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Microprocessor Class Notes CO4K Semester

The document provides comprehensive notes on microprocessors, covering their definition, history, architecture, instruction sets, interrupts, programming, timing diagrams, interfacing with I/O devices, system design, advanced concepts, and applications. Key components include the ALU, control unit, and various addressing modes, alongside examples of assembly language programming. It highlights the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 to modern processors and their use in diverse fields such as computing, embedded systems, and robotics.

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21 views3 pages

Microprocessor Class Notes CO4K Semester

The document provides comprehensive notes on microprocessors, covering their definition, history, architecture, instruction sets, interrupts, programming, timing diagrams, interfacing with I/O devices, system design, advanced concepts, and applications. Key components include the ALU, control unit, and various addressing modes, alongside examples of assembly language programming. It highlights the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 to modern processors and their use in diverse fields such as computing, embedded systems, and robotics.

Uploaded by

pisalmayuri0
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Microprocessor Class Notes - CO4K

Semester (Diploma in Computer


Engineering)
1. Introduction to Microprocessors:
- Microprocessor Definition: A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) on a
single chip that performs the processing of data, instructions, and controls the computer's
functions.
- History:
- The first microprocessor, Intel 4004, was introduced in 1971.
- Progressed to more advanced processors like 8085, 8086, 80286, Pentium, and modern
processors.
- Functions of Microprocessor:
- Executes instructions stored in memory.
- Fetches, decodes, and executes instructions.
- Controls data flow between memory, input/output devices, and processing units.

2. Architecture of Microprocessor:
- Basic Components:
- ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
- Registers: Temporary storage locations used for holding data and instructions.
- Control Unit (CU): Coordinates all activities within the microprocessor.
- Bus: Data, Address, and Control Buses for transferring data and control signals.
- Internal Architecture of Microprocessor (e.g., 8085, 8086):
- 8085 Microprocessor:
- 8-bit processor with 5 functional units (ALU, Registers, Stack Pointer, Program
Counter, and Control Unit).
- 40-pin IC with 16-bit address bus and 8-bit data bus.
- 8086 Microprocessor:
- 16-bit processor with a 20-bit address bus and 16-bit data bus.
- Segmented memory architecture (Code, Data, Stack, Extra).

3. Instruction Set and Addressing Modes:


- Instruction Set:
- Data Transfer Instructions: Move data between registers or between memory and
registers.
- Arithmetic Instructions: Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
- Logical Instructions: Perform logical operations like AND, OR, NOT, etc.
- Control Instructions: Control program flow (JUMP, CALL, etc.)
- Addressing Modes:
- Immediate Addressing: Operand is directly specified in the instruction.
- Register Addressing: Operand is in a register.
- Direct Addressing: Operand is in memory at a specified address.
- Indirect Addressing: Operand is accessed through a register that holds the address.

4. Interrupts:
- Definition: Interrupts are signals that temporarily halt the CPU's current execution and
direct it to a predefined location to process an event.
- Types of Interrupts:
- Maskable Interrupts: Can be disabled (e.g., INTR).
- Non-Maskable Interrupts (NMI): Cannot be disabled (e.g., hardware failures).
- Interrupt Handling:
- Interrupt Vector Table (IVT): Holds addresses for interrupt service routines (ISR).
- Priority of Interrupts: Interrupts have priorities to determine which one is processed
first.

5. Programming with Microprocessors:


- Assembly Language Programming:
- Using mnemonics to represent instructions (e.g., MOV, ADD, SUB).
- Writing simple programs for arithmetic, logical operations, loops, etc.
- Example (8085 Assembly Code):
MVI A, 05H ; Load 5 into register A
MVI B, 03H ; Load 3 into register B
ADD B ; Add contents of register B to A
HLT ; Halt program execution

6. Timing Diagrams:
- Clock Cycle: The time required for one complete cycle of the microprocessor to fetch,
decode, and execute an instruction.
- Machine Cycle: A machine cycle consists of several clock cycles.
- Timing Diagram of 8085: Understanding how the signals change with the clock cycle.

7. Interfacing and I/O Devices:


- Input Devices: Devices like keyboard, mouse, sensors that provide data to the
microprocessor.
- Output Devices: Devices like displays, printers, actuators that receive data from the
microprocessor.
- I/O Port Interfacing:
- Memory-Mapped I/O: Uses address space for I/O devices.
- I/O-Mapped I/O: Uses separate address space for I/O devices.

8. Microprocessor System Design:


- Basic Design: The design involves integrating the microprocessor, memory, I/O devices,
and other peripherals into a working system.
- Peripheral Devices: Printer, display, sensors, etc., connected to the microprocessor for
interaction.

9. Advanced Microprocessor Concepts:


- Pipelining: Process of overlapping the fetch, decode, and execute phases to improve
processing speed.
- Multiprocessing: Using multiple processors to handle different tasks or improve
processing power.
- Microcontroller vs Microprocessor:
- Microcontrollers are embedded systems with microprocessors, memory, and I/O built
into a single chip.
- Microprocessors are focused on processing tasks and often need external memory and
I/O devices.

10. Applications of Microprocessors:


- Computers: Microprocessors are used in PCs, laptops, and servers.
- Embedded Systems: Used in appliances, automotive systems, and medical devices.
- Communication Systems: Cellular phones, modems, etc.
- Robotics: Microprocessors control robots for processing data from sensors and
actuators.

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