system and find
the time required for draining the tank completely.
Given F = 0.62A (2gh)0.5 where A= CSA of the hole.
Solution:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑(𝑉𝜌)
= 𝐹1 𝜌 − 𝐹2 𝜌 ---------- (1) { no input}
𝑑𝑡

➢ Density ‘ρ’’ is assumed constant and Volume, V=A*h

➢ A= 4*4 =16 m2 (Square tank)
➢ Given F2 = 0.62A (2gh)0.5

𝑑ℎ
16 × = −0.62 × 𝐴 × 2√2 × 𝑔 × ℎ
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 2
16 × = −0.62 × 5 × 10−4 × √2 × 9.81 × ℎ
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 5 × 10−4 × 2.74 × √ℎ
= −
𝑑𝑡 16
At t = 0 ; h =10m
At t = t ; h = 0
 0
dh 5 × 10−4 × 2.74 t
∫ = − ∫ dt
10 √h 16 0
10
t = 1.17 × 104 × 2 (√h)0

t= 7.38* 104 sec [ unit of time is sec due to ‘g’ which has unit of m2/sec]
t= 20.5 hr
Problem 2
Water flows from a conical tank at a rate of 0.02(2+h2) m3/min. The diameter and height of the
conical tank is 6m and 5m respectively. If the tank is initially full a) Derive a relationship
between height and time. b) how long will it take for 75% of water to flow out of the tank.
Solution:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑(𝑉𝜌)
= 𝐹1 𝜌 − 𝐹2 𝜌 ---------- (1) { no input}
𝑑𝑡

➢ Density ‘ρ’’ is assumed constant and Volume, V=A*h

 1
𝑉= × 𝜋 × 𝑟 2 × ℎ ---------- (2) Substituting eqn.(2) in eqn.(1) but both r and h keeps
3
varying. To solve for height, we have to have a relation between r and h.
Using similar Triangle rule (given below)
ℎ 𝑟 𝑅×ℎ
=𝑅 or 𝑟 = ------- (3)
𝐻 𝐻

Sub. eqn.(3) in eqn.(2)

1 𝑅2
𝑉= 3
× 𝜋 × 𝐻 2 × ℎ3 ------(4)

➢ Given F2 = 0.02(2+h2) m3/min

To find the height corresponding to 25 % of water inside the conical Tank
1
Total volume (when conical tank is filled to brim), 𝑉 = × 𝜋 × 𝑅2 × 𝐻
3
1
V= × π × 32 × 5 = 47.1 m3
3

Volume corresponding to 25% inside the tank = 0.25 x 47.1 = 31.25 m3

1 1 𝑅2
i.e. 𝑉 = × π × r2 × h = × 𝜋 × 𝐻 2 × ℎ3 = 31.25
3 3

1 32
× 𝜋 × 2 × ℎ3 = 31.25
3 5
h= 3.15 m
Relation between height and time
Using eqn(1) and eqn.(4) and F2 we get
𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝒅 (𝟑 × 𝝅 × 𝟐 × 𝒉𝟑 )
𝑯
= −𝟎. 𝟎𝟐(𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐 )
𝒅𝒕
Rearranging and integrating with limits
At t =0 ; h= 5m
At t = t ; h = 3.15 m
𝑡 3.15 ℎ2 𝑑ℎ
-∫0 𝑑𝑡 = 56.5 ∫5 (2+ℎ2 )

113
𝑡 = −56.5ℎ + [ ] 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √2ℎ
√2
3.15
3.15 113
𝑡 = (−56.5ℎ)5 + ([ ] 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √2 ℎ)
√2 5

113
𝑡 = −56.5(3.15 − 5) + [ ] (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 4.45 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 7.07)
√2
t= 98 min
Flow rate at t = 98 min and h=3.15 m
F2 = 0.02(2+3.152) m3/min
F2= 0.24 m3/min

Home Work
Water flows from a conical tank at a rate of 0.02(2+h)2 m3/min. The diameter and height of the
conical tank is 6m and 5m respectively. If the tank is initially full a) Derive a relationship
between height and time. b) how long will it take for 75% of water to flow out of the tank.
Problem 3
A storage tank that is 2.0 m in diameter is being filled at the rate of 2.0 m3/min. When the
height of the liquid is 2 m in the tank, the bottom of the tank springs a leak. The rate of leaking
is proportional to the head of fluid so that it is leaking at a rate of 0.4h m3/min, where h is in
m.(i) Derive a relationship between height and time. (ii) What is the height in the tank after
60min.(iii) What is the steady state height of the fluid in the tank?
Solution:

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓

{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑(𝑉𝜌)
= 𝐹1 𝜌 − 𝐹2 𝜌 ---------- (1) [ ρ is constant ]
𝑑𝑡

𝑑(𝑉)
= 𝐹1 − 𝐹2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ)
= 2 − 0.4ℎ
𝑑𝑡

𝑑(𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ)
= 2 − 0.4ℎ A = πr2 = π*(1)2 = π
𝑑𝑡

𝑡 1 ℎ 𝑑(ℎ)
∫𝑜 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋 ∫ℎ (2−0.4ℎ) ------- (2)
 𝜋 2−0.4ℎ
(i) 𝑡= 𝑙𝑛 [ 2−0.4ℎ1 ]
0.4
(ii) At t = 0 ; h=2
At t= 60 min ; h= h1
Sub. in eqn.(2)
h1= 4.55 m
(iii) At steady state
𝑑(𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ)
= 2 − 0.4ℎ
𝑑𝑡
2-0.4h =0
h = 5m

Problem 4
A water tank 6m high and 3m in diameter is drained by an orifice at the bottom. The exit
velocity is given by V2= 0.61*(2gh)0.5 m/sec . The orifice is 100mm in diameter and the tank
is initially full. a) Derive a relationship between height and time. b) How long will it take to
drain the tank to half its capacity.

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓

{𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 } = { }− { }
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑(𝑉𝜌)
= 𝐹1 𝜌 − 𝐹2 𝜌 ---------- (1) { no input and ρ is constant }
𝑑𝑡

𝑑(𝐴 × ℎ)
= − 𝐹2
𝑑𝑡
Given Velocity, V2= 0.61*(2gh)0.5 m/sec
F2 = V2* A orifice ( m3/sec) = 0.61*(2* 9.81*h)0.5 * π/4 * (100*10-3)2 m3/sec
F2 = 0.212 h0.5
A = ATank = π/4 * (3)2 = 7.065 m2
𝑑ℎ
7.065 = −0.0212√ℎ
𝑑𝑡

3 𝑡
𝑑ℎ −3
∫ = −3 × 10 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
6 √ℎ 0

𝑡 = −333.34 × 2 × (√3 − √6)

t=478.3 Sec