BIO MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF ELBOW FRACTURE

DISLOCATIONS

Project Work Report

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Guidance of
Mr.P.H.J.VENKATESH
(Assistant Professor)

KETHAVARAPU SAI 20L31A0386

KONTHALA HEMANTH VINAY 20L31A0389
MOLLI SRINIVASU 20L31A03B7
KOTLA POOJITH 20L31A0396

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology (A)
(Approved by AICTE and Permanently Affiliated to JNTUGV-Vizianagaram)
(Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’Grade &NBA)
 Beside VSEZ, Duvvada, Visakhapatnam – 530049
2024

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology (A)
Beside VSEZ, Duvvada, Visakhapatnam – 530049

Certificate
This is to certify that the Project work entitled
“Bio mechanical analysis of elbow fracture dislocations”
has been carried out by
KETHAVARAPU SAI 20L31A0386
KONTHALA HEMANTH VINAY 20L31A0389
MOLLI SRINIVASU 20L31A03B7
KOTLA POOJITH 20L31A0396

Under my Guidance in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the Award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Vizianagaram during the Academic year 2023-2024.

Project Guide Head of the Department

 External Examiner

Acknowledgement
I express my deep gratitude to my guide Mrs.P.H.J.Venkatesh, Assistant
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of
Information Technology, Visakhapatnam for rendering me guidance and
valuable advice always. He has been a perennial source of inspiration and
motivation right from the inception to the completion of this project.
I am indeed very grateful to Dr.S.Rambabu, Associate Professor and
Head of the Department, Mechanical Engineering, Vignan’s IIT,
Visakhapatnam for his ever willingness to share his valuable knowledge and
constantly inspire me through suggestions.
I sincerely thank all the Staff Members of the Department for giving me
their heart full support in all stages of the project work and completion of this
project.
In all humility and reverence, I express my profound sense of gratitude
to all elders and Professors who have willingly spared time, experience and
knowledge to guide me in my project.

KETHAVARAPU SAI 20L31A0386

KONTHALA HEMANTH VINAY 20L31A0389
MOLLI SRINIVASU 20L31A03B7
KOTLA POOJITH 20L31A0396
 Abstract

ABSTRACT

This Analysis involves applying computational programs in numerical analysis to study

biological tissues, which possess intricate forms. Ongoing technological advancements have
facilitated the development of bio-models, which utilize computerized axial tomography to
create complex three-dimensional representations mirroring the morphological and
physiological characteristics of real tissues. These bio-models are employed in numerical
analysis using the Finite Element Method, offering insights into the mechanical behavior of
the system. In this study, a bio-model of the humerus, radius, and ulna (comprising the
elbow joint and consisting of cortical bone, trabecular bone, and cartilage) was developed.
Additionally, ligaments such as those of the joint capsule, collateral ligaments of the ulna,
and collateral ligaments of the radius were incorporated into the bio-model. The bio-model
was then imported into a computer program for numerical analysis, taking into account the
mechanical properties of cortical and trabecular bone, including elasticity modulus, shear
modulus, Poisson's ratio, and density. Boundary conditions were established to limit
displacements and rotations in the proximal region of the humerus, while a compressive load
was imposed on the distal regions of the radius and ulna The obtained results are indicative
of how boundary conditions and external forces affect the analyzed structure. The data
reveal how the applied force influences stresses and strains within the entire structure as
well as within individual components. These stresses and strains can help identify areas with
structural issues and pinpoint regions causing pain, thereby assisting in diagnosis

Keywords: Finite Element Analysis, Fractures, Elbow Dislocations, Computer Tomography,

Numerical analysis, Artificial Elbow Joint
Dept of MechEngg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam (i)
Table of Contents (Index Sheet)
Chapter No. Ref. No Description Page No
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background information on elbow fracture 02
dislocations
1.2 Importance of Bio mechanical Analysis in 03
1 understanding these injuries
1.3 Field of invention 05
1.4 Objectives of the study 05
1.5 Requirements 06

1.5.1 Software requirements

1.5.2 Hardware Requirements

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of papers 10
2
2.2 Previous studies on Bio mechanical analysis of 14
similar injuries
2.3 Knowledge Gap in earlier Investigations 15
2.4 Objectives of the present Work

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Methodology 16
3.1.1 Research and Analysis 16

3 3.1.2 Conceptualization 17
3.2 Designing 17
3.2.1 Model Development 19
3.3 Simulation setup 20
3.3.1 Meshing 21
3.3.2 Material Selection
3.4 Analysis

3.4.1 One side is Fixed

3.4.2 Ulna and Radius are Fixed
3.4.3 Middle Load
 3.4.4 Exact Dislocation

RESULT & DISCUSSIONS

4 4.1.1 Input parameters for elbow analysis 22

4.1.2 Analysis performed Region 23
4.1.3 Parameters taken into consideration 24
4.2 Results and Graphs
4.2.1 Graphs
4.3 Discussions

CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

5 5.1 Conclusions 26
5.2 Future scope of work 26
6 REFERENCES 30
7 PUBLICATION 32
8 PROJECT BIOGRAPHY 33

ABBREVATIONS
FEA Finite element Analysis
CAD Computer Aided Design
CATIA Computer Aided Three Dimensional
Interface
CAE Computer Aided Engineering
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing
R&D Research and Development
 FIGURES
CHAPTER No. LIST OF FIGURES Page No

Chapter No.1
Fig.3.21 Directional deformation
Fig.1.1
Fig.3.22 Structure ofelastic
Equivalent elbowstrain
fracture 06
Fig.1.2
Fig.3.23 Ansys
Both Interface
sides are fixed and the load is applied on the ulna 07
Fig.1.3
Fig.3.24 Graphic Card
Numerical results for condition 4 08
Fig.1.4 Mouse and Keyboard 08
Fig3.25 Total deformation
Chapter No.3
Fig.3.26 Directional deformation
Fig.3.1 43 years old patients tomography 40
Fig.3.27 Equivalent elastic strain
51 years old patients tomography
Fig.3.2 41
Chapter No.4
Fig.3.3 CATIA V5 interface 42
Fig.3.4
Fig.4.1 Triangular
Plot for theMesh
Condition 1 44
Fig.3.5
Fig.4.2 Cortical
Plot Bone material
for condition 2 Data
Fig.3.6
Fig.4.3 Sub-for
Plot chondral bone
condition 3 material Data
Fig.3.7
Fig.4.4 Cancellous
Plot bone material
for condition 4 data
Fig.3.8 Cartilage bone material data
Fig.3.9 Humerus is fixed
Fig.3.10 Numerical reports for the condition 1
Fig3.11 Total deformation Results
Fig.3.12 Equivalent elastic stress
Fig.3.13 Elastic strain
Fig.3.14 Ulna and radius are fixed for condition 2
Fig.3.15 Numerical reports for condition 2
Fig.3.16 Total deformation
Fig.3.17 Equivalent elastic strain
Fig.3.18 Both sides are fixed and pressure applied at joints
Fig.3.19 Numerical reports for condition -3
Fig.3.20 Total deformation
 Chapter-1
Introduction
 Introduction

