Module 4

Resonance in AC Circuits

Engr. Gerard Ang

School of EECE
 Electrical Resonance
1. Resonance – it is a condition existing in an R-L-C
circuit wherein the applied voltage is in phase with the
resulting current.
2. Resonance Curve – it is the curve between circuit
current and the frequency of the applied voltage at
resonance.
3. Selectivity – it is the ability of a resonant circuit to
separate a desired signal frequency from other signal
frequencies.
4. Half-Power Bandwidth of a Circuit (BW) – it is
given by the band of frequencies which lies between
the points or either side of fR where current falls to
IR/√2. It is also known as the -3 dB bandwidth.
 Resonance Curve
I
At the half-power points A and B
IR  I = IR/√2 where IR = V/R
 Impedance, Z = R√2
A B  Circuit phase angle,  = 45°
 Quality Factor, Q = 1
 P1 = P2 = PR/2 where PR = IR2R

BW f

f1 fR f2
Where:
IR = current at resonant condition
PR = power at resonant condition
P1, P2 = power at half-power points
 Q-Factor or Quality Factor
Q-factor or Quality Factor of a Coil (Q) – it is the
reciprocal of power factor. It is also called as figure of
merit.

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝐐−𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫=
𝐐−𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫=𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 ==𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉

𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲
𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝
𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝
𝐐=𝟐𝛑
𝐐=𝟐𝛑𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞
𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞
 Series Resonance
Series Resonance or Voltage Resonance
Resonance in a series resonant circuit occurs when the inductive and capacitive
reactances are equal at the frequency of the applied voltage.

𝐗𝐗𝐋𝐋=𝐗 𝐙=𝐑
𝐙=𝐑 𝐩.𝐟
𝐩.𝐟.=𝟏
R L C
=𝐗𝐂𝐂 .=𝟏
AA series
series resonant
resonant circuit
circuit since
since produces
produces
maximum
maximum current
current in
in the
the circuit,
circuit, itit is
is called
called an
an
acceptor
acceptor circuit.
circuit.
AC Source

Frequency of a Series Resonant Circuit

The frequency of a series RLC circuit at resonant condition is given as:.
Where:
𝟏𝟏 fR = resonant frequency in Hertz
𝐟𝐟𝐑𝐑== L = inductance in Henry
𝟐𝟐𝛑
𝛑 √√𝐋𝐂
𝐋𝐂
 Q-Factor or Quality Factor
Q-Factor – it is a measure of the degree of sharpness of
the resonance curve which represents the degree of
selectivity of the circuit.

𝟐𝛑𝐟
𝟐𝛑𝐟𝐑𝐑𝐋𝐋 𝟏𝟏 𝐋𝐋 𝟏𝟏 𝐟𝐟𝐑 𝐟𝐟𝐑 𝐑𝐑
𝐐𝐐𝐑𝐑==
𝐑𝐑 𝐑𝐑
==
√ ==
𝐂𝐂 𝟐𝛑𝐟 𝐑𝐂
𝟐𝛑𝐟𝐑𝐑 𝐑𝐂
𝐐𝐐𝐑 ==
𝐑 𝐟 −𝐟
𝐑 == 𝐑
𝐟𝟐𝟐 − 𝐟𝟏𝟏 𝐁𝐖
𝐁𝐖
𝐁𝐖=𝐟
𝐁𝐖=𝐟𝟐𝟐−𝐟
−𝐟𝟏𝟏==𝟐𝛑𝐋
𝟐𝛑𝐋

Where:
𝐑𝐑 𝐁𝐖
𝐁𝐖 f1, f2 = frequencies at half power points
𝐟𝐟𝟏𝟏=𝐟 − =𝐟 −
=𝐟𝐑𝐑 −𝟒 𝛑𝐋 =𝐟𝐑𝐑 − 𝟐
𝟒 𝛑𝐋 𝟐 f1 = lower half-power
frequency
𝐑𝐑 𝐁𝐖
𝐁𝐖 f2 = upper half-power
𝐟𝐟𝟐𝟐=𝐟 + =𝐟 +
=𝐟𝐑𝐑 +𝟒𝛑 𝐋 =𝐟𝐑𝐑 + 𝟐 frequency
𝟒𝛑 𝐋 𝟐
 Series Resonance by Varying L or C
Series Resonance by Varying L
Series resonance of a series resonant circuit may be attained by varying its
inductance
R L C

