(Revised Syllabus w.e.f.

2018-19)

B.A./B.Sc.( Mathematics) Syllabus

(Choice Based Credit System)
H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) U. K.

Semester Core Course Skill Enhancement Discipline Specific

(04) Course Elective
(SEC) (02) (DSE) (02)

1 Differential Calculus
Credit-06 ( Theory-
05+Tutorial-01)
2 Differential Equations
Credit-06 ( Theory-
05+Tutorial-01)
3 Real Analysis SEC
Credit-06 ( Theory- Credit-04
05+Tutorial-01)
4 Algebra SEC
Credit-06 ( Theory- Credit-04
05+Tutorial-01)
5 SEC DSE1A
Credit-04 Credit-06 (Theory-
05+Tutorial-01)
6 SEC DSE1B
Credit-04 Credit-06 (Theory-
05+Tutorial-01)

Discipline Specific Electives (DSE)

DSE 1A (Choose any one):

1. Matrices
2. Mechanics
3. Linear Algebra

DSE 1B (Choose any one):

1. Numerical Methods
2. Complex Analysis
3. Linear Programming

Skill Enhancement Course (SEC): (Choose any two):

1. Integral Calculus
2. Vector Calculus
3. Theory of Equations
4. Analytical Geometry

Core 1.1: Differential Calculus

Limit and Continuity (ε and δ definition),Types of discontinuities, Differentiability of functions,
Successive differentiation, Leibnitz’s theorem, Rolle’s theorem, Mean Value theorems, Taylor’s
theorem with Lagrange’s and Cauchy’s forms of remainder.
Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series of sin x, cos x, ex, log(l+x), (1+x)m, Partial differentiation,
Euler’s theorem on homogeneous function, Indeterminate forms.
Maxima and Minima of functions of two variables, Tangents and normal, Curvature.
Asymptotes, Singular points, Tracing of curves. Parametric representation of curves and tracing
of parametric curves, Polar coordinates and tracing of curves in polar coordinates.

Books Recommended
1. H. Anton, I. Bivens and S. Davis, Calculus, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2011.
2. G.B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, Calculus, Pearson Education, 2007.

Core 2.1: Differential Equations

First order exact differential equations, Integrating factors, Rules to find an integrating factor.
First order higher degree equations solvable for x, y, p. Methods for solving higher-order
differential equations, Basic theory of linear differential equations, Wronskian, and its properties,
Solving a differential equation by reducing its order.
Linear homogenous equations with constant coefficients, Linear non-homogenous equations,The
method of variation of parameters, The Cauchy-Euler equation, Simultaneous differential
equations, Total differential equations.
Order and degree of partial differential equations, Concept of linear and non-linear partial
differential equations, Formation of first order partial differential equations, Linear partial
differential equation of first order, Lagrange’s method, Charpit’s method.

Books Recommended
1. Shepley L. Ross, Differential Equations, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1984.
2. I. Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations, McGraw-Hill, International Edition,
1967.

Core 3.1: Real Analysis

Finite and infinite sets, Examples of countable and uncountable sets, Real line, Bounded sets,
Suprema and infima, Completeness property of R, Archimedean property of R, intervals,Concept
of limit points and statement of Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem.
Real Sequence, Bounded sequence, Cauchy convergence criterion for sequences, Cauchy’s
theorem on limits, order preservation and squeeze theorem, monotone sequences and their
convergence (monotone convergence theorem without proof).
Infinite series. Cauchy convergence criterion for series, Positive term series, Geometric
series,Comparison test, Convergence of p-series, Root test, Ratio test, Alternating series,
Leibnitz’s test (Tests of Convergence without proof), Definition and examples of absolute and
conditional convergence.
Riemann integral : Definition and examples, Properties of Riemann integrals, Necessary and
sufficient conditions for integrability, Fundamental theorem.

Books Recommended
1. T. M. Apostol, Calculus (Vol. I), John Wiley and Sons (Asia) P. Ltd., 2002.
2. R.G. Bartle and D. R Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, John Wiley and Sons
(Asia) P. Ltd., 2000.
3. K.A. Ross, Elementary Analysis- The Theory of Calculus Series- Undergraduate Texts in
Mathematics, Springer Verlag, 2003.