_____________________________________________________________________________

Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTION
__________________________________________________________________________
Elbow injuries exhibit a wide range of severity levels and can stem from various activities in
daily life or accidents, leading to bone structure deterioration or dislocation. Symptoms
typically manifest as joint or upper arm pain, commonly observed in scenarios like bike
accidents or falls from heights, often resulting in elbow fractures and dislocations. However,
diagnosing and treating elbow fracture dislocations effectively can pose challenges.
Employing numerical simulations, particularly the Finite Element Method, to evaluate such
injuries can serve as a valuable therapeutic approach. This method enables the generation of
numerical analyses and intricate bio-models derived from computerized axial tomography
scans. Through discretization, the Finite Element Method divides the continuum (such as a
biological tissue or structure) into finite elements, each characterized by nodes representing
matrix solutions. Results encompass data on displacements, strains, stresses, and the load's
vectorial distribution. Utilizing computer programs is now a vital avenue for research
development, facilitating numerical evaluations via digital structural models. These programs
leverage various CAD design methodologies to represent geometries, structures, and
biological tissues in threedimensional space accurately. The human body, viewed as a
structure supported by bones interconnected through ligaments, can be faithfully replicated
using advanced computer programs, ensuring patient safety. In our research project, we
constructed a comprehensive biomodel of the elbow joint, incorporating cortical bone,
trabecular bone, ligaments, and cartilage. Numerical analysis was conducted using a
computer program employing the Finite Element Method to provide insights into injury
severity and propose recovery treatments. This methodology offers an alternative to
traditional prosthetic fabrication, allowing personalized reproduction of human body systems
without risking patient safety. Additionally, applying this approach before reconstructive
surgical procedures can enhance surgical processes and rehabilitation outcomes. For instance,
orthopedic treatments such as bone dislocation surgeries or elbow fracture management can
benefit from numerical evaluations to determine optimal force and pressure thresholds to
prevent further injury.

Dept. of Mech Engg , VIIT ,Visakhapatnam

 Introduction

1.1 Background information on elbow fracture dislocations:

Severe injuries known as elbow fracture dislocations include fractures of the radius,
ulna, and humerus in addition to the elbow joint's dislocation. These injuries are frequently
the consequence of high-energy trauma, like motor vehicle accidents or falls from a height,
and they are linked to substantial morbidity and functional impairment.

Fig -1.1: Structure of elbow fracture

Because of the intricate anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow joint, elbow fracture
dislocations are difficult to treat. The elbow joint is a complicated hinge joint that enables
pronation and supination in addition to forearm flexion and extension. It is vulnerable to
injuries that cause disruptions to the network of ligaments, tendons, and muscles that
stabilize it.

Surgical intervention is frequently necessary for the treatment of elbow fracture dislocations
in order to realign the bones, repair damaged ligaments, and stabilize the joint. The degree of
the injury and the caliber of the surgical repair, however, can affect how these procedures
turn out.

Dept. of Mech Engg , VIIT ,Visakhapatnam

 Introduction

1.2 Importance of biomechanical analysis in understanding these injuries:

Understanding elbow fracture dislocations requires an understanding of the mechanical

forces that cause these injuries as well as the impact of various treatment modalities on the
stability and functionality of the elbow joint. This can be achieved through the use of
biomechanical analysis.

Biomechanical researchers can replicate the circumstances that result in elbow fracture
dislocations and examine the various factors that influence the injury, including the strength
of the ligaments, the direction and magnitude of the applied force, the arm's position at the
time of impact, and others. They can do this by using computer simulations and experimental
models.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of various surgical procedures and implant designs for the
treatment of elbow fracture dislocations can also be aided by biomechanical analysis.
Through the simulation of pressures applied to the elbow joint during different activities,
researchers are able to evaluate the joint's stability and the likelihood of implant failure. This
information is crucial for surgeons as it helps them tailor their treatment plans.

1.3 Field of Invention

The project's main objective is to improve our knowledge of the mechanical forces that cause
elbow fracture dislocations and the ways in which various forms of therapy, like surgery and
rehabilitation regimens, might affect the stability and functionality of the elbow joint. With
this information, more potent surgical and therapy plans for these difficult injuries may be
created, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes and enhanced quality of life.

These bio-model is employed in numerical analysis using the Finite Element Method,
offering insights into the mechanical behavior of the system. In this study, a bio-model of the
humerus, radius, and ulna (comprising the elbow joint and consisting of cortical bone,
trabecular bone, and cartilage) was developed.

Dept. of Mech Engg , VIIT ,Visakhapatnam

 Introduction

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study "Biomechanical analysis of elbow fracture dislocations " are as
follows:

 Develop a detailed virtual model: Create a comprehensive 3D model of the elbow

joint, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles, using Ansys software.

 Simulate elbow fracture dislocations: Use the virtual model to simulate different
types of elbow fracture dislocations, replicating the forces and conditions that lead to
these injuries.

 Analyze biomechanical factors: Investigate the biomechanical factors that

contribute to elbow fracture dislocations, such as the direction and magnitude of
applied forces, bone strength, ligament integrity, and joint stability.

 Evaluate treatment strategies: Assess the effectiveness of various treatment

strategies for elbow fracture dislocations, including surgical interventions, implant
designs, and rehabilitation protocols, using the virtual model.

 Optimize treatment outcomes: Identify optimal treatment approaches that maximize

joint stability, restore function, and minimize the risk of complications for patients
with elbow fracture dislocations.

 Enhance clinical decision-making: Provide valuable insights and data to orthopedic

surgeons and clinicians to support their decision-making process when treating
patients with elbow fracture dislocations.

 Contribute to scientific knowledge: Advance the field of biomechanics and

orthopedics by adding new knowledge about the biomechanics of elbow fracture
dislocations and their treatment.

