COMPLETE

INTEGERS
INTEGERS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(A resource material for both teachers and students)

DENNIS OFFEI KWAKYE

Co-Authors (Mohammed Atar Alphaa, Evelyn Agyei,
Emmanuel Larbi Ayetey, Johnson Kofi Anane, and
Cheyuo Boniface Domonaamwin).
 Complete Integers
Dennis Offei Kwakye

www.whitefalconpublishing.com

All rights reserved

First Edition, 2022
© Dennis Offei Kwakye, 2022
Cover design by White Falcon Publishing, 2022
Cover image source freepik.com

No part of this publication may be reproduced, or stored in a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any form via electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise,
without prior written permission from the lead author or the co-authors.

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The views expressed in this work are solely those of the authors
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hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

Requests for permission should be addressed to

[email protected]

ISBN - 978-1-63640-506-3
We dedicate this resource material to all mathematics education teachers and students
 Acknowledgement

Thanks to everyone on the publishing team of Falcon White Publishing Solutions, India. Thanks to all
colleagues who helped us in one way or the other to make this a success.

iv
 Preface

This book aims to give an introduction and deep-life meaning into what it takes to teach and learn about
integers. The book has eleven chapters on Integers and its applications including two auxiliary chapters.
The Chapter one talks about definitions of Integers or Signed Numbers, chapter two talks about Introduction
to Integers or Signed Numbers using various approaches such as the Number Line, the thermometer,
the sea level and a kite, “step” forward and backward. Chapter three talks about Opposite Numbers,
chapter four talks about Comparing of Integers or Signed Numbers, chapter five talks about Ordering
of Integers or Signed Numbers, chapter six talks about Determining the Position of an Integer or Signed
Number, chapter seven talks about Addition and Subtraction of Integers or Signed Numbers. This chapter
contains a very interesting tool or operator called “The Number Machine”, for performing Addition and
Subtraction of Integers. Chapter eight talks about the multiplication and division of Integers or Signed
Numbers. And finally, chapter nine talks about the Application of Integers, Algebraic Expressions and
Equations. Chapters ten and eleven are auxiliaries.

Each of the nine chapters contains clear and understanding examples that can engage cognitively, both
teachers and students to think critically and creatively.

Each of the nine chapters has questions stemming from average to challenging questions. The final
chapter on the Application of Integers has Trial Questions. There are nine hundred and seventy-eight
(978) questions comprising of five hundred and sixty-seven (567) Average Questions, three hundred and
forty-one (341) Challenging Questions and seventy (70) Trial Questions.

Most teachers and students who take use this book will be engaged cognitively. This is the first edition.
Solution Manual will come in the next edition.

v
 Foreword

This book came out to give brief but vivid procedure for which the topic, “Integers” could be treated and
learned with ease. The report on this was carried out in the Central Region of Ghana, when the authors
were having their postgraduate studies.

Integers is the bedrock of all mathematics learning in our schools. Before one can excel in his or her
academics, he or she must be very conversant with the operations of Integers. The book, “COMPLETE
INTEGERS – INTEGERS AND ITS APPLICATION” is a resource book for both teachers and students.
It takes one through almost all the activities, operations and examples which would enable all users to
understand Integers. It contains many activities or exercises to be done which are from lower increasing
order to higher increasing order. If teachers and students should be able to go through sequentially, it will
help improve their teaching and understanding of mathematics. This studied research has been reported
on how teachers and could easily teach and learn Algebraic Expressions and other topics in mathematics.
The book has covered the areas definitions of integers or signed numbers, integers or signed numbers
and opposite numbers. The learning outcomes for each chapter standard become progressively more
complex as learners move up the grade levels. This is done to ensure that learners become increasingly
more proficient in their understandings and their use of these understandings as they move through the
grade levels.

By
D. K. Mereku

vi
 Table of Content

Content Page

DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
PREFACE v
FOREWORD vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii

CHAPTER ONE 1
DEFINITIONS OF INTEGERS or SIGNED NUMBERS 1
Definition One 1
Definition Two 1
Definition Three 1
Definition Four 2
Exercise 1.1 – Average Questions 2
Exercise 1.2 – Challenging Questions 2
Exercise 1.3 – Challenging Questions 3

CHAPTER TWO 4
INTRODUCTION TO INTEGERS or SIGNED NUMBERS 4
Using the Number Line 4
Using the Thermometer 6
Exercise 2.1 – Average Questions 8
Exercise 2.2 – Average Questions 8
Exercise 2.3 – Average Questions 9
Exercise 2.4 – Challenging Questions 9
Using the Sea Level and a Kite 11
Project 11
Using “Steps” – forward and backward 12

CHAPTER THREE 13
OPPOSITE NUMBERS or DIRECTED NUMBERS 13
Introduction: Using common words 13
Exercise 3.1 – Average Questions 15

vii
 Content Page

CHAPTER FOUR 16
COMPARING OF INTEGERS or SIGNED NUMBERS 16
Exercise 4.1 – Average Questions 18
Exercise 4.2 – Average Questions 19
Exercise 4.3 – Challenging Questions 20

CHAPTER FIVE 22
ORDERING OFF INTEGERS or SIGNED NUMBERS 22
Demonstrating using a Torchlight shown on a wood 22
Ascending order 22
Demonstrating using the Number Line 24
Exercise 5.1 – Average Questions 24
Exercise 5.2 – Challenging Questions 26
Descending order 26
Demonstrating using the Number Line 27
Exercise 5.3 – Average Questions 29
Exercise 5.4 – Challenging Questions 30

CHAPTER SIX 31
DETERMINING THE POSITION OF AN INTEGER or SIGNED NUMBER 31
Determining the position of an integer or a signed number when on zero 31
Exercise 6.1 – Average Questions 32
Determining the position of an integer or signed number when on any other integer 32
Exercise 6.2 – Average Questions 34
Exercise 6.3 – Challenging Questions 34

CHAPTER SEVEN 37
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS or SIGNED NUMBERS 37
Tit-bit one 37
Exercise 7.1 – Average Questions 38
Tit-bit two 38
Exercise 7.2 – Average Questions 39
Methods for writing integers or signed numbers 40
Exercise 7.3 – Average Questions 40
THE NUMBER MACHINE 41
Using the Number Machine to do addition and Subtraction 42
Exercise 7.4 – Average Questions 50
Exercise 7.5 – Average Questions 51
Exercise 7.6 – Challenging Questions 52
Exercise 7.7 – Challenging Questions 53

viii
 Content Page

CHAPTER EIGHT 54
MULTPLICATION AND DIVISION OF INTEGERS or SIGNED NUMBERS 54
Rule for multiplication 54
Rules for division 54
Exercise 8.1 – Average Questions 55
Exercise 8.2 – Challenging Questions 56
Exercise 8.3 – Challenging Questions 56

CHAPTER NINE 58
APPLICATION OF INTEGERS – ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS AND EQUATIONS 58
Trial Questions 1 58
Trial Questions 2 58
Trial Questions 3 59

CHAPTE TEN 61
SOME SHORT HANDS IN MATHEMATICS 61

CHAPTER ELEVEN 63
BE QUICK ON FORMULAS

CHAPTER TWELVE 68
Sin table 68
Cos table 69
Tan table 70

ix
 CHAPTER ONE

DEFINITIONS OF INTEGERS or SIGNED NUMBERS

DEFINITION ONE
Integers are all whole numbers on the number line without the fraction or decimal numbers. That is both
positive and negative numbers with zero (0), i.e. . . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . .. on the number line. There is
no decimal number or fraction in integers.

Whole numbers have 1 as denominator but mathematically the denominator 1 is always not written. Hence,
all whole numbers are out of 1 or over 1.

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

DEFINITION TWO
Integers include whole numbers and their opposites. The opposite of any whole number is the negative of
that number and vice versa. That is, . . . , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, . ..

Zero
Negative whole numbers Positive whole numbers

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

DEFINITION THREE
Integers comprise of whole numbers greater than zero, whole numbers less than zero and zero itself without
fractions or decimals.
Whole numbers less than Whole numbers greater than
zero zero

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

1
DEFINITION FOUR

Integers are the infinite counting numbers and their infinite opposite counting numbers together with zero.

Opposite numbers

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Another name for INTEGERS is SIGNED NUMBERS.

EXERCISE1.1 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS

Group the following numbers as integers and non – integers:
1 1 22 5 24
−4, 0, 1, , , 100, −10, 0.03, 0.422, , 31, −9, −4.87, − , 66, 38, 17.0914, , −333,
2 6 7 12 10
3
91, 1.10, 55, −19, − .
5
EXERCISE 1.2 – CHALLENGING QUESTIONS
Group the following numbers as integers and non – integers:

24 16 7 10 22
, √9, −23.457, +171,  , −0.0641, +15.2, −80.80, + , − , 66, , −√4, 41.445,
6 4 1 20 π

√64 √25 √10
,− , +100,
2 5 2

2
EXERCISE 1.3 – CHALLENGING QUESTIONS


π 144 7 3 14  2 7 15 √100
, , −33.64, +√6, , , −109, , +√3 , , − , − ,+ , +5.123,
7 16 1 9 √49 4  √25 10

√225 18 4
−11.0, ,− ,
2 √36 4

3
 CHAPTER TWO
INTRODUCTION TO
INTEGERS or SIGNED NUMBERS
(a) Using the Number line
Zero is always in the middle of a number line. Many numbers go to the RIGHT and many also go to the
LEFT.

decreasing - LEFT RIGHT - increasing

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

POSITIVE NUMBERS
Numbers which are on the RIGHT of Zero (0) on the number line and do not end are called POSITIVE
NUMBERS. Positive numbers are written with a “plus” sign (+) or nothing in front of the number.
Examples: (+1)  1, (+2)  2, (+3)  3, … , (+49)  49, …

The numbers go without ending, so we say it is up to positive infinity. Symbolically, we write: +∞. It
increases from zero to infinity.

Positive numbers (  + ∞)

RIGHT

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

OR

POSITIVE NUMBERS
Numbers which are greater than Zero (0) on the number line and do not end are called POSITIVE
NUMBERS or numbers on the right hand side of zero (0) are POSITIVE numbers

0 < Numbers greater than

zero

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

4
NEGATIVE NUMBERS
Numbers which are on the LEFT of Zero (0) on the number line and do not end are called NEGATIVE
NUMBERS. Negative numbers are written with a “minus” sign (−) in front them always. Examples:
(−1), (−2), (−3), … , (−67), …

The numbers go without ending, so we say it is up to negative infinity. Symbolically, we write: −∞. They
are numbers which decreases from zero (0) to infinity.

Negative numbers (−∞)

LEFT

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

OR

NEGATIVE NUMBERS
Numbers which are less than zero (0) and do not end are called NEGATIVE NUMBERS or numbers that
are on the left hand side of zero(0).

Numbers less than zero < 0

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

5
(b) Using the Thermometer
A thermometer has graduations/calibrations on the glass tube and it is used to measure body temperature.
That is, the coldness and hotness of a body. The units are in degree Fahrenheit, degree Celsius and degree
Kelvin.

Thermometer one
The thermometer here shows a temperature measure above zero degrees Celsius(0℃).

The temperature reads positive twenty-five degrees Celsius. That is (+25)℃  25℃
because it reads above zero (0℃).

NOTE:
- When the temperature goes up or above zero, the temperature is said to be hot or it has increased or
it has risen. The more it goes up the zero, the hotter it becomes.

Thermometer two
The thermometer here shows a temperature measure below zero degrees Celsius.
The temperature reads negative ten degree Celsius. That is (−10)℃ because it reads below
zero (0℃).

NOTE:
- When the temperature goes down/below zero, the temperature is said to be cold or it has decreased
or it has fallen. The more you go down the zero, the colder it becomes.

