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Viva Questions For Aiml Lab

The document contains review questions and answers for various algorithms and concepts in artificial intelligence and machine learning, including username/password generation, graph traversal algorithms (BFS and DFS), the 8-Queens problem, the Traveling Salesman Problem, the Water Jug Problem, the S-algorithm, the A* algorithm, and the Candidate Elimination Algorithm. Each section provides a brief explanation of the concepts, their implementations, and relevant algorithms. The answers emphasize the importance of data structures, algorithm efficiency, and problem-solving techniques in AI.

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16 views5 pages

Viva Questions For Aiml Lab

The document contains review questions and answers for various algorithms and concepts in artificial intelligence and machine learning, including username/password generation, graph traversal algorithms (BFS and DFS), the 8-Queens problem, the Traveling Salesman Problem, the Water Jug Problem, the S-algorithm, the A* algorithm, and the Candidate Elimination Algorithm. Each section provides a brief explanation of the concepts, their implementations, and relevant algorithms. The answers emphasize the importance of data structures, algorithm efficiency, and problem-solving techniques in AI.

Uploaded by

mdnishadh001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Date:

CSD 3106
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING LABORATORY
REVIEW QUESTIONS

EX 1: TO GENERATE USERNAME AND PASSWORD

1. What data type would you use to store a username in Python?


answer: A `string` data type.

2. How can you get input from a user in Python for a username and password?
answer: Using the `input()` function for username and the `getpass()` function for password to
hide input.

3.What is the purpose of a password in a login system?


answer: A password is used to authenticate the user and ensure that only authorized individuals
can access the system.

4. How would you check if the entered username matches a predefined one in Python?
answer: Using an `if` statement, e.g., `if username == "predefined_username":`.

5. How can you ensure that a password meets certain criteria, like being at least 8 characters
long?
answer: Using a simple `if` statement, e.g., `if len(password) >= 8:`.

EX 2 BREADTH FIRST SEARCH

1. What is Breadth-First Search (BFS)?


answer: BFS is a graph traversal algorithm that explores all nodes level by level, starting from
a selected node.

2. How do you implement BFS in Python?


answer: By using a queue data structure and visiting nodes in the order they were discovered.

3. What data structure is commonly used in BFS to keep track of nodes to visit?
answer: A queue.

4. How can you avoid revisiting the same node in BFS?


answer: By using a `visited` list or set to keep track of the nodes that have already been visited.

5. What is the time complexity of BFS?


answer: O(V + E), where V is the number of vertices and E is the number of edges.
EXP 3 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH

1. What is Depth-First Search (DFS)?


answer: DFS is a graph traversal algorithm that explores as far as possible along each branch
before backtracking.

2. How do you implement DFS in Python?


answer: By using a stack (either explicitly or via recursion) to explore nodes deeply before
backtracking.

3. What data structure is commonly used in DFS to explore nodes?


answer: A stack, either implemented explicitly or through the recursion stack.

4. How can you avoid revisiting nodes in DFS?


answer: By using a `visited` list or set to track nodes that have already been explored.

5. What is the key difference between BFS and DFS?


answer: BFS explores level by level (breadth-wise), while DFS explores as deep as possible
before backtracking (depth-wise).

EX 4 8 QUEENS PROBLEM

1.Which algorithm is commonly used to solve the 8-Queens problem?


Answer-Backtracking algorithm.
2.What is the constraint in the 8-Queens problem?
Answer-No two queens should attack each other.
3.What is the 8-Queens problem?
Answer-The 8-Queens problem is a puzzle where 8 queens must be placed on an 8x8 chessboard
so that no two queens threaten each other.
4.What is the goal of the 8-Queens problem?
Answer-To place 8 queens on a chessboard so that no two queens threaten each other.
5.What is the main advantage of using backtracking to solve the 8-Queens problem?
Answer-Backtracking efficiently finds all possible solutions by abandoning paths that lead to
conflicts, reducing the number of potential placements.

EX 5 TRAVELLING SALESMAN PROBLEM

1.What is the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP)?


Answer-The TSP seeks the shortest possible route that visits a set of cities exactly once and
returns to the origin city.
2.Is TSP a NP-hard problem?
Answer-Yes, the TSP is classified as an NP-hard problem, meaning that no polynomial-time
solution is known for it.
3.What are some common approaches to solve TSP?
Answer-Common approaches include brute-force search, dynamic programming, greedy
algorithms, and approximation algorithms.
4.What is a Hamiltonian circuit in relation to TSP?
Answer-A Hamiltonian circuit is a path in a graph that visits each vertex exactly once and returns
to the starting vertex, which is the goal of the TSP.
5.What is the Branch and Bound method in TSP?
Answer-The Branch and Bound method systematically explores the solution space by dividing it
into smaller subproblems and calculating bounds on the minimum tour cost to eliminate
suboptimal paths, thus finding the optimal solution efficiently.