Dept. of Mech Engg , VIIT ,Visakhapatnam

 Introduction

1.5 Requirements

Certainly! When performing the Bio mechanical analysis of elbow fracture dislocations
you'll need both software and hardware components to ensure its functionality and
effectiveness. Here are two key requirements for each:
1.5.1 Software requirements

 Ansys Software: The project requires Ansys software, such as Ansys Mechanical or
Ansys Structural, for creating the 3D models, setting up the simulations, and
analyzing the results.
 CAD Software: Computer-aided design (CAD) software may be necessary to create
detailed 3D models of the elbow joint for import into Ansys.
 Operating System: Ansys software is compatible with Windows and Linux operating
systems. Ensure that your computer meets the system requirements for the specific
version of Ansys you plan to use.

Fig -1.2: Ansys Interface

Dept. of Mech Engg , VIIT ,Visakhapatnam

 Introduction

1.5.2 Hardware Requirements

 Computer: A high-performance computer capable of running complex simulations. It
should have sufficient processing power, memory, and storage space to handle the
Ansys software and the large 3D models.
 Graphics Card: A dedicated graphics card with support for OpenGL or DirectX is
recommended for rendering 3D graphics efficiently.

Fig -1.3: Graphic Card

 Input Devices: A keyboard and mouse or other input devices for interacting with the
software and creating/manipulating the 3D models.

Fig -1.4: Mouse and Keyboard

Dept. of Mech Engg , VIIT ,Visakhapatnam

 Introduction

 Monitor: A high-resolution monitor to display the 3D models and simulation results

clearly.

Dept. of Mech Engg , VIIT ,Visakhapatnam

 Literature Review

Chapter-2
Literature
Review

Dept.of Mech.Engg.,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Literature Review

___________________________________________________________________________
____
Chapter-2 LITERATURE
REVIEW
___________________________________________________________
____

2.1 Review of papers

[1]Title: "A review on application of finite element modeling in bone biomechanics"
Publication year: 2016
Authors : Kumar, S.; Kumar, J

Findings : It explores the use of finite element modeling (FEM) in analyzing bone
mechanics. FEM is a computational technique that simulates the behavior of
complex systems under stress and strain.
The authors focus on four areas where FEM is particularly valuable in bone
biomechanics:
1. Stress and Strain Analysis: FEM can predict how forces distribute within bones,
helping identify high-stress areas prone to fracture.
2. Determining Mechanical Properties: The model can be used to assess a bone's
stiffness and elasticity based on its response to simulated loads.
3. Fracture Fixation Design: FEM allows researchers to virtually test and optimize
implants like plates and screws used to fix bone fractures.
4. Fracture Load Prediction: The model can help predict the amount of force a
bone can withstand before fracturing, aiding in fracture risk assessment.

[2]Title: " Mechanical stress and strain properties, regarding the elbow joint "
Publication year: 2014

Dept.of Mech.Engg.,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Literature Review

Authors: Cristea
Findings : It likely focuses on the analysis of mechanical forces acting on the
elbow joint. It investigates the properties of the materials that make up the joint,
such as bones, ligaments, and tendons, in terms of stress and strain.
Here's a breakdown of the key terms:
 Mechanical stress: The internal force exerted on a material per unit area.
 Strain: The deformation of a material under stress.

By analyzing these properties, the study might aim to understand how the elbow
joint handles forces and deformations during various activities. This knowledge
can be valuable in various aspects, such as:
 Design of implants or prosthetics for elbow replacements.
 Understanding the mechanics behind elbow injuries.
 Development of rehabilitation protocols for elbow conditions.

[3]Title: "Biomechanical analysis of the mechanism of elbow fracture-dislocations by

compression force. "
Publication year: 2019
Authors: Wake Hirofumi., Hiroyuki Hashizume., Nishida, K
Findings : Here's a summary of the key points:
 Methods: The study employs two methods:
o Cadaveric experiments: Axial force is applied to human cadaveric
elbows in different flexion positions (15°, 30°, 60°, and 90°) to induce
fracture-dislocations.
o 2D finite element method (FEM) simulations: These simulations model
the stress distribution within the elbow joint under compression at varying
flexion angles.
 Findings:
o The type of fracture-dislocation is highly dependent on the elbow flexion
angle at the time of impact with the compressive force.

Dept.of Mech.Engg.,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Literature Review

 Posterior fracture-dislocations: Occurred between 15° of

extension and 30° of flexion.
 Anterior or posterior fracture-dislocations: Observed at 60° of
flexion.
 Only anterior fracture-dislocations: Found at 90° of flexion.
o The study suggests that the compressive force primarily damages the
anterior or posterior support structures of the elbow joint depending on the
flexion angle.
o The 2D-FEM simulations revealed that the areas of concentrated stress
shifted from the coronoid process (anterior) to the olecranon process
(posterior) as the elbow flexion angle increased.

[4]Title: "Study of the mechanical properties of the bone system”

Authors: Mendoza, A
Findings : The paper likely focuses on understanding how bones behave under stress and
strain. Here's a summarized breakdown of what the study might cover:
 Bone composition: It will delve into the components of bone, including collagen
fibers and minerals, explaining how this composition influences its mechanical
properties.
 Properties explored: The study will likely explore properties like tensile strength
(resistance to pulling forces), compressive strength (resistance to pushing forces),
and Young's modulus (stiffness).
 Structural influence: It might discuss how a bone's shape and internal structure
(cortical and cancellous bone) affect its mechanical behavior.
 Factors affecting properties: Age, disease (osteoporosis), and even gender might be
explored as factors that can influence how strong and stiff bones are.
 Fracture mechanics: The paper could analyze how different types of forces
(bending, tension, compression) can lead to fractures and how the bone's properties
play a role.

[5].Title:" The dimensions of knee and ankle muscles and the forces they exert "

Dept.of Mech.Engg.,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Literature Review

Publication year: 1975

Authors: R. McN. Alexander and A. Vernon
Findings: It likely focuses on understanding the relationship between the size and
architecture of knee and ankle muscles (dimensions) and the forces they can generate.
 Measurements: The authors likely measured the dimensions of various knee and
ankle muscles, possibly including their cross-sectional area and physiological
properties.
 Force estimation: Based on the muscle dimensions and possibly other factors, the
researchers might have estimated the forces these muscles can exert.
 Comparison: They might have compared the force-generating capabilities of knee
and ankle muscles to understand their roles in different human movements

 Willing, R.T.; Lalone, E.A.; Shannon, H.; Johnson, J.A.; King, G.J.W. Validation of a
finite element model of the human elbow for determining cartilage contact
mechanics. J. Biomech. 2013, 46, 1767–1771.

 Garzón-Alvarado, D.A.; Duque-Daza, C.A.; Ramírez-Martínez, A.M. On the

emergence of biomechanics and computational mechanobiology: Computational
experiments and recent findings. Rev. Cuba. Investig. Bioméd. 2009, 28, 83–101.