6
Thermometer three

The thermometer here shows a temperature measure above zero degrees Celsius(0℃), that is
positive reading.

The temperature reads positive one hundred and ten degree Celsius. That is (+110℃) or
110℃ because it is above zero (0℃).

NOTE:
- When the temperature goes up or above zero, the temperature is said to be hot or it has increased or
it has risen. The more it goes up the zero, the more hotter and hottest it becomes.

EXAMPLE
If a thermometer reads:
1. 20℃ below 0℃, what will be the temperature? Answer: It will be (−7 )℃  − (7.5)℃
because it is below 0℃.
Answer: It will be (−20)℃ because it is below
0℃. 7. 4 fives above the 0℃, what temperature will
that be?
2. 75℃ above 0℃, what will be the temperature?
Answer: It will be (+20)℃  20℃ because
Answer: It will be (+75)℃  75℃ because it it above 0℃.
above 0℃.
8. 2℃ below 0℃ and rose 6℃, what temperature
3. 40℃ above 0℃, what will be the temperature? will that be?
Answer: It will be (+40)℃  40℃ because Answer: It will be (+4)℃  4℃ because it
it above 0℃. above 0℃.
4. 25℃ below 0℃, what will be the temperature? 9. 8℃ below 0℃ and rose 17℃, what
temperature will that be?
Answer: It will be (−25)℃ because it is below
0℃. Answer: It will be (+9)℃  9℃ because it
above 0℃.
5. in between 10℃ and 14℃ above 0℃, what
temperature will it be? 10. 5℃ above 0℃ and fell 11℃, what temperature
will that be?
Answer: It will be (+12)℃  12℃ because
Answer: It will be (−6)℃ because it is below
it above 0℃.
0℃.
6. in the mid of 6℃ and 9℃ below the 0℃, what
11. 23℃ Above 0℃ and fell 4℃, what
temperature will it be?
temperature will that be?

7
 Answer: It will be (+19)℃  19℃ because it Answer: It will be 20 + 1 = 21, . . (−21)℃
above 0℃. because it is below 0℃.

12. 1 score and 1 below the 0℃, what temperature 13. One-fourth of the temperature between (−3)℃
will that be? and (−12)℃ below the 0℃, what temperature
will that be?
Answer: It will be (−5)℃ because it is below
0℃.

EXERCISE 2.1 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS

NOTE: Give reasons/show working.
What temperature will it be if a thermometer reads:
(1) 6℃ below 0℃? (6) 37℃ above 0℃?
(2) 13℃ above 0℃? (7) 12℃ below 0℃?
(3) 9℃ below 0℃? (8) 22℃ above 0℃?
(4) 2℃ above 0℃? (9) 4℃ below 0℃?
(5) 21℃ below 0℃? (10) 1℃ above 0℃?

EXERCISE 2.2 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS

NOTE: Give reasons/show working.
What temperature will it be if a thermometer reads:
1. 20℃ above 0℃ and rose 5℃? 11. 35℃ above 0℃ and fell 5℃?
2. 35℃ above 0℃ and rose 10℃? 12. 50℃ above 0℃ and fell 35℃?
3. 10℃ above 0℃ and rose 40℃? 13. 25℃ above 0℃ and fell 25℃?
4. 20℃ above 0℃ and rose 25℃? 14. 5℃ above 0℃ and fell 50℃?
5. 45℃ above 0℃ and rose 15℃? 15. 15℃ above 0℃ and fell 10℃?
6. 50℃ below 0℃ and fell 10℃? 16. 10℃ below 0℃ and rose 45℃?
7. 5℃ below 0℃ and fell 45℃? 17. 50℃ below 0℃ and rose 35℃?
8. 15℃ below 0℃ and fell 50℃? 18. 40℃ below 0℃ and rose 5℃?
9. 30℃ below 0℃ and fell 35℃? 19. 20℃ below 0℃ and rose 15℃?
10. 45℃ below 0℃ and fell 20℃? 20. 45℃ below 0℃ and rose 25℃?

8
EXERCISE 2.3 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS
What temperature will it be if a thermometer reads:
NOTE: Give reasons/show working.
1. 2℃ below 0℃ and rose 5℃? 16. 15℃ above 0℃ and fell 6℃?
2. 8℃ below 0℃ and rose 10℃? 17. 4℃ above 0℃ and fell 19℃?
3. 17℃ below 0℃ and rose 9℃? 18. 12℃ above 0℃ and fell 8℃?
4. 5℃ below 0℃ and rose 12℃? 19. 22℃ above 0℃ and fell 3℃?
5. 1℃ below 0℃ and rose 15℃? 20. 18℃ above 0℃ and fell 6℃?
6. 13℃ above 0℃ and rose 4℃? 21. 9℃ above 0℃ and rose 5℃?
7. 27℃ above 0℃ and rose 18℃? 22. 13℃ above 0℃ and fell 13℃?
8. 9℃ above 0℃ and rose 7℃? 23. 2℃ above 0℃ and rose 22℃?
9. 10℃ above 0℃ and rose 11℃? 24. 15℃ below 0℃ and rose 11℃?
10. 8℃ above 0℃ and rose 14℃? 25. 7℃ above 0℃ and fell 8℃?
11. 3℃ below 0℃ and fell 7℃? 26. 12℃ below 0℃ and rose 14℃?
12. 11℃ below 0℃ and fell 4℃? 27. 6℃ above 0℃ and fell 16℃?
13. 20℃ below 0℃ and fell 9℃? 28. 4℃ below 0℃ and rose 13℃?
14. 2℃ below 0℃ and fell 32℃? 29. 20℃ above 0℃ and fell 5℃?
15. 16℃ below 0℃ and fell 24℃? 30. 18℃ below 0℃ and rose 16?

EXERCISE 2.4 – CHALLENGING QUESTIONS

What temperature will it be if a thermometer reads:
NOTE: Give reasons/show working.

(1) 5℃ below 0℃, rose 7℃ and fell 3℃? (10) 3℃ above 0℃, fell 8℃ and rose 4℃?
(2) 8℃ below 0℃, rose 9℃ and fell 1℃? (11) 8℃ above 0℃, rose 4℃ and fell 11℃?
(3) 2℃ below 0℃, rose 4℃ and fell 8℃? (12) 14℃ above 0℃, rose 9℃ and fell 5℃?
(4) 9℃ below 0℃, rose 15℃ and fell 7℃? (13) 1℃ above 0℃, rose 2℃ and fell 9℃?
(5) 4℃ below 0℃, rose 3℃ and fell 10℃? (14) 6℃ above 0℃, rose 10℃ and fell 1℃?
(6) 1℃ above 0℃, fell 6℃ and rose 4℃? (15) 11℃ above 0℃, rose 7℃ and fell 14℃?
(7) 10℃ above 0℃, fell 2℃ and rose 5℃? (16) 5℃ above 0℃, rose 14℃ and fell 6℃?
(8) 7℃ above 0℃, fell 1℃ and rose 2℃? (17) 9℃ above 0℃, rose 5℃ and fell 2℃?
(9) 6℃ above 0℃, fell 5℃ and rose 9℃? (18) 13℃ above 0℃, rose 1℃ and fell 4℃?
9
(19) 2℃ above 0℃, rose 8℃ and fell 12℃? (35) 13℃ above 0℃, rose 2℃ and rose 9℃?
(20) 10℃ above 0℃, rose 13℃ and fell 7℃? (36) 1℃ below 0℃, fell 9℃ and fell 3℃?
(21) 5℃ below 0℃, fell 1℃ and rose 3℃? (37) 4℃ below 0℃, fell 7℃ and fell 10℃?
(22) 1℃ below 0℃, fell 2℃ and rose 4℃? (38) 6℃ below 0℃, fell 11℃ and fell 11℃?
(23) 4℃ below 0℃, fell 8℃ and rose 11℃? (39) 12℃ below 0℃, fell 13℃ and fell 1℃?
(24) 6℃ below 0℃, fell 7℃ and rose 13℃? (40) 14℃ below 0℃, fell 8℃ and fell 2℃?
(25) 11℃ below 0℃, fell 4℃ and rose 9℃? (41) 10℃ above 0℃, fell 7℃ and fell 1℃?
(26) 15℃ below 0℃, fell 12℃ and rose 2℃? (42) 2℃ above 0℃, fell 8℃ and fell 6℃?
(27) 10℃ below 0℃, fell 9℃ and rose 1℃? (43) 5℃ above 0℃, fell 5℃ and fell 9℃?
(28) 7℃ below 0℃, fell 10℃ and rose 8℃? (44) 3℃ above 0℃, fell 4℃ and fell 10℃?
(29) 9℃ below 0℃, fell 5℃ and rose 10℃? (45) 9℃ above 0℃, fell 6℃ and fell 2℃?
(30) 12℃ below 0℃, fell 3℃ and rose 5℃? (46) 1℃ below 0℃, rose 3℃ and rose 5℃?
(31) 2℃ above 0℃, rose 6℃ and rose 4℃? (47) 8℃ below 0℃, rose 2℃ and rose 7℃?
(32) 8℃ above 0℃, rose 9℃ and rose 3℃? (48) 2℃ below 0℃, rose 1℃ and rose 8℃?
(33) 11℃ above 0℃, rose 1℃ and rose 7℃? (49) 4℃ below 0℃, rose 10℃ and rose 3℃?
(34) 5℃ above 0℃, rose 5℃ and rose 6℃? (50) 7℃ below 0℃, rose 9℃ and rose 4℃?

10
(c) Using the Sea level and a Kite

Above sea level

Sea level

Below sea level

Kite and the sea level

A kite flying on the top of the sea is above the sea level and it is at the positive side.

Above sea level

Sea level

PROJECT:
Construct two kites and show them to your mathematics class teacher.

11
A stone in the sea
When a stone falls in the sea, it will go below the sea level and it is at the negative side.

Sea level

Below sea level

(d) Using “Steps” - forward and backward

Forward

Backward Middle

12
A boy walking forward/clockwise (right) movement
When you walk from LEFT to RIGHT, it is forward and that is the positive side.

Walking from LEFT to RIGHT -

A boy walking backward/anti – clockwise (left) movement

When you walk from RIGHT to LEFT, it is backward and that is the negative side.

Walking from RIGHT to LEFT -

Backward

13
 CHAPTER THREE
OPPOSITE NUMBERS
a. Introduction: Using common words
1. yes – no
2. true – false
3. front – back
4. on – off
5. black – white

NB: OPPOSITE NUMBERS can also be called DIRECTED NUMBERS.

NOTE
- On the Number line, from (−1)  0 is the same distance as from 0  (+1)  1. Therefore, the
opposite of (+1)  1 is (−1) and vice versa.
- On the Number line, from −2  0 is the same distance as from 0  (+2)  2. Therefore, the opposite
of (−2) is (+2)  2 and vice versa.
- On the Number line, from (+4)  4  0 is the same distance as from0  (−4). Therefore, the
opposite of (+4)  4 is (−4) and vice versa.

EXAMPLE
1. The opposite or directed number of (+43) 43  (−43)
2. The opposite or directed number of (−19)  (+19)  19
3. The opposite or directed number of 6  (+6) (−6)
4. The opposite or directed number of (−20)  20  (+20)

14
EXERCISE 3.1 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS
Write the OPPOSITE NUMBER or DIRECTED NUMBER for each of the following:

1. (+3)  3  … . . . 16. (−9)  … … … …  … … … … . .

