UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
CHE486

​
NAME : JOEANNA SHERRYL PERI
STUDENT NO. : 2023414902
GROUP : CEEH2203F
EXPERIMENT TITLE : PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT / PVT
DATE PERFORMED : 05/1/2025
SEMESTER :3
PROGRAMME / CODE : CEEH220
SUBMIT TO : Ts. NUR AIN BT MOHD ZAINUDDIN

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 15
2 Introduction 10
3 Results 15
4 Calculations 15
5 Discussion 20
6 Conclusion 10
7 Recommendations 10
8 Reference 5
TOTAL MARKS 100

Remarks:
Checked by :​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

---------------------------​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Date : ​​ ​ ​ ​
1.0 Abstract/Summary

This report presents the measurement of the properties using an ideal gas law which is
PV=nRT. The equipment that had been used in this experiment is Perfect Gas Expansion and by
using this equipment, all 3 experiments were conducted successfully. The 3 experiments that
were conducted is Boyle’s Law experiment, Gay-Lussac experiment, and determination of ratio
heat capacity. Boyle’s Law conducted to determine the relationship between pressure and volume
of an ideal gas and to compare the results with the theoretical value. The Boyle’s Law
experiment was conducted three times from atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber,
presurrized chamber to vacuum chamber and pressurized air flows to atmospheric chamber. The
next experiment is to determine the Gay-Lussac Law by repeatedly the experiment 3 times to get
the temperature average value at pressurize and depressurize vessels. After obtaining the overall
average value, the pressure and temperature value gradients are shown. The last experiment is to
determine the isentropic expansion process to demonstrate the isentropic expansion of gases. By
measuring the pressure and temperature before, during and after the experiment, only the
pressurised chamber is utilised. These experiments were completed successfully, and all of the
data taken before and after the setting are recorded into the data.

2.0 Introduction

​ A fundamental field of science and engineering, thermodynamic focused on the study of

energy transfer and the properties of the matter. It provides instruments for examining heat and
work, which are essential for usage in power plants and chemical reactions. The behavior of
gases is described by fundamental gas laws which are essential for understanding the properties
of gases and relationships between pressure, volume, temperature, and the amount of gas. The
ideal gas law expressed as PV=nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles
of gas, R is the universal constant, and T is temperature. This experiment focuses on the three
main objectives for Boyle’s Law, Gay-Lusssac’s Law and Heat Capacity Ratio. The apparatus
used for the study or this experiment is Perfect Gas Expansion setup which enables precise
control and measurement of gas properties. This aparatus also can be used to study the
relationship between pressure, temperature and volume. The apparatus includes 23 litres for
pressurization tank, an 11 litre for vacuuming tank, pressure transmitter, thermoresistances,a
compressor, connection lines, safety valves and an electric console with a power supply unit and
display.

Figure 1 Perfect Gas Expansion apparatus (Model: TH 11)

3.0 Results

Experiment 1: Boyle’s Law

a)​ Atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber

Pressure Before Expansion After Expansion

PT1 (kPa abs) 108.8 91.1

PT2 (kPa abs) 51.5 87.6

b)​ Pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber

Pressure Before Expansion After Expansion

PT1 (kPa abs) 154.2 109.5

PT2 (kPa abs) 51.9 105.8

c)​ Pressurized air flows to atmospheric chamber

Pressure Before Expansion After Expansion

PT1 (kPa abs) 150.5 136.5

PT2 (kPa abs) 105.5 133.0

Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac Law
Pressure Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
(kPa abs)
Temperature (℃) Temperature (℃) Temperature (℃)

Pressurize Depressuriz Pressurize Depressuriz Pressurize Depressuriz

vessel e vessel vessel e vessel vessel e vessel

110 26.2 25.8 26.4 27.9 26.4 27.7

120 26.3 26.6 26.6 28.9 26.5 28.9

130 26.9 27.4 26.9 29.4 26.9 29.5

140 27.8 28.1 27.8 29.6 27.8 29.8

150 28.8 29.0 28.6 29.8 28.6 29.9

160 29.2 30.0 29.4 29.6 29.4 29.8

Average value for experiment 2 : Gay-Lussac Law

Pressure Average Value

(kPa abs)
Temperature (℃)

Pressurize vessel Depressurize vessel

110 26.3 27.1

120 26.5 28.1

130 26.9 28.8

140 27.8 29.2

150 28.7 29.6

160 29.5 29.8

Experiment 3: Isentropic Expansion Process (Deterimination heat capacity ratio)
Before Expansion After Expansion

PT 1 (kPa abs) 160.4 110.6

TT 1 (℃) 28.9 25.3

4.0 Calculations

Volume of pressure chamber = 25.0 L

Volume of vacuum chamber = 12.37 L
Total volume of both chambers = 37.37 L

Experiment 1: Boyle’s Law

𝑃₁𝑉₁ (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 𝑃₂𝑉₂ (𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

(𝑃𝑇1)(𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙) + (𝑃𝑇2)(𝑉𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙) = (𝑃𝑇1)(𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙) + (𝑃𝑇2)(𝑉𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙)

Volume L to m³
0.001𝑚³
Pressurized vessel = 25 L x 1𝐿
= 0.025m³
0.001𝑚³
Vacuum vessel = 12.37 L x 1𝐿
= 0.01237m³

A.​ Atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber

(108.8)(0.025) + (51.5)(0.01237) = (91.1)(0.025) + (87.6)(0.01237)

3.357 kPa.m³ = 3.361kPa.m³
Since the difference between before expansion and after expansion is 0.004kPa.m³.
Therefore, Boyle’s Law is verified.