 Urbanowieza, E.M.; Ramíreza, E.I.; Ruiz, O.; Ortiza, A. Analysis by finite element
parcel of a Thompson®hip prosthesis under four different load conditions. In
Proceedings of the XXI Annual International Congress of the SOMIM, Pachuca,
México, 22–24 September 2021; pp. 24–31.

 López-Liévano, A.; López-Liévano, D.R.; Caicedo-Ortiz, H.E.; González-Rebattú,

A. Biomodeling of the components of the human middle ear using magnetic
resonance imaging. Scientist 2017, 21, 3–8.

 Kumar, S.; Kumar, J. A review on application of finite element modelling in bone

biomechanics. Perspect. Sci. 2016, 8, 696–698.

 Goel, V.K.; Singh, D.; Bijlani, V. Contact areas in human elbow joints. J. Biomech.
Eng. 1982, 104, 169–175.

 Lohfeld, S.; Barron, V.; McHugh, P.E. Biomodels of Bone: A Review. Ann. Biomed.
Eng. 2005, 33, 1295–1311.

Dept.of Mech.Engg.,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Literature Review

 Ruiz-Santiago, F.; Castellano-García, M.; Guzmán-Álvarez, L.; Tello-Moreno, M.

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in painful diseases of the
spine; Respective contributions and controversies. Radiology 2011, 53, 116–133.

 Cristea, A.F. Mechanical stress and strain properties, regarding the elbow joint. Acta
Tech. Napoc.-Ser. Appl. Math. Mech. Eng. 2014, 57, 179–188.

 Jardini, A.L.; Larosa, M.A.; Filho, R.M.; Zavaglia, C.A.D.C.; Bernardes, L.F.;
Lambert, C.S.; Kharmandayan, P. Cranial reconstruction: 3D biomodel and custom-
built implant created using additive manufacturing. J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg. 2014,
42, 1877–1884.

 Oliveira, M.; Sooraj Hussain, N.; Dias, A.G.; Lopes, M.A.; Azevedo, L.; Zenha, H.;
Santos, J.D. 3-D biomodelling technology for maxillofacial reconstruction. Mater.
Sci. Eng. C 2008, 28, 1347–1351.

2.2 Previous studies on biomechanical analysis of similar injuries:

Important insights into the mechanical behavior of the elbow joint under traumatic situations
can be gained from earlier research on the biomechanical examination of elbow fracture
dislocations or other comparable injuries. These investigations often use computational
modeling, experimental testing, or a mix of the two to examine the forces, stresses, and
strains that result from elbow fracture dislocations.

Important conclusions from earlier research could be:

 Determining the most frequent ways that elbow fracture dislocations are caused.
 Examination of the structural harm that these injuries cause to the bones, ligaments,
and other soft tissues.
 An analysis of various treatment approaches and how they affect the stability and
functionality of joints.
 contrasting the biomechanical characteristics of several implants utilized in the
surgical treatment of dislocated elbow fractures.

Dept.of Mech.Engg.,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Literature Review

2.3 The Knowledge gap in earlier investigations

The extensive literature survey presented above reveals the following knowledge gap
in the research reported so far:
 Limited Knowledge of Injury Mechanisms: such as the relative importance of
various forces and joint positions that cause these injuries.
 Absence of Complete Models: The complexity and accuracy of the current
biomechanical models of the elbow joint may be restricted.
 Inadequate Assessment of Treatment Strategies
 Limited Clinical Translation: Research that can more directly influence clinical
practice and enhance patient outcomes is needed. Some studies may have been
carried out in lab environments or using computational models without any direct
clinical relevance.

2.4 Objectives of the present work

The knowledge gap in the existing literature summarized above has helped to set the
objectives of this project which are outlined as follows:
 Develop a detailed virtual model: Create a comprehensive 3D model of the elbow
joint, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles, using Ansys software.

 Simulate elbow fracture dislocations: Use the virtual model to simulate different
types of elbow fracture dislocations, replicating the forces and conditions that lead to
these injuries.

 Analyze biomechanical factors: Investigate the biomechanical factors that

contribute to elbow fracture dislocations, such as the direction and magnitude of
applied forces, bone strength, ligament integrity, and joint stability.

 Evaluate treatment strategies: Assess the effectiveness of various treatment

strategies for elbow fracture dislocations, including surgical interventions, implant
designs, and rehabilitation protocols, using the virtual model.

Dept.of Mech.Engg.,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Literature Review

 Optimize treatment outcomes: Identify optimal treatment approaches that

maximize joint stability, restore function, and minimize the risk of complications for
patients with elbow fracture dislocations.

 Enhance clinical decision-making: Provide valuable insights and data to orthopedic

surgeons and clinicians to support their decision-making process when treating
patients with elbow fracture dislocations.

 Contribute to scientific knowledge: Advance the field of biomechanics and

orthopedics by adding new knowledge about the biomechanics of elbow fracture
dislocations and their treatment.

Dept.of Mech.Engg.,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Chapter-3
Methodology
 Methodology


________________________________________________________________________

Chapter–3 METHODOLOGY
_________________________________________________________________________

3.1 Methodology
3.1.1 Research and Analysis
The initial phase of the design process involved conducting comprehensive research and
analysis of previous studies on elbow fractures. During this phase, we gathered invaluable
insights into the nature and characteristics of such injuries. Subsequently, we procured
computed tomography scans of five injured elbows to augment our understanding and provide a
tangible basis for our experimental endeavors. In the experimental fracture dislocation study,
our examination revealed distinctive features in three out of the five elbows under investigation.

Fig.3.1 43 year old patients Tomography Fig.3.2 51 year old patients Tomography

Specifically, in these cases, we observed specific anatomical alterations indicative of the

severity of the injuries. Notably, the humerus displayed a transverse cut located 90mm
proximally to the distal joint surface. Additionally, both the radius and ulna exhibited even
transections, occurring at two distinct points along their lengths. For the "short ulna model," the
transection point was positioned 60mm distally to the coronoid tip, while for the "long ulna
model," this point was extended to 90mm distally. These precise measurements and
observations serve as critical data points informing our subsequent design and analysis phases,
facilitating a more nuanced understanding of elbow fracture dynamics and potential treatment
approaches injury.