2. (−5)  … … … …  … … … … . 17. (+33)  … … … . .  … … … … … . .
3. (−8)  … … … …  … … … … . 18. (−19)  … … … … .  … … … … …
4. (+10)  10  … … … … … 19. … … … … …  … … … . .  (−22)
5. (+15)  15  … … … … … 20. … … … … …  (+37)  … … … … …
6. (−11)  … … … . .  … … … … 21. … … … …  45  … … … … … .
7. (+22)  22  … … … … … . 22. (−14)  … … … … …  (+14)
8. (−19)  … … … . .  … … … … 23. … … … … …   (+29)  … … … … … .
9. (+26)  26  … … … … . 24. (+38)  … … … … .  … … … … … .
10. (−13)  … … … …  … … … . 25. … . . . . . . . . . . . . .  (+7)  … … … … . .
11. (+1)  1  … … … … 26. (−17)  … … … … . .  … … … … … . .
12. (−7)  … … … …   … … … … 27. … … … … … .  (+39)  … … … … …
13. (+12)  12  … … … … … 28. … … … … … .  4  … … … … … . . .
14. (−4)  … … … … . .  … … … … . . 29. 44  … … … … . .  … … … … … …
15. (+20)  20  … … … … … … 30. (−2)  … … … … .  … … … … . .

15
 CHAPTER FOUR
COMPARING OF
INTEGERS or SIGNED NUMBERS
Numbers or integers which are on the RIGHT of a certain number are always greater than that number.

DIAGRAM 1

All numbers to the right are greater than (−3)

All numbers to the right are greater than 1  (+1)

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Numbers or integers which are on the left of a certain number are always less than that number.

DIAGRAM 2

All numbers to the left are less than (+4)  4

All numbers to the left are less than (−2)

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

NOTE:
When comparing two integers, always look at the FIRST NUMBER. If it is on the:

• RIGHT (R), then it is bigger so use greater than (>).

• LEFT (L), then it is smaller so use less than (<).

16
EXAMPLES
Using the Number Line, compare the following using the greater than (>) or the less than (<).

(1) 5 … … … 9

L R

−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

The first number is on the LEFT of the second number so the first number is smaller than the second number.
Hence, 5 is less than 9. That is: 5 < 9.

(2) (−3) … … … 2

L R

−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The first number is on the LEFT of the second number so the first number is smaller than the second number.
Hence, (−3) is less than 2. That is: (−3) < 2.

(3) 0 … … … (−9)

L R

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

The first number is on the RIGHT of the second number so the first number is bigger than the second number.
Hence, 0 is greater than (−9). That is: 0 > (−9).

(4) 4 … … … (−6)
L R

−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

17
The first number is on the RIGHT of the second number so the first number is bigger than the second number.
Hence, 4 is greater than (−6). That is: 4 > (−6).

(5) – 4 … … … (−8)

L R

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

The first number is on the RIGHT of the second number so the first number is bigger than the second number.
Hence, (−4) is greater than (−8). That is: (−4) > (−8).

(6) 7 … … … − 5
L R

−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The first number is on the RIGHT of the second number so the first number is bigger than the second number.
Hence, 7 is greater than (−5). That is: 7 > (−5).

EXERCISE 4.1- AVERAGE QUESTIONS

Use the Number line to compare the following using the greater than > or the less than <.

1. (−5) … … … 6 14. (+1) … … … (+7)

2. 9 … … … (+3) 15. 5 … … … 9
3. (+2) … … … (−4) 16. (−8) … … … (−1)
4. (+7) … … … (+1) 17. 7 … … … (+6)
5. 8 … … … (−10) 18. (−1) … … … 2
6. (−6) … … … 5 19. (−2) … … … (+2)
7. 1 … … … (−7) 20. 10 … … … (−6)
8. (+3) … … … 7 21. (−4) … … … 8
9. (−10) … … … 1 22. 3 … … … 10
10. (+9) … … … (+8) 23. (+5) … … … 4
11. 2 … … … (−3) 24. (−9) … … … (−2)
12. (+4) … … … (−5) 25. 4 … … … (−8)
13. (−3) … … … (+10) 26. (+6) … … … 3
18
 27. 8 … … … (+4) 44. (−8) … … … (+8)
28. (+10) … … … 7 45. 10 … … … (−10)
29. 6 … … … (−9) 46. 7 … … … (−7)
30. (+8) … … … (+5) 47. (+2) … … … (−2)
31. (−7) … … … (+9) 48. (−5) … … … 5
32. (−1) … … … (−2) 49. (−9) … … … (+3)
33. 9 … … … (+7) 50. 1 … … … (−1)
34. (−10) … … … 5 51. (+4) … … … (−8)
35. (+4) … … … (−3) 52. 9 … … … (−9)
36. 6 … … … (+2) 53. (−8) … … … 3
37. 3 … … … 8 54. (+6) … … … 10
38. (−5) … … … (−6) 55. (+7) … … … (+9)
39. 1 … … … (+9) 56. 5 … … … 6
40. (+10) … … … 4 57. 8 … … … (−5)
41. (−9) … … … 9 58. (−6) … … … (−10)
42. (+3) … … … (−3) 59. (−1). … … … (−4)
43. 6 … … … (−6) 60. 3 … … … (−9)

EXERCISE 4.2 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS

Compare the following using the greater than > or the less than <.

1. (−5) … … … (−1) 13. (−6) … … … 3 25. (−3) … … … (+14)

2. (−3) … … … 13 14. 17 … … … (−15) 26. 9 … … … 15
3. (−4) … … … 9 15. (−1) … … … (−11) 27. 22 … … … 20
4. 9 … … … (−2) 16. (−4) … … … (−12) 28. (−2) … … … (−5)
5. 11 … … … (−9) 17. (−5) … … … 21 29. (−2) … … … (−17)
6. 8 … … … (−8) 18. 10 … … … 17 30. (−11) … … … 1
7. 4 … … … (−2) 19. 2 … … … (−10) 31. 7 … … … 10
8. (−7) … … … (−12) 20. −14 … … … 13 32. 25 … … … (−27)
9. 5 … … … 10 21. (−9) … … … (+9) 33. 6 … … … (−12)
10. (−15) … … … (−5) 22. (−13) … … … 13 34. (−12) … … … (−13)
11. (−24) … … … 24 23. 8 … … … (−23) 35. (+4) … … … (−8)
12. (−19) … … … (18) 24. (−7) … … … 3 36. (+7) … … … (−11)

19
 37. (−10) … … … (+2) 50. (−9) … … … (−8) 63. 14 … … … (−16)
38. (−15) … … … (+12) 51. (+6) … … … (+4) 64. 7 … … … (+9)
39. (−6) … … … (−10) 52. (+12) … … … (−13) 65. (+5) … … … 11
40. 22 … … … (−34) 53. (−8) … … … (+3) 66. (+6) … … … (−6)
41. (+20) … … … (−19) 54. (−11) … … … (+9) 67. 18 … … … (−18)
42. (−13) … … … 17 55. (+7) … … … (−9) 68. 9 … … … (+12)
43. 21 … … … (−22) 56. (+10) … … … (−8) 69. (+1) … … … (+10)
44. (+5) … … … (−5) 57. (−4) … … … (+2) 70. (−14) … … … (+14)
45. 14 … … … (−14) 58. (−18) … … … (+12) 71. (−7) … … … . . (+19)
46. (−23) … … … (+20) 59. (+5) … … … (−15) 72. 13 … … … (−13)
47. (+11) … … … (+17) 60. (+13) … … … (−12) 73. (−6) … … … (−11)
48. (+9) … … … (−24) 61. (−18) … … … 8 74. (−11) … … … 11
49. (−7) … … … (−10) 62. (−9) … … … (11) 75. 20 … … … (+19)

EXERCISE 4.3 – CHALLENGING QUESTIONS

Compare the following using the greater than (>) or the less than (<).

1. Opposite of (−6) … … … … 8 17. Opposite of (−9) … … … . .. opposite of 12

2. Opposite of (−11) … … … … (+12) 18. Opposite of 15 … … … … opposite of (−10)
3. Opposite of (−7) … … … … 6 19. Opposite of (−8) … … … … opposite of (−18)
4. Opposite of (−19) … … … … (+14) 20. Opposite of 1 … … … . .. opposite of 5
5. Opposite of (−4) … … … … (−8) 21. (−12) … … … …. opposite of (−9)
6. Opposite of (−15) … … … … (−17) 22. Opposite of (+11) … … … . . (+12)
7. (−9) … … … … opposite of 11 23. Opposite of (+2) … … … … (+6)
8. (−18) … … … . .. opposite of (+3) 24. (−12) … … … … …. opposite of (−12)
9. (−13) … … … . . .. opposite of 11 25. Opposite of 5 … … … … … (−16)
10. (−1) … … … …. opposite of (−8) 26. 4 … … … …. opposite of (−5)
11. (−9) … … … … opposite of (+14) 27. Opposite of 8 … … … … … 10
12. Opposite of (−2) … … … … opposite of 4 28. (−7) … … … … … opposite of (−7)
13. Opposite of (−8) … … … . .. opposite of (+3) 29. (−11) … … … … … opposite of 14
14. Opposite of 14 … … … … opposite of (−14) 30. 6 … … … … . (−12)
15. Opposite of (−8) … … … … opposite of 8 31. (−10) … … … … …. opposite of (−4)
16. Opposite of 4 … … … … opposite of (−5) 32. Opposite of 13 … … … … …. opposite of 7

20
33. (−3) … … … …. opposite of 4 54. 14 … … … … … opposite of 8
34. Opposite of (−29) … … … . . 28 55. (−15) … … … … … opposite of (−16)
35. (−11) … … … … … opposite of 21 56. (−7) … … … … … opposite of (– 9)
36. 7 … … … … … opposite of 15 57. (−9) … … … … .. opposite of (+11)
37. Opposite of 5 … … … … 12 58. Opposite of (−4) … … … … . . (−4)
38. Opposite of (−18) … … … … .. opposite of 9 59. (−14) … … … … .. opposite of (+2)
39. 23 … … … … …. opposite of (−11) 60. (−6) … … … … .. opposite of 18
40. Opposite of 9 … … … … . . (−1) 61. (−13) … … … … …. opposite of 11
41. (−5) … … … … .. opposite of (−6) 62. Opposite of (−8) … … … … . . (+9)
42. Opposite of 4 … … … …. opposite of 7 63. Opposite of (−17) … … … … . . (+20)
43. Opposite of 9 … … … … opposite of (−3) 64. Opposite of (−4) … … … … … . . (+3)
44. (+5) … … … … opposite of 7 65. Opposite of (−11) … … … … … 14
45. (−11) … … … …. opposite of (−10) 66. Opposite of (−9) … … … … … .8
46. Opposite of (−2) … … … … (+7) 67. Opposite of 17 … … … … .. opposite of (−17)
47. Opposite of (−8) … … … … … (+10) 68. Opposite of (−4) … … … … … opposite of (−7)
48. (+14) … … … … … opposite of (−8) 69. Opposite of (−17) … … … …. opposite of (−11)
49. (+2) … … … … .. opposite of (−1) 70. Opposite of 6 … … … … … opposite of 9
50. Opposite of 2 … … … … opposite of (−6) 71. Opposite of 19 … … … … .. opposite of 17
51. 17 … … … …. opposite of (+12) 72. Opposite of (+10) … … … … opposite of (+12)
52. 9 … … … …. opposite of (+8) 73. Opposite of (+4) … … … … opposite of 8
53. 12 … … … …. opposite of 13 74. Opposite of 9 … … … … … opposite of (+13)
75. Opposite of (+8) … … … …. opposite of (−8)

21
 CHAPTER FIVE
ORDERING OF
INTEGERS or SIGNED NUMBERS
When we say “ordering” or “order”, it only talks about two main or major things: which are:
a. Ascending order and
b. Descending order

DEMONSTRATION 5.1 – Using a Torchlight shown on a wood

Least

Greatest

ASCENDING ORDER (LEAST TO GREATEST)

It is the arrangement of numbers from the smallest or least to the biggest or greatest.