EX 6 WATER JUG PROBLEM

1.What is the water jug problem?


Answer-The water jug problem involves two jugs with different capacities and the goal is to
measure a specific amount of water using these jugs.
2.What are the basic operations allowed in the water jug problem?
Answer-The allowed operations typically include filling a jug, emptying a jug, and pouring water
from one jug to another until one jug is either full or the other is empty.
3.What is the significance of the greatest common divisor (GCD) in the water jug problem?
Answer-The desired amount of water can only be measured if it is a multiple of the GCD of the
capacities of the two jugs.
4.What is a possible algorithm to solve the water jug problem?
Answer-A common algorithm used is the Breadth-First Search (BFS) approach, where all possible
states (amounts of water in each jug) are explored systematically to find the desired amount by
keeping track of visited states to avoid cycles.
5.What is the role of state space in the water jug problem?
Answer-The state space represents all possible configurations of water levels in the jugs

Answer: Data cleaning ensures the dataset is free from errors or missing values, improving the
accuracy of the AI model.

5. How do you evaluate the effectiveness of an AI model in disease detection?


Answer: The model's effectiveness is evaluated using performance metrics such as accuracy,
precision, and recall.

EX 7 FIND S ALGORITHM

1. What is the S-algorithm in AI, and how does it relate to concept learning?
The S-algorithm is used to find the most specific hypothesis that matches positive examples in
concept learning.

2. Explain the role of the S-algorithm in the Candidate Elimination Algorithm?


The S-algorithm finds the most specific hypothesis (S-boundary) that fits all positive examples
and excludes negative ones.

3. How can the S-algorithm be implemented in Python for learning concepts from a dataset?
Start with the most specific hypothesis and generalize it based on positive examples from the
dataset.

4. What is the difference between the S-boundary and G-boundary in concept learning, and how
are they used together in the Candidate Elimination Algorithm?
The S-boundary is the most specific hypothesis, and the G-boundary is the most general. They
work together to refine the hypothesis space.

5.Can you demonstrate a simple Python implementation of the Candidate Elimination Algorithm
using the S-algorithm on a sample dataset?**
You write code that updates the S-boundary as you process examples, adjusting it when new
positive examples appear.

EX 8 A* ALGORITHM

1. What is the A* algorithm, and how is it used in AI?


The A* algorithm is a pathfinding and graph traversal algorithm used to find the shortest path
between two nodes. It combines features of Dijkstra's algorithm and Greedy Best-First Search.

2. What is the heuristic function in the A* algorithm, and why is it important?


The heuristic function estimates the cost from the current node to the goal. It helps the algorithm
prioritize paths that seem promising, improving efficiency.

3. Explain the role of the `f(n) = g(n) + h(n)` formula in the A* algorithm.
In A*, `f(n)` is the total cost of a node, where `g(n)` is the actual cost from the start to the current
node, and `h(n)` is the heuristic cost from the current node to the goal.

4. How would you implement the A* algorithm in Python to solve a grid-based pathfinding
problem?
You can use a priority queue to store nodes, and for each node, calculate `g(n)`, `h(n)`, and
`f(n)`, updating neighboring nodes as you explore.

5. What are some practical applications of the A* algorithm?


A* is used in applications like GPS navigation, game development (for character movement),
and AI robotics for finding optimal paths.
EX 9 CANDIDATE ELIMINATION ALGORITHM

1. What is the Candidate Elimination Algorithm in AI?


It’s a concept learning algorithm that finds all possible hypotheses consistent with the training
data by using specific and general boundaries.

2. Explain the role of the S-boundary and G-boundary in the Candidate Elimination Algorithm.
The S-boundary is the most specific hypothesis, and the G-boundary is the most general
hypothesis. Together, they define the hypothesis space.

3. How does the Candidate Elimination Algorithm update the hypothesis space when a new
example is encountered?
For a positive example, S is generalized. For a negative example, G is specialized.

4. What are the limitations of the Candidate Elimination Algorithm?


It doesn’t work well with noisy data and can be slow for large datasets.

5. How can the Candidate Elimination Algorithm be implemented in Python for concept
learning?
You maintain and update two sets, S and G, based on positive and negative examples during
training.

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