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology

3.1.2 Conceptualization

Based on the research findings, several important facts about bone properties have emerged.
Bones possess a high compressive strength, typically around 170 MPa, making them resilient
against compressional stresses. However, their tensile strength is comparatively lower, ranging
from 104 to 121 MPa, rendering them less resistant to pulling or tensional forces. Additionally,
bones exhibit a notably low shear stress strength, typically around 51.6 MPa, indicating their
susceptibility to shear stress, such as that induced by torsional loads.
Despite their essentially brittle nature, bones do possess a significant degree of elasticity,
primarily attributed to the presence of collagen. This elasticity contributes to the bone's ability
to withstand deformation under loading conditions. In normal bone physiology, fractures occur
primarily in response to significant force application or repetitive trauma over an extended
period. However, fractures can also arise in weakened bones, such as those affected by
conditions like osteoporosis. Structural abnormalities, such as excessive bone remodeling (as
seen in Paget's disease) or cancer growth within the bone, can also predispose to fractures. In
the context of elbow joint implants, literature reports suggest that permanent implants can
induce peak stress values ranging between 100 and 200 MPa on the bones of the elbow joint,
under a joint load of 1.0 KN.
Moreover, it is noted that a joint load ranging from 1.2 to 3.0 KN can potentially lead to failure
of the humerus bone, with failure initiation typically occurring from the location of the peak
maximum principal stress. In response to these findings, various design concepts have been
developed and evaluated for their feasibility and functionality. These design concepts aim to
address the biomechanical challenges associated with elbow joint implants and optimize their
performance while minimizing the risk of bone failure or implant-related complications.
Through rigorous evaluation and refinement, these design concepts hold the potential to
enhance the efficacy and longevity of elbow joint implants, thereby improving patient outcomes
and quality of life.

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


3.2 Designing
This may involve using CAD software to create the model and importing it into Ansys for
analysis.
Model development is the role that CATIA plays in the biomechanical analysis of elbow
fracture dislocation.
1. Anatomical Modeling: CATIA makes it easier to create extremely accurate and detailed
three-dimensional (3D) models of the ulna, humerus, radius, and related soft tissues, as well as
the elbow joint. The basis for biomechanical study is provided by these anatomical models,
which enable researchers to precisely replicate fracture patterns and dislocations.

2. Implant develop and Evaluation: CATIA makes it easier to develop and assess orthopedic
implants for the management of dislocated elbow fractures. By using a model of the elbow
joint, researchers can generate virtual prototypes of implants, evaluate their biomechanical
performance, and adjust design parameters to increase stability and compatibility.

3. Data Visualization and Presentation: Researchers may effectively view and show the
results of their biomechanical investigation with the help of CATIA's visualization tools.

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


Fig.3.3 CATIA V5 Interface
3.2.1 Model Development

The methodology to develop a bio model derives from a series of steps that involve
computerized tomography in the DICOM format. For this study case, a computerized
tomography scan of half of the patient’s torso was performed, where the working area to be
characterized was enclosed and included the elbow bones (humerus–radius– ulna), cartilage,
and ligaments Initially, the files obtained were imported into a computer program that can read
the format.

Fig.3.4 Computer tomography model

The model is created using a program called Cad Exchanger to transform the tomography from
the computer into the Catia model.

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


Fig.3.5 Model in CAD exchanger gets coverted into the
CATIA Model
3.3 Simulation Setup

This step includes as how the simulations were set up, including the application of boundary
conditions (e.g., forces, constraints) and the selection of material properties for the various parts
in the elbow joint.

 The Role of ANSYS in Biomechanical Analysis is Simulation Setup for Elbow Fracture
Dislocation Analysis.
1. Geometry Import:
Import the 3D geometric model of the elbow joint, including the humerus,
radius, ulna, and associated soft tissues, into ANSYS software. Ensure that the geometry is
properly scaled and oriented for accurate simulation.
2. Mesh Generation:
Generate a finite element mesh for the anatomical model using ANSYS Meshing
or other meshing tools. Choose appropriate mesh density and element types to ensure numerical
accuracy and convergence of the analysis results. Pay close attention to mesh quality near areas
of interest, such as fracture surfaces and contact interfaces.
3. Material Assignment:
Assign material properties to the bone and soft tissue components of the
anatomical model based on experimental data or literature values. Define material properties
such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and density for each anatomical structure. Consider
the nonlinear and anisotropic nature of bone and soft tissues in the simulation.
4. Boundary Conditions:
Define boundary conditions for the simulation, including constraints on joint
movement, applied loads, and contact interactions between bone surfaces. Specify realistic
loading conditions that mimic physiological or traumatic forces experienced during elbow
movement or injury. Apply boundary conditions to stabilize the model and ensure compatibility
with physiological constraints.

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology

5. Fracture Simulation:
Introduce virtual fractures or discontinuities into the anatomical model to simulate
elbow fracture patterns. Define fracture parameters such as location, orientation, and severity
based on clinical data or injury mechanisms. Use appropriate fracture modeling techniques,
such as cohesive zone modeling or element deletion, to simulate fracture propagation and
separation.
6. Dislocation Analysis:
Simulate elbow dislocations by applying prescribed displacements or rotations
to bone components within the anatomical model. Define contact interactions between bone
surfaces to simulate joint articulation and kinematics accurately. Evaluate the effects of
dislocation on joint stability, alignment, and contact pressures using contact analysis or sliding
interfaces.
7. Load Application:
Apply external loads or boundary conditions to simulate physiological or
traumatic loading scenarios relevant to elbow fracture dislocation. Consider factors such as
muscle forces, joint reaction forces, and impact forces when defining load conditions for the
simulation. Ensure that the applied loads are realistic and representative of clinical conditions.
8.Analysis Execution:
Run the simulation within ANSYS software to solve the structural mechanics
equations and calculate the mechanical response of the elbow joint under the specified loading
and boundary conditions. Monitor the solution process for convergence and stability, and
troubleshoot any errors or issues that arise during the analysis execution.
9. Post-Processing:
Analyze and interpret the results of the simulation using ANSYS post-processing
tools. Visualize stress contours, displacement vectors, and deformation plots to identify regions
of interest within the elbow joint. Extract biomechanical parameters such as stress distributions,
strain patterns, and joint kinematics from the simulation results for further analysis and
interpretation.

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology

3.3.1 Meshing
Meshing in finite element analysis (FEA) is the process of dividing a complex geometry into
smaller, simpler elements (such as triangles or quadrilaterals in 2D analysis, and tetrahedra or
hexahedra in 3D analysis) that can be used to approximate the behavior of the structure under
study. This process is essential because it allows engineers and analysts to represent the
geometry and physical properties of the structure in a way that is suitable for numerical

analysis.

Fig.3.6 Triangular Mesh

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


3.3.2 Material Selection

The final design was selected By FEM analysis by using the ANSYS software, The model was
divided into four areas according to the different properties of four materials: cortical bone ,
cancellous bone, subchondral bone, and cartilage. Thickness of the articular cartilage was 3
mm.