EXAMPLE
Arrange the following in ascending order:

1. −8, −1, 5, −10, 2, −4, 4, −6.

- Write the numbers which are less than zero. Add zero if there is: −8, −1, −10, −4, −6.
a. Arrange them as you would do on a number line from smallest to biggest : −10, −8, −6, −4, −1.
- Write the numbers which are greater than zero: 5, 2, 4.
b. Arrange them as you would do on a number line from smallest to biggest: 2, 4, 5.

Now, write “a” followed by “b” as they are: −10, −8, −6, −4, −1, 2, 4, 5.

Hence, −, −, , −, , −, , − in ascending order is −, −, −, −, −, , , .

22
2. 7, 0, −6, −5, 8, 10.
- Write the numbers which are less than zero. Add zero if there is: 0, −6, −5.
a. Arrange them as you would do on a number line from the smallest to biggest: −6, −5, 0.
- Write the numbers which are greater than zero: 7, 8, 10.
b. Arrange them as you would do on a number line from smallest to biggest: 7, 8, 10.

Now, write “a” followed by “b” as they are: −6, −5, 0, 7, 8, 10.

Hence, , , −, −, ,  in ascending order is – , −, , , , .

3. 5, −7, opposite of 3, −13, opposite of −11, 15.

- Write the numbers which are less than zero. Add zero if there is: −7, opposite of 3, −13.
a. Arrange them as you would do on a number line from the smallest to biggest: −13, −7, opposite of 3.
- Write the numbers which are greater than zero: 5, opposite of −11, 15.
b. Arrange them as you would do on a number line from the smallest to biggest: 5, opposite of −11, 15.

Now, write “a” followed by “b” as they are: −13, −7, opposite of 3, 5, opposite of −11, 15.

Hence, , −, opposite of , −, opposite of – ,  in ascending order is – , −, opposite of
, , opposite of – , .

4. −17, −11, 15, 18, 11, opposite of −20.

- Write the numbers which are less than zero. Add zero if there is: −17, −11.
a. Arrange them as you would do on a number line from the smallest to biggest: −17, −11.
- Write the numbers which are greater than zero: 15, 18, 11, opposite of −20.
b. Arrange them as you would do on a number line from the smallest to biggest: 11, 15, 18, opposite of
−20.
Now, write “a” followed by “b” as they are: −17, −11, 11, 15, 18, opposite of −20.

Hence, −, −, , , , opposite of –  in ascending order is – , −, , , , opposite of
– .

23
DEMONSTRATION 5.2 – Using the Number Line
STEPS:
- Draw the Number Line
- Locate the numbers on the Number Line
- In ascending order, start writing them from the LEFT to the RIGHT.

Example 1
Arrange in ascending order: 8, 1, −3, 9, −8, −4, 2, 5, 0, −1.
- Draw the Number Line

−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

- Locate the numbers on the Number Line

−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

- Hence, ascending order – LEFT to RIGHT: −8, −4, −3, −1, 0, 1, 2, 5, 8, 9.

Example 2
Arrange in ascending order: 0, +4, −4, 7, +1, −7, 3, 6, 9, −1
- Draw the Number Line

−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

- Locate the numbers on the Number Line

−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

- Hence, ascending order – LEFT to RIGHT: −7, −4, −1, 0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9.

24
EXERCISE 5.1 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS
Arrange the following in Ascending Order:

1. −5, 9, 3, +1, −9, 0, 5, +4, −8, −1, −7, −4.

2. +6, −2, −3, 8, −5, 1, 4, 9, +7, −1, −8, −6.
3. +1, 0, +9, 4, −5, −7, −1, −3, +6, 3, 2, −8.
4. −7, −3, 5, 9, −1, 2, 6, 0, 4, 3, 7, −9, −5, 1.
5. −1, −5, −9, −7, 1, 6, 9, −2, 3, −4, −8, 0.
6. 0, 3, −3, 5, −2, −5, 7, 2, 8, −8, 1, −9, −7.
7. +3, +5, +9, −5, −3, −6, −7, +2, 0, +8, +4.
8. +9, −6, −8, 3, 1, −3, −5, 7, −1, 6, −2, 5, 4.
9. 2, −4, 5, 7, 9, −2, −1, −6, −8, 6, −3, −9, −5.
10. 4, 8, −4, −2, 2, −8, 1, −1, −6, −9, −5, 5, 3.
11. 2, −12, −20, 14, 9, −6, 6, 10, 4, −14, −18, −2.
12. −17, 11, 3, 8, −16, 16, 6, −19, 1, −5, −9, 0, 13.
13. −8, −15, −9, 11, −2, 10, 4, −20, 12, 7, 3, −6, 5.
14. 15, −16, 19, 13, −14, 11, −10, 0, 20, −15, −12, 18.
15. +11, −10, −18, +17, −11, 12, 14, −19, −12, −17.
16. −19, 17, 0, 14, −15, −13, 13, +18, −20, 11, 12, −16.
17. −4, 13, −19, 6, 12, −9, −5, 15, 1, 27, −28, 16, −21, 7.
18. 22, −6, −17, 5, 12, −25, 24, −19, 0, −14, 14, 7, −15.
19. 1, 10, −13, −5, 23, −23, 4, −2, −1, 16, −16, 9, 3, 7, 0.
20. −13, −14, −1, 13, −6, 10, 7, −28, 15, −15, 11, 9, −19.
21. 29, −2, 30, −28, −17, +5, −6, −27, 12, 19, −9, −14, 6.
22. −8, 9, 0, −21, 25, 16, −18, −1, 2, 6, −26, 24, −20, −11.
23. 11, −15, 22, −16, 3, −1, 21, −7, 9, −27, 19, −10, 4, −2.
24. −3, 8, −21, 17, −9, 1, −12, 5, −19, 23, −7, 12, −17, 20.
25. 26, −17, 15, −28, 10, −21, 22, −19, 12, −11, 11, −14, 29.

25
 EXERCISE 5.2 – CHALLENGING QUESTIONS
Arrange the following in Ascending Order:
1. Opposite of −19, −22, 22, −25, 27, −29, opposite of 19, opposite of −4.
2. Opposite of 20, −41, opposite of −8, 2, 1, opposite of 1, −30, opposite of 22.
3. −4, opposite of −10, opposite of 7, 13, −21, opposite of 13, opposite of −11, opposite of 12.
4. 15, −33, 18, −16, −1, 54, opposite of −40, opposite of −17.
5. Opposite of 5, opposite of −7, opposite of −3, opposite of 14, 34, 14, 6, −21.
6. −22, 12, −16, 31, opposite of 17, opposite of −13, opposite of 2, opposite of 10, opposite of −9.
7. Opposite of −15, −19, opposite of −24, 4, opposite of −44, 31, opposite −11, 23.
8. −2, opposite of −12, 9, opposite of 21, 14, opposite of −2, 11, opposite of 6, −17, opposite of 10.
9. Opposite of 22, 19, opposite of −4, −8, opposite of −17, 0, opposite of 28, 9, opposite of −5.
10. 21, −3, opposite of −17, opposite of 16, 24, −19, opposite of −5, opposite of 11, −20, 9.
11. −4, +14, opposite of 19, +24, opposite of −16, opposite of −20, −2, 22, opposite of +27, +9, −6.
12. Opposite of +15, −35, opposite of +34, −16, −5, opposite of −15, +16, 0, −23, 32, +7.
13. Opposite of −30, −30, +29, opposite of +3, opposite of −22, opposite of +22, opposite of −11, +12.
14. +25, −34, −26, +32, −46, +23, −24, opposite of 25, opposite of +23, opposite 10, opposite of 16.
15. +14, 17, +19, −24, −21, −29, 18, opposite of −29, opposite of −28, opposite of 20, opposite of 5.
16. −31, −25, 18, 38, +7, opposite of +17, opposite of 12, opposite of −12, opposite of −21, −7, +17.
17. −30, 4, +33, −1, opposite of −9, opposite of 40, opposite of 6, opposite of −7, opposite +11, 19.
18. Opposite of 27, opposite of +29, opposite of −19, opposite of −8, +17, −13, 23, +1, −19, 32, 0.
19. Opposite of −21, opposite of 32, opposite of +29, opposite of −11, −12, 22, +6, −8, +40, −38, 33.
20. Opposite of +30, opposite of 23, opposite of −41, opposite of −32, 43, +15, −16, −36, +34, −34.

DESCENDING ORDER (GREATEST TO LEAST)

EXAMPLE
Write the following in descending order of magnitude:

1. −1, 3, 5, 0, 1, −2, −5, 2.

- Write the numbers which are greater than zero. Add zero if there is: 3, 5, 0, 1, 2.
a. Arrange them as you would have done on the number line from the biggest to the smallest: 5, 3, 2, 1, 0.
- Write the numbers which are less than zero: −1, −2, −5.
b. Arrange them as you would have done on the number line from the biggest to the smallest: −1, −2, −5.
Now, write “a” followed by “b” as they are: 5, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −5.

26
Hence, −, , , , , −, −,  in descending order is , , , , , −, −, −.

2. 4, −2, 9, 15, 1, 5, 7, 14.

- Write the numbers which are greater than zero. Add zero if there is: 4, 9, 15, 1, 5, 7, 14.
a. Arrange them as you would have done on a number line from the biggest to the smallest:
15, 14, 9, 7, 5, 4, 1.
- Write the numbers which are less than zero: −2.
b. Arrange them as you would have done on a number line from the biggest to the smallest: −2.

Now, write “a” followed by “b” as they are: 15, 14, 9, 7, 5, 4, 1, −2.

Hence, , −, , , , , ,  in descending order is , , , , , , , −.

3. Opposite of 12, −6, −11, opposite of 15, 8, 21, −14, 15.

- Write the numbers which are greater than zero. Add zero if any: 8, 21, 15.
a. Arrange them as you would have done on a number line from the biggest to the smallest: 21, 15, 8
- Write the numbers which are less than zero: opposite of 12, −6, −11, opposite of 15, −14.
b. Arrange them as you would have done on a number line from the biggest to the smallest:
−6, −11, opposite of 12, −14, opposite of 15.

Now, write “a” followed by “b” as they are: 21, 15, 8, −6, −11, opposite of 12, −14, opposite of 15.

Hence, opposite of , −, −, opposite of , , , −,  in descending order is
, , , −, −, opposite of , −, opposite of .

4. −12, opposite of −19, 8, opposite of 5, opposite of 11, 10, −2, opposite of 7.

- Write the numbers which are greater than zero. Add zero if there is: opposite of−19, 8, 10.
a. Arrange them as you would have done on a number line from the biggest to the smallest: opposite of
−19, 10, 8.
- Write the numbers which are less than zero: −12, opposite of 5, opposite of 11, −2, opposite of 7.
b. Arrange them as you would have done on a number line from the biggest to the smallest: −2, opposite
of 5, opposite of 7, opposite of 11, −12.

Now, write “a” followed by “b” as they are: opposite of −19, 10, 8, −2, opposite of 5, opposite of
7, opposite of 11, −12.

27
 Hence, −, opposite of – , , opposite of , opposite of , , −, opposite of  in descending
order is opposite of – , , , −, opposite of , opposite of , opposite of , −.

DEMONSTRATION 5.2 – Using the Number Line

STEPS:
- Draw the Number Line
- Locate the numbers on the Number Line
- In descending order, start writing them from the RIGHT to the LEFT.

Example 1
Arrange in descending order: −7, 9, −4, −2, 8, +2, 4, −6, −3, −1, 7, −5
- Draw the Number Line

−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
- Locate the numbers on the Number Line

−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

- Hence, descending order – RIGHT to LEFT: 9, 8, 7,4,2, −1, −2, −3, −4, −5, −6, −7.