VL 𝟐𝟐
𝐋=𝐂 𝐑
𝐋=𝐂( ( 𝐑 +𝐗+𝐗𝐂𝐂𝟐𝟐) )
Where:
AC Source L = value of inductance for maximum V L

Series Resonance by Varying C

Series resonance of a series resonant circuit may be attained by varying its
capacitance
R L C
𝐋𝐋
𝐂=
𝐂= 𝟐𝟐
VC 𝐑
𝐑 ++𝐗𝐗𝐋𝐋𝟐𝟐
Where:
AC Source C = value of capacitance for maximum VC
 Resonant and
Off-Resonant Condition
Relationship between the Resonant Current and Off-Resonant Current
The relationship between resonant current (current at the resonant frequency)
and off-resonant current (current at any given frequency) can be derived as

𝐈𝐈 𝟏𝟏 Where:
=
𝐈𝐈𝐑 = 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏/𝟐/𝟐 IR = resonant current
𝐟𝐟 𝐟𝐟𝐑𝐑
𝐑

[ 𝟏+𝐐
((
𝟏+𝐐𝐑𝐑𝟐𝟐 𝐟 −− 𝐟
𝐟𝐑 𝐑𝐟 )) ] I = off-resonant current

Relationship between the Resonant Power and Off-Resonant Power

The relationship between resonant power (power at the resonant frequency)
and off-resonant power (power at any given frequency) can be derived as:

𝐏𝐏 𝟏𝟏 Where:
== PR = resonant power
𝐏𝐏𝐑𝐑 𝟏+𝐐
𝟏+𝐐
𝟐𝟐
P = off-resonant power
 Sample Problems
1. A series R-L-C circuit consists of R = 1000 Ω, L = 100 mH
and C = 10 picofarads. The applied voltage across the
circuit is 100 V.
a. Find the resonant frequency of the circuit
b. Find the quality factor of the circuit at resonant
frequency
c. At what angular frequencies do the half-power points
occur?
d. Calculate the bandwidth of the circuit.
2. For a series R-L-C circuit the inductor is variable. Source
voltage is 200√2 sin πt V. Maximum current obtainable by
varying the inductance is 0.314 A and the voltage across
the capacitor then is 300 V. Find the circuit element
values.
 Sample Problems

3. An R-L-C series resonant circuit has the following

parameters: Resonant frequency = 5000/2π Hz; impedance
at resonance = 56 Ω and Q-factor = 25. Calculate the
capacitance of the capacitor and inductance of the inductor.
Assuming that these values are independent of the
frequency, find the two frequencies at which the circuit
impedance has a phase angle of π/4 radian.
4. A series R-L-C circuit is excited from a constant-voltage
variable frequency source. The current in the circuit
becomes a maximum at a frequency of 600/2π Hz and falls
to one-half the maximum value at 400/2π Hz. If the
resistance in the circuit is 3 Ω, find L and C.
 Sample Problems
5. A coil of inductance 9 H and resistance 50 Ω in series
with a capacitor is supplied at constant voltage from a
variable frequency source. If the maximum current of 1A
occurs at 75 Hz, find the frequency when the current is 0.5 A.

6. An R-L-C series circuit is connected to a 20-V variable

frequency supply. If R = 20 Ω, L= 20 mH and C = 0.5 μF, find
the following when the power drops to 4 W on either side of
the maximum power at resonance. Calculate (a) circuit Q
(b) circuit phase angle Φ (c) 4-W bandwidth B (d) lower
frequency f1 and upper frequency f2

7. A series R-L-C circuit consists of R = 15 Ω, L = 0.15 H

and a variable capacitor is connected across a 120 V, 60
Hz. Calculate the values of capacitance, current and voltage
of capacitor at (a) resonance condition and (b) at maximum
V C.
 Sample Problems
8. An inductor having a resistance of 25 Ω and a Q of 10 at
resonant frequency of 10 kHz is fed from a 100 V supply.
Calculate: (a) value of series capacitance required to produce
resonance with the coil (b) inductance of the coil (c) voltage
across the capacitor (d) voltage across the coil.