These material properties were assumed to be linearly Elastic plastic and isotropic, and
numerical values of these were taken from the literature: Young’s modulus of the cortical bones,
subchondral bones, cancellous bones, and cartilage was 15 000, 1000, 100, and 5 MPa,
respectively; Poisson’s ratio was 0.3, 0.2, 0.2, and 0.49, respectively.1,7 The total number of
elements was 612 quadrilaterals for 2D-FEMs of the humerus, and 575 for the long ulna model
and 309 for the short ulna model. Gap elements were used around the joint area. The number of
nodes was 665 for the humerus model, 642 for the long ulna model, and 350 for the short ulna
model .

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


Fig.3.7 Cortical Bone material data

Fig.3.8 Sub-Chondral Bone material data

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology

Fig.3.9 Cancellous Bone material data

Fig.3.10 Cartilage Bone material data

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


3.4 Analysis

Static structural analysis is the type of analysis carried out here.

The numerical evaluation under Four Boundary conditions:-
 One side is Fixed (Humerus)
 Two sides are Fixed (Ulna and Radius)
 Middle Load
 Exact Dislocation
3.4.1 One side is Fixed(Humerus)

Boundary Condition : The two short bones, Ulna and Radius, are subjected to a strain of 800 N
while the single bone, Humerus, remains fixed.

Fig.3.11 Humerus is Fixed

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


In this scenario, where the two short bones (Ulna and Radius) are subjected to a strain of 800
N while the single bone (Humerus) remains fixed at the elbow, the deformation would
primarily occur in the Ulna and Radius bones due to the applied load. The fixed Humerus
would act as a constraint, preventing any movement or deformation in that bone.

The Ulna and Radius would likely experience bending and deformation as a result of the
applied strain. The exact nature of the deformation would depend on factors such as the
material properties of the bones, the geometry of the bones, and the precise manner in which
the load is applied.

In general, the bones would deform in such a way as to minimize the strain energy, which
typically results in bending and possibly some torsional deformation. The deformation would
be distributed along the length of the bones, with the highest deformation occurring at the
point of maximum stress concentration.

The Results obtained can be showed in the below figures:

Fig.3.12 Numerical reports for the Condition -1

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


The Stress distribution and the directional deformation is observed as follows :

Fig.3.9 Total Deformation Results

Fig.3.13 Equivalent elastic stress

Fig.3.14 Elastic Strain

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


3.4.2 Ulna and Radius are Fixed

Boundary Condition: After the ulna and radius are secured, the weight is applied to the long
bone (Humerus).

Fig.3.15 Ula and Radius are fixed for Condition 2

When the ulna and radius are secured and the weight is applied to the long bone (humerus), the
deformation primarily occurs in the form of bending in the humerus, and the stress distribution
is influenced by the applied load and the fixed support provided by the ulna and radius.

Initially, when the weight is applied to the humerus, the bone will start to deform. Since the ulna
and radius are secured, they act as fixed supports, and the deformation of the humerus will be
primarily in the form of bending. The humerus will bend downwards under the applied weight,
with the maximum deformation typically occurring at the point where the weight is applied.

The secured ulna and radius help to stabilize the forearm, allowing the humerus to bear the
weight without significant displacement. The deformation and stress distribution in the bones
will depend on the specific geometry and material properties of the bones, as well as the
magnitude and distribution of the applied load.

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


The Results obtained can be showed in below figures:

Fig.3.16 Numerical reports for Condition 2

The Stress distribution and the directional deformation is observed as follows :

Fig.3.17 Total deformation

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology

Fig.3.18 Directional deformation

Fig.3.19 Equivalent elastic strain

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


3.4.3 Middle Load

Boundary Condition : After both sides (Humerus and Ulna & Radius) are fixed, the stress is
applied between Ulna & Radius and Humerus.

Fig.3.20 Both sides are fixed and pressure applied at joint

In this boundary condition scenario, both sides of the model (the humerus and the ulna &
radius) are fixed, meaning they are constrained from any movement or deformation. The stress
is then applied between the ulna & radius and the humerus. This setup simulates a scenario
where external force is applied to the forearm bones (ulna & radius) while the upper arm bone
(humerus) is fixed in place.

 Since the humerus is fixed, it acts as a rigid structure, and any force applied to the ulna &
radius will result in deformation of these bones.
 The ulna & radius will experience bending and compression forces as they attempt to deform
under the applied stress.
 The deformation will depend on the magnitude and direction of the applied stress, as well as
the material properties of the bones.
 The stress distribution in the ulna & radius will vary along their length, with the highest
stresses occurring at the points where the force is applied and decreasing towards the fixed
ends.

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology

The Results obtained can be showed in below figures:

Fig.3.21 Numerical reports for Condition 3

The Stress distribution and the directional deformation is observed as follows :

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


Fig.3.22 Total Deformation

Fig.3.23 Directional Deformation

Fig.3.24 Equivalent elastic strain

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


3.4.4 Exact Dislocation

Boundary condition : The load is provided on the Ulna, and the humerus and radius are fixed.

Fig.3.25 Both sides are fixed and the load is applied on the ulna
When the load is applied to the ulna, it will experience deformation due to the applied force.
Since the humerus and radius are fixed, they act as constraints, preventing any movement or
rotation at their connection points. As a result, the ulna will deform primarily in response to the
applied load, with the deformation being most significant at the location where the load is
applied.

The stress distribution in the ulna will be non-uniform, with higher stress concentrations near
the point of load application. The fixed humerus and radius create a boundary condition that
affects how the stress is distributed throughout the ulna. The stress will be highest at the point
where the load is applied and will decrease as you move away from this point, following a
pattern determined by the bone's geometry and material properties.

Since the humerus and radius are fixed and not allowed to move, they will not experience any
deformation under this boundary condition. However, they will still exert reaction forces on the
ulna to maintain equilibrium in the system. These reaction forces can influence the stress
distribution within the ulna and may result in additional stress concentrations at the points
where the ulna connects to the humerus and radius.