Example 2
Arrange in descending order: 6, −7, −9, 0, 1, 7, 5, −3, −10, 3, −2.
- Draw the Number Line

−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

- Locate the numbers on the Number Line

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
- Hence, descending order – RIGHT to LEFT: 7, 6, 3, 1, 0, −2, −3, −7, −9, −10.

28
EXERCISE 5.3 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS
Arrange the following in Descending Order of magnitude:

1. −5, −6, 9, 1, 0, 3, 7, −4, 2, −8, −9, 6.

2. −1, +9, −8, −9, 8, 2, +4, −5, +5, 0, −6, −2.
3. +4, −7, −4, −9, 1, +2, +5, +9, −6, −8, −1, 7.
4. +9, +1, 3, −6, −1, −4, +7, −9, +8, −3, 6, 5.
5. 2, 0, −6, −1, +3, 7, −5, 8, −7, +1, 9, +4, −9.
6. 6, −2, +7, 9, −3, −9, −6, −4, +2, +1, +5, 8.
7. −3, +5, −8, +1, −9, +2, −7, +9, −5, +8, −6.
8. +4, −1, +6, −7, +2, 0, −5, +5, −8, +3, −6, +9.
9. −8, 5, −4, 9, −7, 1, −2, 6, −3, 8, −6, 4, − 1.
10. −5, 8, +7, −3, 6, +9, −1, 2, +5, −8, 0, −6, 4.
11. +3, 9, 21, −11, +19, −27, −6, 18, +5, −12, 24.
12. −15, −22, +4, +9, 13, 18, −8, −2, +25, +29, 0.
13. +7, −26, +17, −7, +20, +11, −23, −1, +15, −9.
14. +11, +19, −16, −14, 21, 28, −3, −9, +5, 12, −18.
15. −2, −6, +14, +24, −21, −16, 4, 2, +10, +1, +11.
16. 13, +15, −18, +18, 10, −22, +1, −9,11, −13, +16, 5.
17. 4, 9, −7, −20, +8, +13, −8, −18, −4, +6, 27, −28, 2.
18. −15, 16, +11, −19, +18, 0, −16, +15, −17, +20, +19.
19. +8, 5, +1, −12, −21, −10, 2, 6, 10, +15, 16, −22, 24, 13.
20. 20, +29, −18, 12, −11, +19, −16, −27, +18, −12, 1.
21. 0, −13, −3, 25, −15, 14, −4, 11, −21, 18, +8, −5, −23.
22. −11, −17, 12, +21, −22, +11, 19, −29, −19, 14, −18.
23. −2, −18, −26, 4, 16, 27, +8, +11, +25, −11, −16, −8.
24. 9, −29, 19, +29, 14, −4, +24, 8, −18, −28, 1, −1, +21.
25. +1, −11, +21, −9, +10, −19, 19, −21, −18, +8, +28, −10.

29
EXERCISE 5.4 – CHALLENGING QUESTIONS
Arrange the following in Descending Order of magnitude:
1. 26, 17, 0, 14, opposite of 24, opposite of 17, opposite of 1, opposite of −9.
2. Opposite of 7, −9, opposite of −3, 6, opposite of 12, −1, opposite of −7.
3. Opposite of −10, −6, opposite of 13, 2, opposite of −5, −17, opposite of 14, 9.
4. −8, 15, opposite of 7, −19, 6, opposite of −21, opposite of 23.
5. Opposite of 11, opposite of −10, 15, −12, opposite of 18, opposite of −11, 24, −16.
6. −6, −17, opposite of −9, opposite of −12, −15, −20, opposite of −24, opposite of −5.
7. 12, 4, 2, 0, opposite of −9, opposite of −10, opposite of −7, opposite of −14.
8. Opposite of 9, opposite of 16, opposite of 11, opposite of 14, −1, −7, −18, −20.
9. −10, opposite of −21, 22, opposite of 17, −18, opposite of −5, 7, opposite of 12.
10. Opposite of 2, 9, opposite of −19, −25, opposite of 40, 34, opposite of −27, −39.
11. +23, 27, −32, −22, +6, opposite of +18, opposite of −11, opposite of 40, opposite of +19.
12. 38, −16, +21, 19, +4, −28, opposite of 10, opposite of −33, opposite of +26, opposite of 41.
13. +1, 0, −43, −14, +30, 43, opposite of 41, opposite of +30, opposite of −21, opposite of +21.
14. −44, +38, −19, 44, −34, opposite of +23, opposite of 15, opposite of −2, opposite of −39.
15. Opposite of 27, opposite of −11, opposite of +20, opposite of 18, +12, 29, 41, −26, +3, −10, 9.
16. Opposite of +15, opposite of −32, opposite of 22, opposite of −19, −36, +25, 20, −17, −45.
17. Opposite of −24, opposite of −33, opposite of 40, opposite of −30, −33, 16, −23, +11, −11, −24.
18. Opposite of −36, opposite of 27, opposite of −38, opposite of +26, 26, 27, −28, −17, +30, −1.
19. −16, opposite of +20, +23, opposite of −14, 33, opposite of 21, −14, opposite of 5, −41, 37.
20. Opposite of 27, 27, opposite of −12, −12, opposite of +22, −32, opposite of 13, +46, opposite of 3.

30
 CHAPTER SIX
DETERMINING THE POSITION OF
AN INTEGER or A SIGNED NUMBER

a. Determining the POSITION OF AN INTEGER or A SIGNED NUMBER when on zero

LEFT − RIGHT +

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

EXAMPLE
When Kita moves to the:

a. right seven +7 steps, which position will she be?

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

She will be on the positive seven +7 or the opposite of −7.

b. right ten +10 steps, which position will she be?

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
She will be on the positive ten 10 or the opposite of −10.

c. left three −3 steps, which position will she be?

−9 -
8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
She will be on the negative three (−3 or the opposite of 3.

31
 d. left six −6 steps, which position will she be?

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

She will be on the negative six (−6 or the opposite of positive six +6 or 6.

EXERCISE 6.1 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS

Demonstrate on the Number Line.
Determine the position of the following when a robot on zero moves to the:

1. left eight 8steps. 6. left twelve 12 steps

2. right ten 8 steps 7. right eleven 11 steps
3. right thirteen 13 steps 8. left twenty-one 21 steps
4. left ten 10 steps 9. left forty-six 46 steps
5. right sixteen 16 steps 10. right thirty-two 32 steps

b. Determining the POSITION OF AN INTEGER or A SIGNED NUMBER when on any other

integer.
You can be on −2, 1, 91, 6, 5, −9, etc.

32
EXAMPLE
Palma is on negative three −3.

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
When Palma moves to the:
a. right five +5 steps, which position will he be?

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

He will be on positive two +2 or 2.

b. left six −6 steps, which position will he be?

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

He will be on negative nine −9.

c. right twelve +12 steps, which position will he be?

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

He will be on positive nine +9 or 9.

33
 d. right three +3 steps, which position will he be?

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
He will be on zero 0.

EXERCISE 6.2 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS

Dozamp is on positive five +5 or 5.

−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Which position will Dozamp be when he moves to the:

1. right four 4 steps? 11. right ten 10 steps?
2. right twelve 12 steps? 12. left eighteen 18 steps?
3. left three 3 steps? 13. right twenty-six 26 steps?
4. left eleven 11 steps? 14. left twenty-eight 28 steps?
5. right eight 8 steps? 15. right fifteen 15 steps?
6. left fifteen 15 steps? 16. left nineteen 19 steps?
7. right fourteen 14 steps? 17. right thirty 30 steps?
8. left twenty-one 21 steps? 18. left thirty 30 steps?
9. right nineteen 19 steps? 19. right nine 9 steps?
10. left five 5 steps? 20. left twenty 20 steps?

EXERCISE 6.3 – CHALLENGING QUESTIONS

When you are on:

1. positive four +4 and moves to the right three 3 steps, which position will you be?
2. positive six +6 and moves to the left five steps 5 steps, which position will you be?
3. negative three (−3 and moves to the right four 4 steps, which position will you be?
4. positive three +3 and moves to the left twelve 12 steps, which position will you be?
5. negative seven −7 and moves to the right fourteen 14 steps, which position will you be?
6. negative fifteen −15 and moves to the right 9 steps, which position will you be?

34
7. positive twelve +12 and moves to the left fourteen 14 steps, which position will you be?
8. negative ten −10 and moves to the left six 6 steps, which position will you be?
9. positive two +2 and moves to the left nineteen 19 steps, which position will you be?
10. negative five −5 and moves to the right five 5 steps, which position will you be?
11. positive five +5 and moves to the right two 2 steps, which position will you be?
12. positive two +2, moves to the left four 4 steps and again moves to the right three 3 steps,
which position will you be?
13. negative one −1, moves to the left four 4 steps and again moves to the right five 5 steps,
which position will you be?
14. negative six −6, moves to the right seven 7 steps and again moves to the left twelve 12
steps, which position will you be?
15. negative nine −9, moves to the left four 4 steps and again moves to the right four 4 steps,
which position will you be?
16. positive thirteen +13, moves to the left seven 7 steps and again moves to the left nine 9
steps, which position will you be?
17. positive two +2, moves to the right eleven (11) steps and again moves to the left fifteen (15)
steps, which position will you be?
18. negative twelve (−12), moves to the left four (4) steps and again moves to the left three (3)
steps, which position will you be?
19. positive seven (+7), moves to the right one (1) step and again moves to the left twelve (12)
steps, which position will you be?
20. negative eight (−8), moves to the left ten (10) steps and again moves to the right five (5) steps,
which position will you be?
21. positive two (+2), moves to the right eight (8) steps and again moves to the left fourteen (14)
steps, which position will you be?
22. negative ten (−10), moves to the right three (3) steps and again moves to the left nine (9) steps,
which position will you be?
23. positive eleven (+11), moves to the left four (4) steps and again moves to the right seven (7)
steps, which position will you be?
24. positive one (+1), moves to the left sixteen (16) steps and again moves to the right three (3)
steps, which position will you be?
25. positive thirteen (+13), moves to the left eleven (11) steps and again moves to the right one (1)
step, which position will you be?

35
26. positive four +4, moves to the left seven 7 steps and again moves to the right fifteen 15
steps, which position will you be?
27. negative ten −10, moves to the left six 6 steps and again moves to the right four 4 steps,
which position will you be?
28. negative twelve −12, moves to the left eighteen 18 steps and again moves to the right
nineteen 19 steps, which position will you be?
29. negative eight −8, moves to the right fourteen 14 steps and again moves to the left five 5
steps, which position will you be?
30. negative five −5, moves to the left seventeen 17 steps and again moves to the right eight 8
steps, which position will you be?

