Chapter 30

Induction

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1. Introduction
We have seen that a current produces a magnetic field. The reverse is true: A
magnetic field can produce an electric field that can drive a current.
This link between a magnetic field and the electric field it produces (induces) is
called Faraday’s law of induction.

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2. Two experiments
We start by discussing two simple experiments before
discussing Faraday’s law of induction.
First Experiment
The figure shows a conducting loop connected to an
ammeter. A current suddenly appears in the circuit if
we move a bar magnet toward the loop. The current
stops when the magnet stops moving. If we move the
magnet away, again a sudden current appears, but in
the opposite direction.

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2. Two experiments
First Experiment
By experimenting this set up we can conclude the
following:
1. A current appears only if the loop and the magnet
are in relative motion.
2. Faster motion produces greater current.
3. If moving the magnet’s north pole away produces a
clockwise current, then moving the same north pole
toward the loop causes a counterclockwise current.
Moving the south pole toward or away also causes
currents in the reversed direction.

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2. Two experiments
First Experiment
The current produced in the loop is called an induced
current. The work done per unit charge that produces
that current is called an induced emf. The process of
producing the current and emf is called induction.

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2. Two experiments
Second Experiment
The figure shows two conducting loops close to each
other. If we close switch 𝑆, a sudden brief induced
current appears in the left-hand loop. Another brief
induced current appears in the left-hand loop if we
open the switch, but in the opposite direction. An
induced current appears only when the current in the
right loop is changing.

The induced emf and current in the two experiments

appears when some physical quantity is changing. Let
us find out what that quantity is.
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3. Faraday’s Law of Induction
Faraday concluded that an emf and a current can be induced in a loop by changing
the amount of magnetic field passing through the loop. He also concluded that the
amount of magnetic field can be visualized in terms of the magnetic field lines
passing through the loop.
Faraday’s law of induction can be stated in terms of the two experiments as
follows:
An emf is induced in the loop at the left in the two figures above when the number
of magnetic field lines that pass through the loop is changing.

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3. Faraday’s Law of Induction
Quantitative Treatment
We need a way to calculate the amount of magnetic field that passes through a
loop. In analogy with the electric flux Φ𝐸 = 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑 𝐴, we define magnetic flux. The
magnetic flux through a loop of area 𝐴 is

Φ𝐵 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴.

As before, 𝑑𝐴 is a vector of magnitude 𝑑𝐴 that is perpendicular to a differential

area 𝑑𝐴.

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3. Faraday’s Law of Induction
Quantitative Treatment
If the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the loop, then 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴
= 𝐵𝑑𝐴 cos 0 = 𝐵𝑑𝐴. If 𝐵 is also uniform then we can take 𝐵 out of the integral
sign, and 𝑑𝐴 is just the loop’s area. Thus,
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴. 𝐵 ⊥ 𝐴 of the loop, 𝐵 uniform

The SI unit for magnetic flux is the tesla-square meter, which has the special name
weber (Wb):
1 weber = 1 Wb = 1 T ∙ m2 .

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3. Faraday’s Law of Induction
Quantitative Treatment
With the notion of magnetic flux, we can state Faraday’s law as:
The magnitude of the emf ℰ induced in a conducting loop is equal to the rate at
which the magnetic flux Φ𝐵 through that loop changes with time.
You will see in the next section that the induced emf ℰ tends to oppose the flux
change. Faraday’s law is therefore written as
𝑑Φ𝐵
ℰ=− .
𝑑𝑡
For an ideal 𝑁 turns coil, the total emf induced in the loop is
𝑑Φ𝐵
ℰ = −𝑁 .
𝑑𝑡
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3. Faraday’s Law of Induction
Quantitative Treatment
Here are the general means by which we can change the magnetic flux through a
coil:
1. Changing the magnitude 𝐵 of the magnetic field within the coil.
2. Changing either the total area of the coil or the portion of that area that lies
within magnetic field.
3. Changing the angle between the direction of the magnetic field 𝐵 and the plane
of the coil.

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3. Faraday’s Law of Induction

𝑏, 𝑑 & 𝑒 tie, 𝑎 & 𝑐 tie. 𝑑Φ𝐵

ℰ=−
𝑑𝑡
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴
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3. Faraday’s Law of Induction
Example 1: The long solenoid S shown (in cross
section) in the figure has 220 turns/cm and
carries a current 𝑖 = 1.5 A; its diameter 𝐷 is
3.2 cm. At its center we place a 130-turn
closely packed coil C of diameter 𝑑 = 2.1 cm.
The current in the solenoid is reduced to zero at
a steady rate in 25 ms. What is the magnitude
of the emf that is induced in coil C while the
current in the solenoid is changing?
The initial flux through solenoid C is
Φ𝐵𝑖 = 𝐵𝐴C = 𝜇0 𝑖𝑛S 𝐴C = 𝜋𝜇0 𝑖𝑛S 𝑟𝐶2

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3. Faraday’s Law of Induction
Now we can write
𝑑Φ𝐵 ∆Φ𝐵 Φ𝐵𝑓 − Φ𝐵𝑖
= =
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
0 − 𝜋𝜇0 𝑖𝑛S 𝑟𝐶2 𝜋𝜇0 𝑖𝑛S 𝑟𝐶2
= =− .
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
Substituting gives
−7 m
𝑑Φ𝐵 𝜋 4𝜋 × 10 T ∙ 1.5 A
=− A
𝑑𝑡 25 ms
turn
× 22000 0.0105 m 2
m
= −5.76 × 10−4 V.
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3. Faraday’s Law of Induction
The magnitude of the induced emf is then
𝑑Φ𝐵
ℰ=𝑁 = 130 5.76 × 10−4 V
𝑑𝑡
= 75 mV.