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology


The Results obtained can be showed in below figures:

Fig.3.26 Numerical results for Condition 4

The Stress distribution and the directional deformation is observed as follows :

Fig.3.27 Total Deformation

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Methodology

Fig.3.28 Directional deformation

Fig.3.29 Equivalent elastic strain

Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam

 Result & Discussions

Chapter-4
Result &
Discussion

Dept. of Mech.Engg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Result & Discussions

__________________________________________________________________
Chapter-4 RESULT & DISCUSSIONS

Elbow Design

4.1.1 Input parameters for elbow analysis:

For the various materials, the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio were as follows:

Cortical bone: Young’s modulus = 15,000 MPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3

Subchondral bone: Young’s modulus = 1,000 MPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.2
Cancellous bone: Young’s modulus = 100 MPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.2
Cartilage: Young’s modulus = 5 MPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.49

4.1.2 Analysis performed Region :

The total number of elements and nodes varied for different models:

For 2D-FEMs of the humerus: 612 quadrilaterals, 665 nodes

For the long ulna model: 575 quadrilaterals, 642 nodes
For the short ulna model: 309 quadrilaterals, 350 nodes

4.1.3 Parameters taken into the consideration :

 Total Deformation
 Directional Deformation
 Equivalent elastic Stress
 Equivalent Strain
 Shear Stress

Dept. of Mech.Engg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Result & Discussions

4.2 Results and Graphs

Numerical Values for the considered Boundary conditions:

1)Numerical values for the condition : The two short bones, Ulna and Radius, are
subjected to a strain of 800 N while the single bone, Humerus, remains fixed.

It also shows the directional displacement in the X-axis, the nominal stress in the X-
axis, and the maximum, middle, and minimum principal stresses and shear stress.
Here are some of the findings in the table:
 Maximum total displacement: 3.6 mm
 Minimum total displacement: not specified in the table
 Maximum cortical bone displacement: 3.65 mm
 Minimum cortical bone displacement: 1.02 mm
 Maximum trabecular bone displacement: 3.83 mm
 Minimum trabecular bone displacement: -0.07 mm
 Maximum cartilage displacement: 3.31 mm

Dept. of Mech.Engg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Result & Discussions

2)Numerical values for the condition : After the ulna and radius are secured, the
weight is applied to the long bone (Humerus).

The table shows the following:

 Maximum total displacement: 10.24 mm
 Minimum total displacement: 3.25 mm
 Maximum cortical bone displacement: 10.02 mm
 Minimum cortical bone displacement: 3.64 mm
 Maximum trabecular bone displacement: 4.1 mm
 Minimum trabecular bone displacement: 3.29 mm

Dept. of Mech.Engg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Result & Discussions

3)Numerical values for the condition After both sides (Humerus and Ulna & Radius)
are fixed, the stress is applied between Ulna & Radius and Humerus.

The table shows the maximum and minimum values for various displacement and
stress metrics.
Here are some of the findings in the table:
 Maximum total displacement: 10.52 mm (cortical bone)
 Minimum total displacement: 3.83 mm (trabecular bone)
 Maximum cortical bone displacement: 2.28 mm (directional displacement along X-
axis)
 Minimum cortical bone displacement: 0.65 mm (directional displacement along X-
axis)
 Maximum principal stress in cortical bone: 41.52 MPa
 Minimum principal stress in cortical bone: -4.98 MPa

Dept. of Mech.Engg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Result & Discussions

4)Numerical values for the condition The load is provided on the Ulna, and the
humerus and radius are fixed.

the table only shows the maximum and minimum values for total displacement.
 Maximum total displacement:
o Capsule joint: 4.51 mm
o Ligaments of the radius: 4.18 mm
o Ligaments of the ulna: not shown in the table
 Minimum total displacement:
o Capsule joint: 2.74 mm
o Ligaments of the radius: 3.14 mm
o Ligaments of the ulna: not shown in the table

Dept. of Mech.Engg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Result & Discussions

4.2.1 Graphs
1)

Fig.4.1 Plot between the Total displacement of different type of bones

2)

Dept. of Mech.Engg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Result & Discussions

Fig.4.2 Plot between the Total displacement of different type of bones

3)

Fig.4.3 Plot between the Total displacement of different type of bones

4)

Dept. of Mech.Engg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Result & Discussions

Fig.4.4 Plot between the Total displacement of different type of bones

4.3 Discussions
Discussions surrounding automatic drug dispensers typically revolve around several
key topics related to their benefits, challenges, implementation considerations, and
future developments. Here are some common discussion points:
 Improving Medication Adherence: Automatic drug dispensers can
significantly improve medication adherence by providing patients with a
convenient and reliable way to manage their medications. Discussions often
focus on how these devices can help patients stick to their prescribed
medication regimens, leading to better health outcomes and reduced
healthcare costs.
 Enhancing Patient Safety: One of the primary goals of automatic drug
dispensers is to enhance patient safety by reducing the risk of medication
errors. Discussions center on the various safety features and mechanisms
incorporated into these devices to prevent dosing mistakes, medication
interactions, and other errors that can compromise patient well-being.
 Optimizing Healthcare Workflow: Implementing automatic drug dispensers in
healthcare facilities can streamline medication management processes and

Dept. of Mech.Engg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Result & Discussions

improve workflow efficiency. Discussions often explore how these devices

can help healthcare providers save time, reduce medication administration
errors, and allocate resources more effectively.
 Addressing Regulatory and Compliance Challenges: Discussions may touch
on the regulatory requirements and compliance challenges associated with
automatic drug dispensers, particularly regarding medication safety, data
security, and patient privacy. Stakeholders may discuss strategies for ensuring
compliance with relevant regulations and standards while maximizing the
benefits of these devices.

 Strain Levels and Deformation Patterns: Understanding strain levels and

deformation patterns provides essential information about the model's
structural response to applied loads. Discussion could center on how different
regions of the model deform under loading conditions, highlighting areas
where excessive deformation may compromise functionality or patient
comfort. Strategies for mitigating deformations, such as reinforcement or
material selection, could be explored.
 Biomechanical Implications: Analyzing the results in the context of
biomechanics allows for a deeper understanding of how the model interacts
with physiological systems. Discussions might revolve around how the design
influences joint stability, load transmission, and overall biomechanical
performance.
 User Experience and Acceptance: User experience plays a crucial role in the
success of automatic drug dispensers, and discussions may focus on patients'
and healthcare providers' acceptance of these devices.
 Future Trends and Innovations: Discussions may speculate on future trends
and innovations in automatic drug dispenser technology, such as integration
with electronic health records, real-time monitoring capabilities, personalized

Dept. of Mech.Engg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Result & Discussions

medication management solutions, and advancements in artificial intelligence

and machine learning.
 Overall, discussions surrounding automatic drug dispensers encompass a wide
range of topics, from their potential to improve medication adherence and
patient safety to their impact on healthcare workflow, regulatory challenges,
and future developments in medication management technology.