36
 CHAPTER SEVEN

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION of INTEGERS or SIGNED NUMBERS

a. TIT – BIT ONE

RULES FOR ADDING INTEGERS
1. Positive + Positive = Positive
That is: + + (+) = (+)
Example
(i) (+7) + (+4) = 7 + 4 = 11
(ii) (+2) + (+6) = 2 + 6 = 8

      

2. Negative + Positive =   
      

That is:

i. (−) + (+) = (−), when the bigger integer is negative

Example: (−6) + (+2) = (−6) + 2 = (−4)

ii. (−) + (+) = (+), when the bigger integer is positive

Example: (−1) + (+7) = (−1) + 7 = (−6)

      

3. Positive + Negative =   
      

That is:

i. (+) + (−) = (−), when the bigger integer is negative

Example: (+8) + (−9) = 8 − 9 = (−1)

ii. (+) + (−) = (+), when the bigger integer is positive

Example: (+4) + (−1) = 4 − 1 = 3

37
 4. Negative + Negative = Negative
That is: − + − = −
Example
i. −2 + −8 = −2 − 8 = −10
ii. −4 + −2 = −4 − 2 = −6

EXERCISE 7.1 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS

Evaluate the following:

1. +3 + +9 13. +4 + +9 25. (−9) + 6

2. −9 + +1 14. −11 + +9 26. 16 + (−4)
3. +11 + −7 15. +6 + −4 27. (−4) + 3
4. −5 + −3 16. −12 + −1 28. (−7) + (−1)
5. +8 + +1 17. −7 + +17 29. (+3) + (−8)
6. −6 + +2 18. (+4) + (−5) 30. (−2) + (−12)
7. +1 + −6) 19. (−9) + 12 31. (+9) + (+5)
8. −8 + −12 20. (−2) + 3 32. (+8) + (−7)
9. +10 + +5 21. (+8) + (−2) 33. (−10) + (−3)
10. −4 + +11 22. 11 + (−4) 34. (+7) + (+15)
11. +7 + −5 23. (−5) + (−9) 35. (−11) + (−4)
12. −2 + −8 24. (+7) + (−11) 36. (−5) + (+13)

b. TIT – BIT TWO

RULES FOR SUBTRACTING INTEGERS

       
1. Positive − Positive =  
       

That is:

i. (+) − (+) = (+), when the first integer is the bigger

Example: (+9) − (+2) = 9 − 2 = 7

38
 ii. + − + = −, when the second integer is the bigger

Example: +6 − +7 = 6 − 7 = −1

2. Negative – Positive = Negative

That is: − − + = −
Example
i. −3 − +7 = −3 − 7 = −10
ii. −9 − +4 = −9 − 4 = −13

3. Positive – Negative = Positive

That is: + − − = +
Example
i. +5 − −1 = 5 + 1 = +6 = 6
ii. +8 − −4 = 8 + 4 = +12 = 12

      

4. Negative – Negative =   
      

That is:

i. (−) − (−) = (−), when the first integer is bigger

Example: (−9) − (−2) = (−9) + 2 = (−7)

ii. (−) − (−) = (+), when the second integer is bigger

Example: (−4) − (−9) = (−4) + 9 = 5

EXERCISE 7.2 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS

Evaluate the following:

1. (+4) − (+7) 8. (−9) − (−4) 15. (−4) − (+8)

2. (+12) − (+10) 9. (+2) − (+1) 16. (−2) − (+12)
3. (−7) − (+9) 10. (−5) − (+5) 17. (+10) − (−7)
4. (−11) − (+4) 11. (+1) − (−6) 18. (+9) − (−11)
5. (+8) − (−5) 12. (−10) − (−9) 19. (−8) − (−8)
6. (+3) − (−8) 13. (+7) − (+8) 20. (−3) − (−12)
7. (−6) − (−11) 14. (+6) − (+3) 21. (−9) − (−10)
39
 22. +8 − −5 27. −9 − −11 32. +2 − +10
23. −4 − +9 28. +4 − −6 33. +12 − +6
24. +11 − +1 29. −7 − −5 34. −10 − +8
25. −2 − +7 30. +1 − −12 35. +7 − −11
26. +3 − −8 31. −8 − +7 36. −4 − −9

c. METHODS FOR WRITING INTEGERS OR SIGNED NUMBERS

When working or performing operations on Integers or Signed Numbers, we normally put them in
brackets or parenthesis in order to make distinction or difference. Symbolically as  ).

EXAMPLES OF SUCH OPERATIONS

Wrong/False Correct/True
−3 + −6  (−3) + −6  − 3 + (−6) (−3) + (−6)  (−3) − 6
−5 − +10  (−5) − +10  − 5 − (+10) (−5) − (+10)  (−5) − 10
+8 − −1  (+8) − −1  + 8 − (−1) (+8) − (−1)  8 + 1
−4 − +7  (−4) − +7  − 4 − (+7) (−4) − (+7)  (−4) − 7
−1 + +4  (−1) + +4  − 1 + (+4) (−1) + (+4)  (−1) + 4
+5 + +6  (+5) + +6  + 5 + (+6) (+5) + (+6)  5 + 6
−2 − −9  (−2) − −9  − 2 − (−9) (−2) − (−9)  (−2) + 9
+4 − +3  (+4) − +3  + 4 − (+3) (+4) − (+3)  4 − 3

EXERCISE 7.3 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS

State whether the following are True or False ways of writing operations on integers:

Example: −5 − (+1), … … .. False

1. (−4) + +1 7. (+3) − +7 13. (−6) − (+4)

2. +8 − +5 8. −3 + −6 14. −5 + (−7)
3. (−2) + 3 9. +1 + +9 15. +2— 8
4. (−7) − (−9) 10. 6 − 2 16. +6 − (+10)
5. (+5) + (−2) 11. (+3) + (+1) 17. (−1) + (−7)
6. −4 − (−8) 12. 9 + 8 18. −5 + (−6)

40
19. −7 − +5 23. +8 + −2 27. +6 + −10
20. +5 + −9 24. −4 + +6 28. +4 + −9
21. −2 − −1 25. −2 + +1 29. −8 − +3
22. +1 − +6 26. −9 − +7 30. 3 + −6

THE NUMBER MACHINE

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

a. The Number Machine has two parts, A and B.

b. Numbers written on each of them are the same.
How to use it:
a. Part A is placed down permanently without moving.
b. The first integer or signed (number) in the operation is selected on it.
c. Zero on part B is placed under the first integer or signed (number) selected on part A.
d. Second integer or signed (number) in the operation is selected on part B.
e. Check which integer or signed (number) on part A is matching with this second integer or signed
(number) on part B.
f. This is the answer to the operation.

41
USING THE NUMBER MACHINE TO DO ADDITION AND SUBRACTION
EXAMPLE 1
+2 + +5 = 2 + 5. Remember: + + + = +

First, place part A down and select the first integer in the operation on it. That is +2 = 2.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Second, place zero on part B under this first integer.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10

Third, select the second integer in the operation on part B. That is +5 = 5.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fourth, the integer on part A which matches with this second integer on part B is 7 = +7.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Therefore, ++ =  +  =   (+).

EXAMPLE 2
(+6) + (+4) = 6 + 4. Remember: (+) + (+) = (+)

First, place part A down and select the first integer in the operation on it. That is (+6) = 6.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

42
 Second, place zero on part B under this first integer.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Third, select the second integer in the operation on part B. That is 4  (+4).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fourth, the integer on part A which matches with this second integer on part B is 10  (+10).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Therefore, (+) + (+) =   (+).

EXAMPLE 3
(−6) + (+9) = (−6) + 9. Remember: (−) + (+) = (+),  ℎ    

First, place part A down and select the first integer in the operation on it. That is (−6).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Second, place zero on part B under this first integer.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

43
 Third, select the second integer in the operation on part B. That is +9  9.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fourth, the integer on part A which matches with the second integer on part B is 3  (+3).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Therefore, (−) + (+) = (−) +  =   (+).

EXAMPLE 4
(−8) + (+4) = (−8) + 4. Remember: (−) + (+) = (−),  ℎ    

First, place part A down and select the first integer in the operation on it. That is (−8).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Second, place zero on part B under this first integer.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Third, select the second integer in the operation on part B. That is (+4)  4.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fourth, the integer on part A which matches with the second integer on part B is (−4).

44
 

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Therefore, − + + = − +  = −

EXAMPLE 5
+3 + −5 = 3 − 5. Remember: + + −5 = −,  ℎ   

First, place part A down and select the first integer in the operation on it. That is (+3)  3.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Second, place zero on part B under this first integer.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Third, select the second integer in the operation on part B. That is (−5).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Fourth, the integer on part A which matches with the second integer on part B is (−2).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Therefore, (+) + (−) =  −  = (−).

45
EXAMPLE 6
+6 + −2 = 6 − 2. Remember: + + − = +,  ℎ   

First, place part A down and select the first integer in the operation on it. That is (+6)  6.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Second, place zero on part B under this first integer.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

Third, select the second integer in the operation on part B. That is (−2).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

Fourth, the integer on part A which matches with the second integer on part B is 4  (+4).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

Therefore, (+) + (−) =  −  =   (+).

EXAMPLE 7
(−6) + (−1) = (−6) − 1. Remember: (−) + (−) = (−)

First, place part A down and select the first integer in the operation. That is (−6).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

46
 Second, place zero on part B under this first integer.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Third, select the second integer in the operation on part B. That is −1.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fourth, the integer on part A which matches with the second integer on part B is −7.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Therefore, − + − = − −  = −.

EXAMPLE 8
−3 + −2 = −3 − 2. Remember: (−) + (−) = (−)

First, place part A down and select the first integer in the operation on it. That is (−3).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Second, place zero on part B under this first integer.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

47
 Third, select the second integer in the operation on part B. That is −2.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fourth, the integer on part A which matches with this second integer on part B is −5.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Therefore, − + − = − −  = −.

EXAMPLE 9
+5 − −1 = 5 + 1 Remember: + − − = +

First, place part A down and select the first integer in the operation on it. That is +5  5.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Second, place zero on part B under the first integer.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Third, select the second integer on part B. That is (−1) and look for its directed number or opposite number.
That will be (+1)  1.

48
 

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Fourth, the integer on part A which matches with this second directed or opposite number on part B is
6  (+6).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Therefore, (+) − (−) =  + .

EXAMPLE 10
(+2) − (−5) = 2 + 5. Remember: (+) − (−) = (+)

First, place part A down and select the first integer in the operation on it. That is 2  (+2).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Second, place zero on part B under the first integer.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

49
Third, select the second integer on part B. That is −5 and look for its directed or opposite number. That will
be 5  + 5.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fourth, the integer on part A which matches with this directed or opposite number on part B is 5  (+5).

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Therefore, (+) − (−) =  +  =  (+).

EXERCISE 7.4 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS

Simplify the following:

1. (−4) + (+9) 14. (−5) − (+5) 27. (+2) + (+5)

2. (−5) + (+6) 15. (−6) − (+3) 28. (+4) + (+6)
3. (−4) + (+4) 16. (−7) − (+1) 29. (+2) + (+2)
4. (−8) + (+3) 17. (−1) − (+1) 30. (+5) + (−4)
5. (−9) + (+2) 18. (−1) − (−3) 31. (+8) + (−3)
6. (−7) + (+7) 19. (−8) − (−10) 32. (+9) + (−9)
7. (−2) + (−8) 20. (−6) − (−6) 33. (+5) + (−8)
8. (−4) + (−6) 21. (−9) − (−7) 34. (+3) + (−7)
9. (−7) + (−1) 22. (−8) − (−1) 35. (+3) + (−3)
10. (−8) + (−2) 23. (−10) − (−10) 36. (+4) − (+5)
11. (−3) + (−3) 24. (+5) + (+4) 37. (+9) − (+10)
12. (−3) − (+6) 25. (+7) + (+3) 38. (+8) − (+8)
13. (−2) − (+7) 26. (+3) + (+3) 39. (+7) − (+6)
50
 40. +4 − +1 47. +5 − −5 54. −1 − −4
41. +4 − +4 48. −4 + +9 55. +7 + +2
42. +7 − −3 49. +6 − +9 56. +5 + −8
43. +5 − −2 50. −7 − +2 57. −10 − +3
44. +2 − −2 51. +4 + −4 58. −6 + +8
45. +3 − −7 52. +9 − −9 59. +1 − −5
46. +5 − −4 53. −2 + −7 60. −9 − −3

EXERCISE 7.5 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS

Evaluate the following:

1. −4 − −15 22. −17 + −2 43. −18 − −11

2. −8 + +12 23. +12 − +6 44. +4 − −20
3. +5 + −8 24. +4 − +18 45. −16 − −3
4. −14 − −9 25. +11 − −12 46. +7 + +15
5. +11 + −2) 26. +15 − −6 47. +19 − −6
6. −16 + −4 27. −7 − +8 48. +9 + −10
7. −9 − +19 28. −14 − +2 49. −15 − −12
8. +7 − +23 29. −6 − −9 50. −4 + −11
9. −6 + +17 30. −11 − −5 51. +12 − +12
10. −15 − −12 31. +9 + −9 52. +7 − −12
11. −16 + +10 32. +16 + −14 53. −10 − −7
12. +18 − −12 33. −10 − +7 54. +14 − +9
13. +4 + +16 34. −8 − +8 55. −16 + +10
14. −23 + +4 35. +12 + −4 56. +9 + −13
15. +4 + +11 36. −10 + −10 57. −6 + −6
16. +10 + +2 37. +3 − +15 58. +11 − −2
17. +8 + −5 38. +9 + −12 59. −5 − −8
18. +3 + −13 39. −14 − −13 60. +7 + −7
19. −15 + +9 40. −5 − −10 61. −9 − −6
20. −5 + +20 41. +17 + −16 62. −5 − −9
21. −9 + −16 42. +2 + −9 63. +3 − +8

51
 64. +18 + −19 65. −2 − +12 66. +14 − −5

EXERCISE 7.6 – CHALLENGING QUESTIONS

Solve the following:

1. +2 − +7 + +1

2. −5 + −3 + +5
3. −4 − −1 + +3
4. +3 − +5 + −2 − −4

5. −1 + −3— +7— −6

6. −9 − +8 + +6 + +2

7. +5 − +9 − +5 + −2 + +4
8. −2 + −8 + +6 − +3 − +10

9. +7— −4 + −8 − −9 + −2

10. −8 + +7 + +4— +3 — +5 + −6

11. −2 + −6 + +5 − +9 − −8

12. +11— −4 + −9 + +1 + −10 − +7

13. −5— −12 + +6— −2 − +4 + −8 − +7

14. −4 − +3 + +2— −5 + (−1) − (+6)

15. (−7) − (+8) + (+3)— (+4) + (−6) − (+9)

16. (+5) − (+2) + (+1)— (+8) − (+7) + (−3)

17. (−1) + (−10)— (−4) + (−3) − (+8) + (−5)

18. (+3) + (−9)— (−6) + (−1) + (−4) − (+2)

19.  (+10) − (+5) + (+9) − (+2) − (+3) + (−1)

20. (−6) + (−8)— (−5) + (−7) + (−2) − (+8)

21. (−5) + (−1) + (+7)— (+10) − (+9) + (−4)

22. (+4) − (+6)— (−8) − (+1) + (−5) − (+3)

23. (+1)— (−3) + (+5) + (−4) − (−7) − (+6)

52
 24. −10 + +7— −9 − +8 + +2 + −7
25. −2 − +1 + +10 + −6 − −3 + +5

26. +7 − +9 + −1 + −2 + −10— −8

27. −1 − +3 − −7 − +6 − +5 − +2

28. −3 + −6 − +8 + −5 − −1 + −10
29. +9 + −2 + −2 + +4 + +6 − −1

30. −5— −7 − +6 − +3 − −4 + +2

EXERCISE 7.7 – CHALLENGING QUESTIONS

Solve the following:

1. −3 − +4 + +5 16. +7 − +1 + +9 − −5 − −4

2. +4 − +9 − −2 17. −9 + −7 + −2 + +4 + +10
3. −7 + −1 + −7 18. +5 − +6 − +1 − −7 + +2
4. −8 − −3 − +2 19. +4 + +3 − +8 + −1 − −9
5. +10 − +9 + −3 20. −10 + −2 + −8 − −5 + +2
6. +1 + +5 − +5 21. +9 − +5 + −2 + +4 − +7 + −2
7. −3 + +4 + +10 22. −10 + +6 − +3 − −1 + −8 + +1
8. +6 − +3 + −2 23. −8 − −3 + −5 + +2 + −1 + −9
9. −2 − −8 − +1 24. +7 − −2 + −1 + −3 − +5 − −6
10. +7 + +6 − +3 25. −2 + +7 − +4 − −6 − −3 + +10
11. −8 + −5 + +3 − −1 + −2 26. +9 − −4 + −1 + +7 + +2 − −3
12. +6 − +4 − −5 + +10 − −9 27. +4 + −1 − +8 − −9 − −5 + −7
13. +1 − −2 + +10 − −7 − 3 28. −5 + +8 − −4 + +10 + +1 − −8
14. −2 − +3 − +6 − −6 + −1 29. +6 − −7 + +2 + −4 + −10 + +9
15. −3 + −6 − −7 + +3 − +8 30. −1 + +3 + −10 − −8 + +3 + −7

53
 CHAPTER EIGHT

MULTIPLICATION and DIVISION

OF INTEGERS or SIGNED NUMBERS

RULE FOR MULTIPLICATION

a. When multiplying two integers or signed numbers with the same signs, the result is always POSITIVE.
That is:
i.  ×  = 
Example: (+4) × (+3) = (+12)
ii.  ×  = 
Example: (−2) × (−5) = (10)
b. When multiplying two integers or signed numbers with different signs, the result is always
NEGATIVE. That is:
i.  ×  = 
Example: (+6) × (−4) = (−24)
ii.  ×  = 
Example: (−3) × (+5) = (−15)

RULES FOR DIVISION

a. When dividing two integers or signed numbers of the same sign, the result is always POSITIVE. That
is:

i. = 

() × () () () 
Example: ()
= ()
= () = 

ii. = 

() () 
Example: ()
= () = 

b. When dividing integers or signed numbers with different signs, the result is always NEGATIVE. That
is:

i. = 

() × () () ()  
Example: ()
= ()
= () = 
= 

54
 
ii. = 



Example: = −3


EXERCISE 8.1 – AVERAGE QUESTIONS

Solve the following:
 × () () × () × ()
1. () × ()
19. ()
× () × ()
() × () () × () × ()
2. () × ()
20. () × () × ()
() × () () × () × ()
3. () × ()
21. () × () × ()
() × () () × () × ()
4. () × ()
22. ()
× () × ()
() × () () × () × ()
5. () × ()
23. ()
× () × ()
() × () () × () × ()
6. () × ()
24. () × () × ()
() × () () × () × ()
7. () × ()
25. () × () × ()
() × () () × () × ()
8. () × ()
26. () × () × ()
() × () × () () × ()
9. () × ()
27. ()
() × () × () () × ()
10. () × ()
28. ()
× ()
() × () × () () × ()
11. () × ()
29. ()
× () × ()
() × () × () () × () × ()
12. () × ()
30. () × ()

() × () × () () × ()

13. () × ()
31. () × ()
() × () × () () × () × ()
14. () × ()
32. ()
× () × ()
() × () × () () × () × ()
15. () × () × ()
33. () × () × ()
() × () × () () × ()
16. () 34. ()
× () × () × () × ()
() × () × () () × () × () × ()
17. () 35.
× () × () () × ()
() × () × () () × () × ()
18. () × () × ()
36. ()
× () × () × ()
55
  × () × () × () () × () × () × ()
37. () 39.
× () × () × () () × () × () × ()
() × () × () × () () × () × () × ()
38. () 40. ()
× () × () × () × () × () × ()

EXERCISE 8.2 – CHALLENGING QUESTIONS

Simplify the following:
()  () ()  () () × ()
1. () × ()
11. ()
− ()  ()
()  () () ÷ () ()  ()
2. () × ()
12. ()  ()
+ ()
÷ ()
()  () ()  () () × ()
3. () × ()
13. () × ()
 ()  ()
()  () () ÷ () () ÷ ()
4. () × ()
14. ()  () − ()
()  () () × () ()  ()
5. () × ()
15. () + ()
 () ÷ ()
()  () ()  () ()  ()
6. () × ()
16. × ()  ()
()
() × () () ÷ ()  () () ÷ ()
7. ()  ()
17. () × ()
− ()  ()
() × () ()  () ()  ()
8. ()  ()
18. () − ()
÷ () × ()  ()
() × () () × () ()  ()
9. ()  ()
19. () ÷ ()
 () ÷ ()
() × () () ()  () ()  ()
10. ()  ()
+ () × () 20. () × () ÷ ()  ()

EXERCISE 8.3 – CHALLENGING QUESTIONS

Simplify the following:
() × () () × () ()  () () ÷ ()
1. () ÷ ()
− () 7. ()  ()
× ()
 () × ()
() × () () × () ()  () () ÷ ()
2. () ÷ ()
− () 8. ()  ()
× () × ()
 ()
() × () () × () ()  () () ÷ ()
3. () ÷ ()
− ()  ()
9. ()  ()
× () × ()
() × () () × () ()  () () ÷ ()
4. () ÷ ()
− ()  () 10. ()  () × () × ()
() × () () × () ()  () ()  ()
5. () ÷ ()
− () 11. () ÷ ()
 () × () ÷ ()
()  () () ÷ () ()  () ()  ()
6. ()  ()
× () 12. () ÷ ()
× () × () ÷ ()

56
   () ()  () ()  () ()  ()
13. () ÷ () 22. ()÷()
+ ()× ()
× () ÷ ()
()  () ()  () () ÷() 
14. () ÷ () 23. () ×()
− () ()
× () ÷ ()
()  () ()  ()  () () ×()
15. () × () ÷ () ÷ () 24. () ÷() ÷  ()
() ÷ () () × () ()()
16. + () 25. 7 × ()÷()
()  ()  ()
() ÷ () () × () ÷() 
17. () + () 26. ()() × 
 ()  ()
() ÷ () () × () ()×() ()÷()
18. + ()  () 27. ()()
−
()  () ÷()

() ÷ () () × ()   ()()

19. + 28. 6 ÷ + ()×()
()  () ()  ()  

() ÷ () () × () ()×()  ()÷()

20. () + () 29. ()÷() −  × ()
 ()  ()
()×() ()() ()  ()×()
21. + ()() 30. 
÷ 5  − ()×()()
()÷()

57
 CHAPTER NINE
APLLICATION OF INTEGERS
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS AND EQUATIONS
TRIAL QUESTIONS 1
Simplify the following:
   
1. 
− 
11. 
− 
−4
   
2.    + 3 +  −  12.  +  −  + 2
   
   
3. + + 2 13.  −  −   + 2
   
    
4. + < −2 14.  (3 − 1) − ( + 2) = 
  
   
5. +− 15.  +  = −1 + 3
 
    ()
6.  −  = 
− 
16. −
 

7.  − 4 + 3 + 8 − 5 − 3 

17. 3 = (2 + ) − 3( + 1)

 
8. − =1  
  18. ( + ) − 3( − ) + 
 
 
9. − = +3 
  19. 5( − 5) − (2 + 6) = 4

  
10. 1  =  − 
 20.

