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BIOPESTICIDES

Biopesticides are natural pesticides derived from materials like plants, animals, and bacteria, classified into biochemical, microbial, and plant-incorporated protectants. They operate through non-toxic mechanisms, with examples including Bt corn and various beneficial bacteria and fungi used for pest control. These agents enhance plant health by controlling diseases, increasing stress tolerance, and promoting nutrient uptake.

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Patricia Ordinado
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19 views23 pages

BIOPESTICIDES

Biopesticides are natural pesticides derived from materials like plants, animals, and bacteria, classified into biochemical, microbial, and plant-incorporated protectants. They operate through non-toxic mechanisms, with examples including Bt corn and various beneficial bacteria and fungi used for pest control. These agents enhance plant health by controlling diseases, increasing stress tolerance, and promoting nutrient uptake.

Uploaded by

Patricia Ordinado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIOPESTICIDES

1
What are Biopesticides?

✓ Biopesticides are certain types of


pesticides derived from such natural
materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and
certain minerals. (U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency [EPA])

o For example, canola oil and baking soda have


pesticidal applications and are considered
biopesticides.
2
Classes of Biopesticides

1. Biochemical pesticides

2. Microbial pesticides

3. Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (PIPs)

3
1.Biochemical pesticides

❖ These are naturally occurring substances that


control pests by non-toxic mechanisms.
❖ Conventional pesticides, by contrast, are generally
synthetic materials that directly kill or inactivate the
pest.

❖ Biochemical pesticides include substances that


interfere with mating, such as insect sex pheromones,
as well as various scented plant extracts that attract
insect pests to traps.
4
2. Microbial pesticides

❖ Microbial pesticides consist of a microorganism


(e.g., a bacterium, fungus, or virus) as the active
ingredient.

❖ Microbial pesticides can control many different kinds


of pests, although each separate active ingredient is
relatively specific for its target pest[s].

❖ The most widely used microbial pesticides are


subspecies and strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt.
3.Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (PIPs)

❖ Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (PIPs) are


pesticidal substances that plants produce from
genetic material that has been added to the
plant.
o For example, the gene for the Bt pesticidal protein
was introduced into the plant's own genetic material.
Then the plant, instead of the Bt bacterium,
manufactures the substance that destroys the pest.

6
Pathogens of insects as biological
control agents

Bt: a preparation of a bacterium (Bacillus


thuringiensis) often modified by genetic engineering
for use as a biopesticide against insects and especially
lepidopteran larvae; also the bacterium itself.

Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive,


soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a
biological pesticide.

7
Commercially available biological
insecticides 8
Mode of
action
of
Bt

9
Bt Corn Technology
❖ Bt corn is created by inserting a gene into the
DNA of the plant that causes the corn to
produce a protein, called Bt delta endotoxin.
The protein is lethal to certain crop-destroying
larvae.

❖ Bt Corn in the Philippines was designed to be


resistant to the Asiatic Corn Borer (ACB),
Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee), one of the most
destructive corn pests in the Philippines.
10
Bacteria in biological control
❖ Bacteria are successfully used as biological control
agents and can have many positive effects on the
plants.

Plant-associated bacteria have the potential to:


✓ Control plant diseases
✓ Increase stress tolerance in plants
✓ Facilitate and promote plant nutrient uptake
✓ Promote emergence and plant establishment
✓ Increase the yield
Examples of bacteria used in agriculture as
biological control agents
o Pseudomonas chlororaphis
❖ P. chlororapis MA 342 protects the plant against fungal
pathogens, induces the systemic resistance of the plant
and promotes growth by releasing nutrients from the soil
to the plant. The isolate is sold under the names
Cedomon® and Cerall®.
o Pseudomonas azotoformans
❖ P. azotoformans is sold under the name AMASE® and is
used on pine seedlings, cucumber, lettuce, tomato,
peppers, eggplant, cabbage and broccoli. It increases
growth and increases stress tolerance in the plants.
12
13
Cedomon® is a biopesticide. The active
ingredient in the product is the naturally
occurring soil-dwelling bacterium
Pseudomonas chlororaphis.

14
Fungi for the biological control of insect pests

Generalized life
cycle of fungi
infecting insects

15
Trichoderma viride
❑ a fungus and a biofungicide
used for seed and soil
treatment for the suppression
of various diseases caused by
fungal pathogens.
❑ acts on the plant pathogens
through
➢ competition for space &
nutrients,
➢ parasitization disintegrate
the pathogen hyphae by
enzymes antagonism.

16
The antagonistic
fungus
Trichoderma
harzianum is
widely recognized
as a potential
biocontrol agent
against several
soil-borne plant
pathogens

17
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, a
dual purpose biological control with activity against
insect pests and plant pathogens.

B. bassiana is a commercially available


entomopathogenic fungus with an extensive host
range of insect pests. 18
Beauvericide controls all stages of pests
including eggs, larvae, pupae, grubs,
nymphs, hoppers and adults. 19
Bio-Magic is a biological
insecticide based on a
selective strain of
naturally-occurring
entomopathogenic
fungus Metarhizium
anisopliae. It contains
spores and mycelial
fragments of M.
anisopliae.

20
(A) Larvae (B)
killed by B. Sporulation
bassiana of B.
bassiana on
change
dead larva
color from
pale-yellow
to pink

(C) (D)
Sporulation Sporulation
of M. of M.
anisopliae
anisopliae
on dead
on adult
larva
insect

Larvae and adults of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus infected


with Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae.
Red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus
ferrugineus) attack in coconut
22

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