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This document outlines a tutorial for a Linear Algebra course at IIT Dharwad, Spring 2024, containing various mathematical problems and proofs related to matrices. Topics include properties of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, traces, orthogonality, and specific types of matrices like nilpotent and Markov matrices. The tutorial emphasizes proving statements about matrix operations and their characteristics using real numbers.

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Sneha Ainapure
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8 views

Tutorial_1

This document outlines a tutorial for a Linear Algebra course at IIT Dharwad, Spring 2024, containing various mathematical problems and proofs related to matrices. Topics include properties of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, traces, orthogonality, and specific types of matrices like nilpotent and Markov matrices. The tutorial emphasizes proving statements about matrix operations and their characteristics using real numbers.

Uploaded by

Sneha Ainapure
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA102: Linear Algebra

Tutorial 1
IIT Dharwad, Spring 2024

Note: For this tutorial, the entries of all the matrices will be assumed to be real numbers
unless otherwise specified.

(1) Let A, B be matrices of type n × n. Prove that A = B if and only if eit Ae j = eit Be j for
all i, j where ei are standard column vectors = (0, . . . , 0, 1, 0, . . . , 0)t .
(2) Let A1 , . . . , An be square matrices of the same size. Prove the following statements.
(a) ( A1 · · · An )t = Atn · · · A1t .
−1
(b) ( A1 · · · An )−1 = A− 1
n · · · A1 .
(c) If A1 A2 = A2 A1 then A1k A2l = A! l k
2 A1 for positive integers k, l.
cos θ − sin θ
(3) For any θ, let Rθ = . For any two real numbers α, β, prove that
sin θ cos θ
Rα+ β = Rα R β .
(4) Let A and B be symmetric matrices of same size. Prove that AB is a symmetric matrix
if and only if AB = BA.
(5) Let A and B be n × n symmetric (resp. skew-symmetric) matrices and α, β ∈ R. Prove
that αA + βB is a symmetric (resp. skew-symmetric) matrix.
(6) Let A be a square matrix. Prove that there is a symmetric matrix B and there is a
skew-symmetric matrix C such that A = B + C. Are B and C unique?
(7) A square matrix A is called nilpotent if Am = 0 for some positive integer m. Prove that
an n × n matrix A = ( aij ) in which aij = 0 if i ≥ j is nilpotent.
(8) The trace of a square matrix X = ( xij ) is defined as the sum of its diagonal entries, i.e.,
tr A := ∑i xii . Let A, B are square matrices of the same size and α, β ∈ R. Prove the
following statements.
(a) tr (αA + βB) = α tr ( A) + β tr ( B);
(b) tr( AB) = tr( BA);
(c) If A is invertible, then tr ( ABA−1 ) = tr ( B).
(9) Prove that the sum and the product of any two diagonal matrices of the same size are
diagonal.
(10) A square matrix A with real entries is called orthogonal if AAt = Id = At A. Prove that
if A, B are n × n orthogonal matrices then AB is also orthogonal.

1
2

(11) Given a polynomial p( x ) with real or complex coefficients, and a square matrix A,
let p( A) denote the matrix obtained by ‘substituting’ A for the variable x. Thus if
p( x ) = a0 + a1 x · · · + ak x k then p( A) = a0 In + a1 A + · · · ak Ak . Let the two polynomials
p( x ) and q( x ) be given. Prove that
(a) ( p + q)( A) = p( A) + q( A) and
(b) ( pq)( A) = p( A)q( A).
(12) Let D be a diagonal matrix with only possible entries as 0 and 1. Prove that D is an
idempotent, i.e., D2 = D.
(13) Let A be a square matrix with A2 = A. For all n ∈ N, prove that
( A + I )n = I + (2n − 1) A.
(14) Prove that the sum as well as the product of two upper triangular matrices (of equal
sizes) is upper
" triangular.
"Is this true for
# lower triangular matrices ?
# n
λ 1 λn nλn−1
(15) Prove that = for all λ ∈ R and for all integers n ≥ 1.
0 λ 0 λn
(16) An m × n matrix, all whose entries are 1 is often denoted by Jm×n or simply by J if m, n
are understood. Let A = Jn×n and B = Jn×1 .
(a) Prove that AB = nB, A2 B = n2 B, . . . , Ak B = nk B (for all k ∈ N).
(b) For any polynomial p( x ) = a0 + a1 x + . . . + ar xr , prove that p( A) B = p(n) B.
(17) A square matrix [ aij ] is called a Markov (or stochastic) matrix if 0 ≤ aij ≤ 1 and
∑nj=1 aij = 1 for all i = 1, 2 . . . , n. Prove that the product of any two Markov matri-
ces is a Markov matrix.

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