+  − ( + 3)

 

TRIAL QUESTIONS 2
Simplify the following:

1. 2 + 5 = 3 − 7 11. (4 − 1) − (5 − 6)

2. 5 − ( − )(2 − ) − 
12. 3  + 6 − 3  + 4  − 8 + 2 
 
3. (3 + )( − 2) + 4 − 2
13. 3 − 9 ≥ 12( − 3)
4. (2 − )( − 2) − 2 14. 7( + 1) − 2(2 + 3)
5. 3 − 2( − 4) ≥  − 3(1 + 2) 15. 11 − (11 − 4) + 13
6. 6 + 2 ≤ 3 − 2( + 4) 
16. 7 − 3( − ) + 
7. 4 − 6( + 2) − 4 < 2 + 

8. 8 − 3 ≥ 4 + 5(2 + 3 ) 17. 
 − 2(3 + 4) = 22
 
9. 13 − 12 = 5 + 60 18. ( + 3) − 2( − 5) = 2
 
10. 3(6 − 9) + 7(6 − 5)

58
 
  25. 10 +  − 23 + 5 = 1 − 
19. − <2 
 

26.  − 15   − 2 = 4 + 7
20. 2 = 32 − 5 + 8 + 2 
  
21. 9 − 2 + 3−5 + 3−2  − −8 27. − 1 = 2 ÷ 1
  
22. 53 + 1 − 6 − 1 > 8 + 12  
28. 2  − 3 = −1
 
23. 19 − 45 + 1 − 5 + 2 − 4
   
 29. + ≤1 ÷
24. −72 − 1 > 38 −  +     

  
30. 1  − 3 ÷ = 
  

TRIAL QUESTIONS 3
Simplify the following:

1.  + 3  + 2 − 7  + 2 − 5 + 3 
2. −8 + 2  + 6 − 4 +   − 9 + 2
3. 4 − 3 +   −  + 2 − 5  −  + 2

4. 2  −  = 9 + 5 + 2
  
5. + = 2 ÷3
  

6.  −  + 1 = 4 + 

  
7. 3 + 1 ÷ 2 ≤  ÷
  
 
8. 2 −  − 
 
  
9. − ÷1
  
  
10.  ÷ 1 − 2  = 

11. 9 − 3−9 + 3 − −6 + 1

  
12. ≤ −+
  
 
13. =  − 3
 
 
14. 2 +  = 7 −
 

15. 2 −  + 5 − 3 = 1 + 2 − 6
16. −7 −  + 4 = 3 +  − 5 − 3 + 
17.  + 3 − 2 = 4 − 8 +  − 5
18. 4 −  +  − 6 = 5 + 4 − 2

59
19. 5 = −1 + 6 −  + 9 −  +  − 4 + 5
20.  + 2 − 7 − 5 − 9 +  = 3 + 6

602
 CHAPTER TEN

SOME SHORT HANDS IN MATHEMATICS

S.N. Short hand Name/Meaning of short hand 32 ≵ Neither greater than nor equivalent to
1 = Equal to 33 ≱ Neither greater than nor equal to
2 ≠ Not equal to 34 ≩ Greater than but not equal to
3 ~ Approximately 35 ≹ Neither greater than nor less than
4 ≈ Almost equal to 36 ≻ Succeeds
5 ≉ Not almost equal to 37 ∪ Union
6 ≊ Almost equal to or equal to 38 ∩ Intersection
7 ≅ Approximately equal to 39 ∅  { } Empty set or null set
8 ≌ All equal to 40 ⊂ Subset of
9 ≏ Difference between 41 ⊄ Not a subset of
10 ≡ Identical to 42 ⊆ Subset of or equal to
11 ≣ Strictly equivalent to 43 ⊈ Neither a subset of nor equal to
12 ≍ Equivalent to 44 ⊃ Superset of
13 ≭ Not equivalent to 45 ⊅ Not a superset of
14 ≘ Corresponds to 46 ⊇ Superset of or equal to
15 ⋕ Equal and parallel to 47 ⊉ Neither a superset of nor equal to
16 # Number sign 48 ∁ Complement
17 < Less than 49 ′ Prime
18 ≪ Much less than 50 ∈ Element of
19 ≮ Not less than 51 ∉ Not an element of
20 ≤ Less than or equal to 52 + Addition or sum sign
21 ≲ Less than or equivalent to 53 − Minus or difference or subtraction sign
22 ≴ Neither less than or equivalent to 54 × Multiplication or product or by sign
23 ≰ Neither less than nor equal to 55 ÷ Division sign
24 ≨ Less than but not equal to 56 ∣ Divides
25 ≸ Neither less than nor greater than 57 ∤ Does not divide
26 ≺ Precedes 58 ∶ Ratio or to
27 > Greater than 59 ∷ Proportion
28 ≫ Much greater than 60 ∝ Proportional to
29 ≯ Not greater than 61 ∞ Infinity
30 ≥ Greater than or equal to 62 ! Factorial
31 ≳ Greater than or equivalent to 63 ° Degree sign

3 61
64 ¹ Superscript one or power one or 90 ∴ Therefore
exponent one 91 ∵ Because
65 ² Superscript two or square power or 92 ≬ Between
exponent two 93 ¢ Cedi sign
66 ³ Superscript three or third power or 94 $ Dollar sign
exponent three 95 ¥ Yen sign
4
67 Superscript four or fourth power or 96 £ Pound sign
exponent four 97 € Euro sign
68   Square power  or  square or  98 ₦ Naira sign
exponent two
99 α Alpha
69  Cube power  or  cube or  exponent
100 β Beta
three
101 γ Gamma
70 √ or 

Radical sign or square root of 
 102 θ Theta

71  Cube root of  or one-third power of  π
√ or  103 Pi

72 

Fourth root of  or one-fourth power 104 ℃ Degree Celsius
√ or 
of  105 ℉ Degree Fahrenheit

73 

Fifth root of  or one-fifth power of  106 Ω Ohm sign
√ or 
107  Vulgar fraction
74 ₁ Subscript one or base one

75 ₂ Subscript two or base two 108 { } Curly bracket
76 ₁  subscript one or  base one 109   Parenthesis
77 ₂  subscript two or  base two 110   Square bracket
78 ∑ Summation 111 ∗ Asterisk
79 ∟ or ⊾ Right angle or right angle with arc or 112 ⟹ Implies that
perpendicular 113 i.e. That is
80 ∠ Angle 114 e.g. For example
81 ∡ Measured angle 115 NB Note well or nota bene
82 ∢ Circular or spherical angle 116 etc And many more or et cetera or up to
83 ∥ Parallel to infinity
84 ∦ Not parallel to 117 … And many more or et cetera or up to
85 ⊿ Right angled-triangle infinity
86 ⌳ Slope or gradient 118 a/c Account
87 ≏ Difference between 119 a.m. Ante meridiem or before noon
88 ∀ For all 120 p.m. Prime meridiem or after noon
89 || Absolute sign

622
 CHAPTER ELEVEN
BE QUICK ON FORMULAS
1. Pythagorean theorem:
 +   =   , where  is the length of the longest side (hypotenuse) of a right-angled
triangle and  and  are the lengths of the two adjacent sides.
2. Perimeter of a triangle:
 =  +  + , where ,  and  are the lengths of the triangle’s sides.
3. Area of a triangle:

 = ×  × ℎ, where  is the length of the base of the triangle and ℎ is its height or


altitude of the triangle or

 = √(( − ( − ( − , where ,  and  are the lengths of the triangle’s sides
 
and  is one-half of the perimeter. That is:  = 
= 
.

4. Sum of interior angles of any triangle:

 +  +  = 180°, where ,  and  are the interior angles of a triangle.
5. Perimeter of a square:
 = 4, where  is the length of one side of the square.
6. Area of a square:
 =  × , where  or is the length of one side of the square.
7. Perimeter of a rectangle:
 = 2 + 2, where  is the length of the rectangle and  is the width of the rectangle.
8. Area of a rectangle:
 =  × , where  is the length of the rectangle and  is the width of the rectangle.
9. Area of a parallelogram:
 =  × ℎ, where  is the length of the base of the parallelogram and ℎ is the height of
the parallelogram.
10. Area of a trapezium or a trapezoid:

 =  × ℎ( ×  , where ℎ is the height of the trapezium/trapezoid and  and  are

the lengths of its bases.

3 63
11. Area of a regular polygon:

 = ×  × , where  is the apothem and  is the perimeter of the regular polygon.


12. Number of triangles in any regular polygon:

 =  − 2, where  is the number of sides of the regular polygon.
13. Sum of interior angles of a regular polygon:
 = 180° − 2, where  is the number of sides of the regular polygon.
14. Size of each interior angle of a regular polygon:
°
 = , where  is the number of sides of the regular polygon.


15. Size of each exterior angle of a regular polygon:

°(
 = 180° − , where  is the number of sides of the regular polygon.


16. Exterior angle of a regular polygon:

°
 = , where  is the number of sides of the regular polygon.


17. Area of a circle:

 =   , where  is the radius of the circle.
18. Circumference of a circle:
 = 2, where  is the radius of the circle.
OR
 = , where  is the length of the diameter of the circle.
19. Length of minor arc:

. = ° × 2, where  is the radius.

20. Surface area of a sphere:

 = 4  , where  is the radius of the sphere.
21. Volume of a sphere:

 =    , where  is the radius of the sphere.

22. Surface area of a right cylinder:

 = 2ℎ + 2  , where  is the radius of the cylinder and ℎ is the height of the
cylinder.
23. Volume of a cylinder:
 =   ℎ, where  is the radius of the cylinder and ℎ is the height of the cylinder.

64 4
24. Surface area of a right circular cone:
 = √  + ℎ +   , where  is the radius of the cone’s base and ℎ is the cone’s
height.
25. Volume of a cone:

 =   ℎ, where  is the radius of the base of the cone and ℎ is the cone’s height.


26. Volume of a prism:

 =  × ℎ, where  is the area of the prism’s base and ℎ is the height of the prism.
27. Volume of a pyramid:

 = ×  × ℎ, where  is the area of the pyramid’s base and ℎ is the height of the


pyramid.
28. Formulae for quadratic equations in the form   +  +  = 0:
− ± √ − 4
=
2
29. Gradient or slope of a line:
   
= or  = , where  ,   and  ,   are any two points on the line.
   

30. Gradient/slope and intercept equation of a line:

 =  + , where  is the gradient/slope of the line and  is the  − intercept.
31. Point – slope/gradient equation of a line:
 −  =  −  , where  is gradient/slope of the line and  ,   is any point on
the line.
32. Midpoint formula:
     
{, } =  , , where  ,   and  ,   are the coordinates for the starting
 

point and the coordinates for the ending point respectively.

33. Distance formula:
 =  −   +  −   or

 =  −   +  −   , where  ,   and  ,   are the coordinates for the
starting point and the coordinates for the ending point respectively.

5 65
34. Simple Interest(SI):
××
 = , where  is the Principal,  is the Rate in percentage % and  is the Time


in years.
35. Rate (R):
×
= , where  is the Simple Interest,  is the Principal and  is the Time in years.
×

36. Principal (P):

×
= , where  is the Simple Interest,  is the Rate in percentage % and  is the
×

Time in years.
37. Time (T):
×
= , where  is the Simple Interest,  is the Principal and  is the Rate in
×

percentage%.
38. Average Speed (A.S):
  
.  =  

39. Distance covered:

  = .  ×  , where .  is the Average Speed.
40. Time taken:
 
  = ..
, where . . is the Average Speed.

41. Density:

 =

42. Area of a Sector:

    = ×   , where  is the given angle and  is the radius.
°

43. Length of an Arc:


ℎ    = × 2, where  is the given angle and  is the radius
°

or

ℎ    = × , where  is the given angle and  is the diameter.
°

44. Area of a Quadrant:


    =  ×   , where  is the radius.

66 6
45. Area of a Semi-circle:

    −  = ×   , where  is the radius.


46. Probability of an event:

.  
(  =
  
47. Reflection in the:  −  / line  =  /  as the mirror line:

  → 

 or (,  → (, −

48. Reflection in the:  −  / line  =  /  as the mirror line:

  → 

 or (,  → (−, 

49. Anticlockwise rotation of ° / Clockwise rotation of ° about the origin (, :

  → 

 or (,  → (−, 

50. Rotation through ° (clockwise or anticlockwise) about the origin (, :

  → 

 or (,  → (−, −

51. Rotation through ° anticlockwise / ° clockwise about the origin (, :

  → 

 or (,  → (, −

52. Translation by a vector :

   +
 → + = 
   +
53. Enlargement from the origin with scale factor:
  
  →   =  
  

7 67
 CHAPTER TWELVE
FOUR – FIGURE TABLES

Sines sin of Angles

68 8
Cosines cos) of Angles

9 69
Tangent (tan) of angles

7010