9. A constant e.m.f. source of

variable frequency is connected to 2Ω 40 μH 160 pF
a series R-L-C circuit of the figure
given. Calculate the following: (a)
frequency at which maximum VR VL VC
power is consumed in the 2 Ω
resistor (b) Q-factor of the circuit 10 V
at the above frequency (c)
frequencies at which the power
consumed in 2 Ω resistor is one-
tenth of its maximum value.
 Parallel Resonance
Parallel Resonance or Anti-Resonance
Resonance in a parallel resonant circuit occurs when the inductive and
capacitive susceptances are equal at the frequency of the applied voltage.

𝐋𝐋
𝐁𝐁𝐋𝐋=𝐁
=𝐁𝐂𝐂 𝐙=𝐑
𝐙=𝐑𝐋𝐋=𝐑
=𝐑𝐜𝐜== 𝐂 √ 𝐂
AC Source

RL RC

𝐗𝐗𝐋𝐋 𝐗𝐗𝐂𝐂
XL XC == 𝐩.𝐟
𝐩.𝐟.=𝟏
.=𝟏
𝐑𝐑𝐋𝐋𝟐+𝐗
𝟐+𝐗𝐋𝐋𝟐𝟐 𝐑𝐑𝐂𝐂𝟐+𝐗
𝟐+𝐗𝐂𝐂𝟐𝟐

AA parallel
parallel resonant
resonant circuit
circuit since
since produces
produces minimum
minimum current
current in
in
the
the circuit
circuit hence
hence itit is
is called
called aa rejector
rejector circuit.
circuit.
 Parallel Resonance

Frequency of a Parallel Resonant Circuit

The frequency of a parallel RLC circuit at resonant
condition is given as:.
AC Source

RL RC
𝟏
𝟏𝟏 𝐑𝐑𝐋𝐋𝟐𝐂 −𝐋 𝟏
𝟐𝐂 −𝐋 𝟐
XL XC
𝐟𝐟𝐑𝐑==
𝟐𝛑 [
𝐋𝐂 𝐑𝐑𝐂𝐂𝟐𝐂−𝐋
𝟐𝛑√√𝐋𝐂 𝟐𝐂−𝐋]𝟐
 Comparison of Series and
Parallel Resonant Circuits

Quantity Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

Impedance at Resonance minimum maximum

Current at Resonance Maximum = V/R Minimum = V/(L/RC)

Effective Impedance R L/RC

Power Factor at Resonance Unity Unity

Resonant Frequency

It magnifies Voltage Current

Magnification is L/R L/R

 Sample Problems
1. A capacitor is connected in parallel with a coil having L =
5.52 mH and R = 10 Ω, to a 100-V, 50-Hz supply.
Calculate the value of the capacitance for which the current
taken from the supply is in phase with the voltage.

2. An inductive circuit of resistance 2 ohm and inductance

0.01 H is connected to a 250-V, 50-Hz supply. What
capacitance placed in parallel will produce resonance? Find
the total current taken from the supply and the current in the
branch circuits.
 Sample Problems
3. A coil of resistance 20 Ω and inductance 200 μH is in
parallel with a variable capacitor. The combination is in
series with a resistor of 8000 Ω. The voltage of the supply is
200 V at a frequency of 106 Hz. Calculate (a) the value of C
to give resonance (b) the Q of the coil (c) the current in
each branch of the circuit at resonance.

4. Impedances Z2 and Z3 in parallel are in series with an

impedance Z1 across a 100-V, 50-Hz a.c. supply. Z1 = (6.25
+ j1.25) ohm; Z2 = (5 + j0) ohm and Z3 = (5 – jXc) ohm.
Determine the value of capacitance of Xc such that the total
current of the circuit will be in phase with the total voltage.
What is then the circuit current and power?
 Sample Problems

5. Compute the value of

6Ω 4Ω
C which results in AC
Source
resonance for the
j8 Ω C
circuit shown

6. Find the values of R1

and R2 which will AC R1 R2
Source
make the circuit shown
4 mH 160 μF
resonate at all
frequencies.
 Sample Problems
7. Calculate the resonant frequency of the network
shown.

R1 R2

A C B
L