ADVANCE NETWORK

By Muhammad Faraz Ali Shah

 Week: 1
Lecture: 1
Topic: Protocol, key element of protocol, Types of protocol, Standard of protocol
Program: BSCS /Bcs

Contact: [email protected]
Department Of Computer Science and IT
QURTUBA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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 Week 1:
Topics To Cover This Week

• Protocol
• Key elements of protocol
• Types of protocol
• Protocol standards

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Protocol:

Protocol, in general terms, refers to a set of rules or

procedures that govern how data is transmitted and
received over a network. It ensures that devices
communicate effectively and understand each other,
maintaining consistency and reliability in data
exchange.
 Types Of Protocol:
• Network Protocols: These are rules that determine how data is sent over the
internet or other networks. Examples include TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol), which is the foundational protocol for the internet,
and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), which is used for transferring web
pages.

• 2. Communication Protocols: These protocols govern how devices

communicate with each other, including the format and timing of messages. For
instance, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi have their own communication protocols.

• 3. Security Protocols: These are designed to secure data transmission.

Examples include SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security),
which encrypts data sent over the internet.

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4. Application Protocols: These govern how applications communicate
over a network. Examples include FTP (File Transfer Protocol) for
transferring files and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for
sending emails.
In a broader sense, "protocol" can also refer to formal guidelines or
procedures in various fields, such as diplomatic protocols or medical
protocols, which outline the expected conduct or procedures to
follow in specific situations.

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 Key elements of a protocol include:

Class B Address
Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0 (1st two bits are 10).
Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 (default).
Network Portion: First 16 bits (2 octets).
Host Portion: Last 16 bits (2 octets).
Number of Networks: ~16,384.
Number of Hosts per Network: ~65,536.
Use Case:
• Medium-sized networks (e.g., universities, regional ISPs).
Example: 172.16.0.1 (Private Address).

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4. Error Handling: Protocols need to define how to handle errors that may
occur during transmission. This includes methods for error detection, correction,
and retransmission of lost or corrupted data.
5. Flow Control: This ensures that the sender does not overwhelm the receiver
with too much data at once. It regulates the rate of data transmission to maintain
a smooth communication process.
6. Addressing: Protocols specify how devices on a network are identified and
addressed. This includes IP addresses in networking protocols, which help route
data to the correct destination.

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7. Connection Establishment and Termination:

Protocols often define how to establish a connection between devices and
how to terminate that connection once communication is complete. These
elements work together to ensure that communication between devices or
systems is efficient, reliable, and understandable.

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Types Of Protocol:
Protocols can be categorized into several types based on their functions and the
layers of the network model they operate on. Here are some common types of
protocols:
1. Network Protocols: These protocols govern how data is transmitted over a
network. Examples include:
- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The fundamental
protocol suite for the internet.
- IP (Internet Protocol): Responsible for addressing and routing packets of data.
2. Transport Protocols: These ensure reliable data transfer between devices.
Examples include:
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Provides reliable, ordered, and error-
checked delivery of data.
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol): A faster, connectionless protocol that does not
guarantee delivery.
Types Of Protocol:
3. Application Protocols: These protocols define how applications
communicate over a network. Examples include:
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring web pages and
resources.
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between computers.
4. Security Protocols: These are designed to secure data transmission.
Examples include:
- SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security): Provides
encryption for secure communication over the internet.
- HTTPS (HTTP Secure): A secure version of HTTP that uses SSL/TLS for
encrypted communication.
Types Of Protocol:
5. Communication Protocols: These govern the communication between
devices. Examples include:
- Bluetooth: A protocol for short-range wireless communication.
- Wi-Fi: A set of protocols for wireless local area networking.
6. Routing Protocols: These determine how data packets are routed through a
network. Examples include:
- BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): Used for routing data between different
networks on the internet.
- OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): A link-state routing protocol used within an
autonomous system.
 Protocol Standards:

Protocol standards are essential guidelines and specifications that ensure

the interoperability and functionality of various communication
protocols. Here are some key protocol standards:
1. ISO/IEC Standards: The International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) and the International Electro technical
Commission (IEC) develop standards for various protocols. For
example, ISO/IEC 7498 defines the OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model, which outlines a framework for understanding
network protocols.
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 Protocol Standards:
2. IEEE Standards: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
develops standards for networking technologies. For instance:
- IEEE 802.3: Defines standards for Ethernet networking.
- IEEE 802.11: Covers standards for wireless networking (Wi-Fi).
3. IETF Standards: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for
developing and promoting voluntary internet standards. Some examples include:
- RFC (Request for Comments): Documents that describe specifications and protocols.
For example, RFC 791 defines the Internet Protocol (IP).

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 Protocol Standards:

4. W3C Standards: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops standards for web technologies.
Examples include:
- HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): The standard markup language for creating web pages.
- CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): A standard for styling web pages.

5. ITU Standards: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) develops global

telecommunication standards. For example:
- ITU-T Recommendations: These include various standards for telecommunications and networking.

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 Protocol Standards:

6. 3GPP Standards: The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

develops standards for mobile telecommunications. Examples include:
- GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): A standard for 2G
mobile networks.
- LTE (Long-Term Evolution): A standard for 4G mobile networks.
These standards ensure that different devices and systems can communicate
effectively and reliably, promoting compatibility and efficiency in networking.

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Thank you!

Muhammad Faraz Ali Shah

Lecturer Cs
[email protected]