Java Basics - Class Notes

1. Introduction to Java

• What is Java?
o Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language developed by Sun
Microsystems (now owned by Oracle).
o It is platform-independent, meaning Java programs can run on any device or
operating system that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
• Key Features of Java:
o Object-Oriented: Focuses on objects, classes, inheritance, and polymorphism.
o Platform Independent: "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) due to JVM.
o Multithreading: Allows multiple tasks to run concurrently.
o Automatic Memory Management: Uses garbage collection to manage memory.
o Rich API: Extensive set of libraries for networking, GUI, utilities, etc.

2. Setting Up Java

• Install JDK (Java Development Kit):

o Download from Oracle’s website or use an open-source version like OpenJDK.
o Ensure JAVA_HOME is set up and the bin directory is in your system’s PATH.
• IDE for Java:
o Popular IDEs include Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, and NetBeans for writing and
debugging Java code.

3. Basic Java Syntax

• Hello World Program:

java
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public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}

o public class HelloWorld: Defines a class named HelloWorld.

o public static void main(String[] args): The main method where the program
begins execution.
o System.out.println(): Outputs text to the console.

4. Variables and Data Types

• Primitive Data Types:

o int: Integer values (e.g., 10, -5)
o double: Decimal values (e.g., 3.14, -2.5)
 o char: Single characters (e.g., 'a', '1')
o boolean: True or false values.
o long, short, byte, float (other numeric types).
• Declaring Variables:

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int age = 25;
double price = 10.99;
boolean isJavaFun = true;

5. Control Flow Statements

• If-Else Statement:

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if (age >= 18) {
System.out.println("Adult");
} else {
System.out.println("Minor");
}

• Switch Statement:

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int day = 3;
switch(day) {
case 1: System.out.println("Monday"); break;
case 2: System.out.println("Tuesday"); break;
case 3: System.out.println("Wednesday"); break;
default: System.out.println("Invalid day");
}

• Loops:
o For Loop:

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for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}

o While Loop:

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int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
 }

6. Functions (Methods)

• Defining a Method:

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public static int addNumbers(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

• Calling a Method:

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int result = addNumbers(5, 3);
System.out.println(result); // Output: 8

7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts

• Classes and Objects:

o Class: Blueprint for creating objects. Contains fields (variables) and methods
(functions).
o Object: Instance of a class.

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class Car {
String model;
int year;

public void drive() {

System.out.println("Driving the " + model);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Car myCar = new Car();
myCar.model = "Toyota";
myCar.year = 2020;
myCar.drive();
}
}

• Inheritance:
o Allows a class to inherit fields and methods from another class.

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class Animal {
 void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Some sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Bark");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.makeSound(); // Output: Bark
}
}

• Polymorphism:
o The ability for different classes to be treated as instances of the same class
through inheritance. Methods can have the same name but behave differently.
• Encapsulation:
o Bundles the data (variables) and methods into a single unit (class) and restricts
access to the inner workings of the class through access modifiers (public,
private).
• Abstraction:
o Hides the complex implementation details and shows only the necessary features
of the object.

8. Exception Handling

• Try-Catch Block:
o Used to handle exceptions (errors during program execution).

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try {
int result = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}

9. Collections Framework

• List, Set, Map:

o ArrayList: A dynamic array that allows duplicate elements.
o HashSet: A collection that does not allow duplicates.
o HashMap: A collection of key-value pairs.

Example of ArrayList:
 java
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ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("Java");
list.add("Python");

10. Java API and Libraries

• Common Libraries:
o java.util: Collections, date/time utilities, etc.
o java.io: File I/O operations.
o java.net: Networking utilities.

11. Java 8 Features

• Lambda Expressions:
o Allows writing anonymous methods in a more concise way.

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(a, b) -> a + b;

• Streams API:
o Facilitates functional-style operations on collections of elements.

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List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4);
numbers.stream().filter(n -> n % 2 == 0).forEach(System.out::println);

Key Points to Remember:

• Java is case-sensitive, meaning Main and main are different.

• The main method is the entry point for every Java application.
• Always use System.out.println() to print messages to the console.

This is a high-level overview. If you want more detailed examples or explanations on any
specific topic, just let me know!

You said:

make it in pdf format

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ChatGPT
I can't directly generate a PDF for you, but I can guide you through how to do it yourself!

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