B.​ Pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber

(154.2)(0.025) + (51.9)(0.01237) = (109.5)(0.025) + (105.8)(0.01237)

4.497 kPa.m³ = 4.046kPa.m³
Since the difference between before expansion and after expansion is 0.451kPa.m³.
Therefore, Boyle’s Law is verified.

C.​ Pressurized air flows to atmospheric chamber

(150.5)(0.025) + (105.5)(0.01237) = (136.5)(0.025) + (133.0)(0.01237)

5.068 kPa.m³ = 5.058kPa.m³
Since the difference between before expansion and after expansion is 0.01kPa.m³.
Therefore, Boyle’s Law is verified.
Experiment 3 : Isentropic Expansion Process

γ−1
𝑇₂ 𝑃₂ γ

𝑇₁
= ( 𝑃₁
)

γ−1
25.3 110.6 γ

28.9
=( 160.4
)

γ−1

0.8754 =(0. 6895) γ

γ−1
ln 0.8754 = (ln 0.6895) γ
γ = 1.5575
5.0 Discussions

​ The Boyle’s Law experiment conducted to demonstrated the relationship between

pressure and colume of gas while temperature remains constant throughout the experiment. It is
confirmed that when the pressure increases, the volume of the gas decreases. Hence, the pressure
is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas. This occurs due to the same gas is forced into
a small and big containers which is chamber 1 pressurize vessel and chamber 2 vacuum vessel.
The gas molecules in a small container will randomly clash with each other frequently lead to
increasing pressure inside the container or chamber.
According to the calculations, the value difference before and after expansion is less than zero
and the values are very small, demonstrating that Boyle’s Law applies in this experiment.
According to Gay-Lussac Law in the second experiment, the relationship between
pressure and temperature is proportional, meaning that when pressure is increased the
temperature is increased as well. From plotted graph, the depressurized line has a higher
temperature as the pressure increases than pressurize line in the graph that show in the result.
For the third experiment, the isentropic expansion process happen when both reversible
and adiabiatic and there will be no heat transferred within the system same goes to the energy
transformation. Given that γ = 1.5575, the value of temperature and pressure before and after
expansion, we can fine the value of γ. In this experiment, the pressure is drop from 160.4kPa to
110.6kPa and temperature also decrease from 28.9℃ to 25.3℃. This occurs because the volume
kept constant thus the system and pressure is increase. Therefore, the change of the gas in the
entropy is zero because there is no heat flow in the system and no energy transformation change.
6.0 Conclusion

​ To sum up, the experiment is carried out to determine the properties measurement/PVT
based on the Boyle’s Law, Gay-Lussac Law and isentropic expansion process. For experiment 1,
the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas is determined, and the difference
between pressure before and after expansion were confirmed due to value is less than 1kPa. For
experiment 2, the relationship between pressure and temperature is determined by taking the
average value of the temperature and plotted the graph to show the experiment is obey to the
Gay-Lussac Law. For experiment 3, the γ value is determined successfully by taking the
pressure and temperature in pressurize vessel and the value taken from the equation isentropic
process above. Even during the experiment we make some parallax error we still can manage to
get the result to prove that the relationship pressure and volume is inversely proportional to
volume according to Boyle’s Law. In other hand, the result shown in the Gay-Lussac law is
pressure is directly proportional to the temperature. In a nutshell, this experiment is successfully
done and the objective of the experiment is achieved.

7.0 Recommendations

​ To enhance the accuracy and reliability of future experiments, several recommendations

can be made. One of the primary recommendations is by using software tools for data analysis to
enhance the interpretation of results. Programs like PASCO Capstone or other graphing software
allow researches to visuallize relationships between variables effectively. This visualization can
facilitate a cleaner understanding of how gas properties behave in accordance with the Ideal Gas
law. Next recommendations is, before begin the experiment participants should follow start-up
and shutdown procedures to ensure no gas remains in the vessels. On the other hand, before
turning on the compressor, ensure that the hose is connecting to the vessel and locked in place.
Not only that, participants should make sure that they are open the correct valve based on the
experiments.
8.0 References

1.​ Armfield. (2024, May 21). TH5 - Expansion Process of a perfect gas - Armfield.
https://armfield.co.uk/product/th5-expansion-process-of-a-perfect-gas/

2.​ Robert.P My Chemistry Website, From

https://sites.google.com/site/chemistryandfragglerocks/gay-lussac-s-law
3.​ Admin. (2024, June 24). Boyle’s Law - Definition, Equation, & Facts with
Examples. BYJUS.
https://byjus.com/chemistry/boyles-law/
4.​ Isentropic Compression or Expansion. (n.d.).
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/compexp.html
5.​ Admin. (2022, May 18). Gay-Lussac’s Law - Statement, Formula, Detailed Explanation.
BYJUS.
https://byjus.com/chemistry/gay-lussacs-law/
Appendix