Core 4.1: Algebra

Definition and examples of groups, Examples of abelian and non-abelian groups, the group Zn of
integers under addition and multiplication modulo n, Cyclic groups, Complex roots of unity,
Circle group, The general linear group GLn(n,R), Groups of symmetries of (i) an isosceles
triangle, (ii) an equilateral triangle,(iii) a rectangle, and (iv) a square, Permutation groups, Even
and odd permutations, Group of quaternions.
Homomorphism and isomorphism of groups, Subgroups, Necessary and sufficient condition,
Examples of subgroups including the center of a group, Order of an element , Cosets, Index of
subgroup, Lagrange’s theorem, Normal subgroups: Definition and examples and
characterizations, Quotient groups.
Definition and examples of rings, Examples of commutative and non-commutative rings: rings
from number systems, Zn the ring of integers modulo n, Ring of real quaternions, Rings of
matrices, Subrings and ideals, Integral domains and fields, Examples of fields: Zp, Q, R, and C.

Books Recommended
1. John B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th Ed., Pearson, 2002.
2. M. Artin, Abstract Algebra, 2nd Ed., Pearson, 2011.
3. Joseph A Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th Ed., Narosa, 1999.

DSE 1A.1: Matrices

Types of matrices: Symmetric matrix, Hermitian matrix, Orthogonal, Involutory matrix

Translation, Dilation, Rotation, Reflection in a point, Line and plane, Matrix form of basic
geometric transformations.
Rank of a matrix, Invariance of rank under elementary transformations, Adjoint of matrices,
Inverse of matrices, Reduction to normal form, Solutions of linear homogeneous and non-
homogeneous equations with number of equations and unknowns upto four, Solutions of a
system of linear equations using matrices.
Matrices in diagonal form, Reduction to diagonal form upto matrices of order 3, Computation of
matrix inverses using elementary row operations.

Books Recommended
1. A.I. Kostrikin, Introduction to Algebra, Springer Verlag, 1984.
2. S. H. Friedberg, A. L. Insel and L. E. Spence, Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi, 2004.
3. Richard Bronson, Theory and Problems of Matrix Operations, Tata McGraw Hill, 1989.

DSE 1A.2: Mechanics

Conditions of equilibrium of a particle and of coplanar forces acting on a rigid body, Laws of
friction, Problems of equilibrium under forces including friction, Centre of gravity, Work and
potential energy.
Velocity and acceleration of a particle along a curve: radial and transverse components (plane
curve), Tangential and normal components (space curve), Simple harmonic motion, Simple
pendulum.

Books Recommended
1. A.S. Ramsay, Statics, CBS Publishers and Distributors (Indian Reprint), 1998.
2. A.P. Roberts, Statics and Dynamics with Background in Mathematics, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.

DSE 1A.3: Linear Algebra

Vector spaces, Subspaces, Algebra of subspaces, Quotient spaces, Linear combination of vectors,
Linear span, Linear independence, Basis and dimension, Dimension of subspaces.

Linear transformations, Null space, Range, Rank and nullity of a linear transformation, Matrix
representation of a linear transformation, Algebra of linear transformations, Dual space, Dual
basis, Double dual, Characteristic Polynomial , Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Isomorphisms, Isomorphism theorems, Invertibility and isomorphisms, Change of coordinate
matrix.

Books Recommended
1. Stephen H. Friedberg, Arnold J. Insel, Lawrence E. Spence, Linear Algebra, 4th Ed., Prentice-
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.
2. David C. Lay, Linear Algebra and its Applications, 3rd Ed., Pearson Education Asia, Indian
Reprint, 2007.
3. S. Lang, Introduction to Linear Algebra, 2nd Ed., Springer, 2005.

DSE 1B.1: Numerical Methods

Algorithms, Convergence, Bisection method, False position method, Fixed point iteration
method, Newton’s method, Secant method, LU decomposition, Gauss-Jacobi, Gauss-Siedel and
SOR iterative methods.
Lagrange and Newton interpolation: linear and higher order, finite difference operators.
Numerical differentiation: forward difference, backward difference and central Difference.
Integration: trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule, Euler’s method.