Dept. of Mech.Engg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
 Chapter-5
Conclusion &
Future scope of work
 Conclusions & Future Scope of Work

_________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter-5 CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

5.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, the biomechanical analysis of elbow fracture dislocation has emerged as a
cornerstone in orthopedic research, providing critical insights into the intricate dynamics of
elbow injuries and guiding the development of innovative treatment strategies. Through
meticulous examination of bone structures, soft tissue interactions, and external forces,
biomechanical studies have shed light on the complex biomechanics governing elbow fracture
dislocation. By harnessing sophisticated computational modeling and simulation techniques,
researchers have unraveled the biomechanical complexities underlying various fracture patterns
and dislocation mechanisms. These analyses have not only deepened our understanding of the
factors influencing fracture risk and joint stability but have also paved the way for personalized
treatment planning tailored to individual patient needs.Furthermore, biomechanical analysis has
played a pivotal role in refining surgical techniques, optimizing implant design, and enhancing
rehabilitation protocols for elbow fracture management. By rigorously evaluating the
biomechanical performance of surgical interventions, clinicians can make informed decisions to
maximize functional outcomes while minimizing the risk of complications.
The integration of biomechanical principles into clinical practice has transformed the landscape
of elbow fracture treatment, ushering in an era of precision medicine and patient-centered care.
Through interdisciplinary collaboration and continued innovation, biomechanical analysis will
continue to drive advancements in orthopedic surgery, ultimately improving the lives of patients
affected by elbow fractures.
As we look to the future, ongoing biomechanical research holds the promise of further refining
our understanding of elbow fracture dislocation, optimizing treatment algorithms, and
ultimately delivering superior outcomes for patients. By leveraging the power of biomechanical
analysis, we can continue to push the boundaries of orthopedic care, ensuring that every patient
receives the best possible treatment for their elbow fracture dislocation.

Dept of Mech.Engg; VIIT; Visakhapatnam

 Conclusions & Future Scope of Work

5.2 Scope for Future work

Future Directions: Advancing the Understanding and Treatment of Elbow Fracture
Dislocation.
While significant progress has been made in the biomechanical analysis of elbow fracture
dislocation, there remains a rich landscape of opportunities for future exploration and
innovation.
The following avenues represent promising areas for continued research and development in
this field:
1.Advanced Computational Modeling:
Leveraging advancements in computational modeling techniques, future research can delve
deeper into the complex biomechanics of the elbow joint. Incorporating patient-specific data,
such as bone density and soft tissue properties, into finite element models can enhance the
accuracy and predictive power of simulations, offering insights into individualized fracture risk
and treatment outcomes.
2. Biomechanical Validation Studies:
Conducting rigorous biomechanical validationstudies is essential for ensuring the reliability
and clinical relevance of computational models and simulation results. Future research efforts
should focus on validating biomechanical findings through cadaveric studies, in vivo
experiments, and clinical outcome assessments, bridging the gap between simulation-based
predictions and real-world clinical scenarios.
3. Biomechanically Informed Surgical Techniques:
Building upon biomechanical insights, future research can explore innovative surgical
techniques and approaches for the management of elbow fracture dislocation. From novel
fixation methods to minimally invasive procedures, biomechanically informed surgical
interventions have the potential to improve surgical outcomes, reduce complication rates, and
accelerate patient recovery.
4. Implant Design Optimization:
Collaborative efforts between biomechanical engineers and implant designers can drive the
development of next-generation orthopedic implants tailored specifically for elbow fracture
fixation. By optimizing implant design parameters, such as material composition, geometry, and

Dept of Mech.Engg; VIIT; Visakhapatnam

 Conclusions & Future Scope of Work

surface characteristics, researchers can enhance implant-bone interface stability, promote

osseointegration, and prolong implant longevity.
5. Biomechanics-informed Rehabilitation Protocols:
Tailoring rehabilitation protocols to the biomechanical characteristics of elbow fracture
dislocation can optimize functional recovery and long-term joint health. Future research should
focus on developing evidence-based rehabilitation guidelines that incorporate biomechanical
principles, patient-specific factors, and objective outcome measures to guide rehabilitation
progression and maximize outcomes.
6. Clinical Translation and Implementation:
Facilitating the translation of biomechanical research findings into clinical practice is essential
for realizing the full potential of biomechanics in elbow fracture dislocation management.
Future efforts should prioritize knowledge dissemination, clinician education, and
interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure that biomechanically driven innovations are effectively
integrated into routine clinical care.
7. Biomechanical Risk Assessment:
Developing robust predictive models for assessing the risk of elbow fracture dislocation in
various populations and activities holds promise for preventive medicine. Future research could
focus on integrating biomechanical parameters with epidemiological data and clinical risk
factors to identify individuals at heightened risk of elbow fractures, enabling targeted
interventions and injury prevention strategies.
8. Biomechanics of Soft Tissue Injuries:
While much attention has been given to bone fractures, the biomechanics of soft tissue
injuries, such as ligamentous tears and tendon ruptures, merit further investigation. Future
studies could explore the biomechanical mechanisms underlying soft tissue injuries associated
with elbow fracture dislocation, elucidating their contribution to joint instability and functional
impairment.
9. Dynamic Simulation and Kinematics:
Advancements in motion capture technology and dynamic simulation methods present
opportunities for studying the dynamic behavior of the elbow joint during functional activities.
Future research could utilize dynamic simulation techniques to analyze elbow kinematics,

Dept of Mech.Engg; VIIT; Visakhapatnam

 Conclusions & Future Scope of Work

muscle forces, and joint loading patterns during activities of daily living and sports-related
movements, providing insights into injury mechanisms and optimizing rehabilitation proto
10. Biomechanics of Pediatric Elbow Fractures:
Pediatric elbow fractures pose unique challenges due to the growing skeleton and distinct
biomechanical properties of pediatric bones. Future research endeavors could focus on
elucidating the biomechanics of pediatric elbow fractures, including fracture patterns, growth
plate injuries, and treatment outcomes, to inform evidence-based management strategies
tailored to pediatric patients.
11. Integration of Artificial Intelligence:
Harnessing the power of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms holds potential
for advancing biomechanical analysis of elbow fracture dislocation. Future research could
explore the use of AI-based approaches for predictive modeling, image analysis, and
personalized treatment planning, enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of biomechanical
analyses and clinical decision-making.
12.Global Collaborative Initiatives:
Fostering international collaboration and knowledge exchange is essential for advancing the
field of biomechanics in elbow fracture dislocation. Future efforts could focus on establishing
collaborative research networks, sharing data and resources, and coordinating multi-center
studies to address research questions with global relevance and impact.

Dept of Mech.Engg; VIIT; Visakhapatnam

 Conclusions & Future Scope of Work

References

Dept of Mech.Engg; VIIT; Visakhapatnam

REFERENCES