Recommended Books
1. B. Bradie, A Friendly Introduction to Numerical Analysis, Pearson Education, India, 2007.
2. M.K. Jain, S.R.K. Iyengar and R.K. Jain, Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering
Computation, 5th Ed., New age International Publisher, India, 2007.
DSE 1B.2: Complex Analysis
Limits, Limits involving the point at infinity, Continuity, Properties of complex numbers,
Regions in the complex plane, Functions of complex variable, Derivatives, Differentiation
formulas, Cauchy-Riemann equations, Sufficient conditions for differentiability.
Analytic functions, Examples of analytic functions, Exponential function, Logarithmic function,
Trigonometric function, Derivatives of functions, Definite integrals of functions, Contours,
Contour integrals and its examples, Upper bounds for moduli of contour integral, Cauchy-
Goursat theorem, Cauchy integral formula.
Liouville’s theorem ,Examples based on Taylor’s and Laurent’s series.

Books Recommended
1. James Ward Brown and Ruel V. Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications, 8th Ed.,
McGraw-Hill International Edition, 2009.
2. JosephBak and Donald J. Newman, Complex analysis, 2nd Ed., Undergraduate Texts in
Mathematics, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, 1997.

DSE 1B.3: Linear Programming

Linear Programming Problems, Graphical approach for solving some L.P.P., Convex sets,
Supporting and separating hyperplanes, Theory of simplex method, Optimality and
unboundedness, The simplex algorithm, Simplex method in tableau format, Introduction to
artificial variables, Two-phase method, Big-M method and their comparison.
Duality, Formulation of the dual problem, Primal-dual relationships, Economic interpretation of
the dual.

Recommended Books
1. Mokhtar S. Bazaraa, John J. Jarvis and HanifD. Sherali, Linear programming and Network
Flows, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, India, 2004.
2. F.S. Hillier and G.J. Lieberman, Introduction to Operations Research, 8th Ed., Tata McGraw
Hill, Singapore, 2004.
3. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research, An Introduction, 8th Ed., Prentice-Hall India, 2006.

SEC 1: Integral Calculus

Integration of rational and irrational functions, Properties of definite integrals.
Reduction formulae for integrals of rational and trigonometric functions,Gamma and Beta
functions.
Areas and lengths of curves in the plane, Volumes and surfaces of solids of revolution. Double
and triple integrals.

Books Recommended
1. G.B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, Calculus, 9th Ed., Pearson Education, Delhi, 2005.
2. H. Anton, I. Bivens and S. Davis, Calculus, John Wiley and Sons (Asia) P. Ltd., 2002.

SEC 2: Vector Calculus

Multiple products, Reciprocal vectors.
Differentiation and partial differentiation of a vector function.
Derivatives of sum, dot product and cross product of two vectors.
Gradient, Divergence and curl, Applications of Green’s theorem, Gauss’s divergence and
Stoke’s theorem(without proof)

Books Recommended
1. G.B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, Calculus, 9th Ed., Pearson Education, Delhi, 2005.
2. H. Anton, I. Bivens and S. Davis, Calculus, John Wiley and Sons (Asia) P. Ltd. 2002.
3. P.C. Matthew’s, Vector Calculus, Springer Verlag London Limited, 1998.

SEC 3: Theory of Equations

General properties of polynomials, Graphical representation of a polynomials, General
properties of equations, Descarte’s rule of signs, Positive and negative roots, Relation between
the roots and the coefficients of equations.
Symmetric functions, Applications symmetric function of the roots, Transformation of equations.
Solutions of reciprocal and binomial equations, Algebraic solutions of the cubic and biquadratic
equations, Properties of the derived function.

Books Recommended
1. W.S. Burnside and A.W. Panton, The Theory of Equations, Dublin University Press, 1954.
2. C. C. MacDuffee, Theory of Equations, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1954.

SEC 4: Analytical Geometry

Techniques for sketching parabola, ellipse and hyperbola.

Definition and equation of sphere, Intersection of a sphere and a line, Intersection of two
spheres, Tangent plane, Plane of contact, Angle of intersection of two spheres.
Definition and equation of a cone, Guiding curve, Intersection of a line with cone, Tangent line
and tangent plane, Reciprocal cone, Right circular cone, The cylinder, Right circular cylinder,
Enveloping cylinder, Central conicoids .

Books Recommended
1. G.B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, Calculus, 9th Ed., Pearson Education, Delhi, 2005.
2. H. Anton, I. Bivens and S. Davis, Calculus, John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., 2002.
3. R.J.T. Bill, Elementary Treatise on Coordinate Geometry of Three Dimensions, McMillan
India Ltd,1994.