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3. Faraday’s Law of Induction

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3. Faraday’s Law of Induction
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝜋𝐵𝑟 2 .

𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑𝑟 m Wb
= 2𝜋𝐵𝑟 = 2𝜋 0.800 T 0.120 m −0.750 = −0.452 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 s s

𝑑Φ𝐵
ℰ=− = 0.452 V.
𝑑𝑡

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4. Lenz’s Law
The direction of an induced current can be determined using
Lenz’s law. It can be stated as follows:
An induced current has a direction such that the magnetic field
due to the current opposes the change in the magnetic flux that
induces the current.
To get a feel of Lenz’s law, we apply it in two different but
equivalent ways to the situation shown in the figure.

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4. Lenz’s Law
1. Opposition to Pole Movement:
The approach of the magnet’s north pole increases the
magnetic flux through the loop and thereby induces a current in
the loop. The loop then acts as a magnetic dipole, directed from
south to north. The loop’s north pole must face toward the
approaching north pole of the magnet so as to repel it, to
oppose the magnetic flux increase caused by the approaching
magnet. The curled-straight right-hand rule tells us that the
induced current in the loop must be counterclockwise.

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4. Lenz’s Law
2. Opposition to Flux Change:
As the north pole of the magnet nears the loop with its field 𝐵
directed down, the flux through the loop increases. To oppose
this increase in flux, the induced current 𝑖 must set up its own
magnetic field 𝐵ind , directed upward inside the loop. The
curled-straight right-hand rule tells us the 𝑖 must be
counterclockwise.

Note that the flux of 𝐵ind always opposes the change in the flux
of 𝐵, but that does not always mean that 𝐵ind is opposite to 𝐵.

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4. Lenz’s Law

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4. Lenz’s Law
𝑎 & 𝑏, 𝑐.

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4. Lenz’s Law
Example 2: The figure shows a conducting loop
consisting of a half-circle of radius 𝑟 = 0.20 m
and three straight sections. The half-circle lies
in a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 that is directed
out of the page; the field magnitude is given by
𝐵 = 4.0𝑡 2 + 2.0𝑡 + 3.0, with 𝐵 in teslas and 𝑡
in seconds. An ideal battery with emf ℰbat
= 2.0 V is connected to the loop. The
resistance of the loop is 2.0 Ω.
(a) What are the magnitude and direction of
the emf ℰind induced around the loop by field
𝐵 at 𝑡 = 10 s?

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4. Lenz’s Law
𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑 𝐵𝐴 𝑑𝐵
ℰind = = =𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋𝑟 2
= 8.0𝑡 + 2.0 .
2
At 𝑡 = 10 s,
𝜋 0.20 m 2
ℰind = 8.0 10 s + 2.0 = 5.2 V.
2
By Lenz’s law, the direction of the emf is
clockwise.

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4. Lenz’s Law
b) What is the current in the loop at 𝑡 = 10 s?
ℰnet ℰind − ℰbat 5.15 V − 2.0 V
𝑖= = =
𝑅 𝑅 2.0 Ω
= 1.6 𝐴.

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4. Lenz’s Law
Example 3: The figure shows a rectangular loop of
wire immersed in a nonuniform and varying
magnetic field 𝐵 that is perpendicular to and
directed into the page. The field’s magnitude is given
by 𝐵 = 4𝑡 2 𝑥 2 , with 𝐵 in teslas, 𝑡 in seconds, and 𝑥
in meters. (Note that the function depends on both
time and position.) The loop has width 𝑊 = 3.0 m
and height 𝐻 = 2.0 m. What are the magnitude and
direction of the induced emf ℰ around the loop at 𝑡
= 0.10 s?

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4. Lenz’s Law
The flux through the loop is
𝑊
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐵𝑑𝐴 = 4𝑡 2 𝑥 2 𝐻𝑑𝑥
0
𝑊
2 2
4 2 3
= 4𝐻𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐻𝑡 𝑊 .
0 3
Substituting for 𝐻 and 𝑊 gives,
4
Φ𝐵 = 2.0 m 3.0 m 3 𝑡 2 = 72𝑡 2 .
3

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4. Lenz’s Law
The magnitude of the induced emf is
𝑑Φ𝐵
ℰ= = 144 𝑡.
𝑑𝑡
At 𝑡 = 0.10 s,
ℰ = 144 0.10 s = 14 V.
The direction of the induced emf is
counterclockwise, by Lenz’s law.

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5. Induction and Energy Transfers
According to Lenz’s law, a magnetic force resists the moving
magnet away or toward the loop, requiring your applied force
that moves the magnet to do positive work.
Thermal energy is then produced in the material of the loop due
to the material’s electrical resistance to the induced current. The
energy transferred to the closed loop + magnet system while you
move the magnet ends up in this thermal energy.
The faster the magnet is moved, the more rapidly the applied
force does work and the greater the rate at which energy is
transferred to thermal energy in the loop; the power transfer is
greater.

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5. Induction and Energy Transfers
The figure shows a situation involving an induced
current. You are to pull this loop to the right at a
constant velocity 𝑣. Let us calculate the rate at which
you do mechanical work as you pull steadily on the
loop.
The rate 𝑃 at which you do work is given by
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣,
where 𝐹 is the magnitude of your force. The
magnitude of this force is equal to the magnitude of
the magnetic force on the loop due to the emergence
of the induced current.

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5. Induction and Energy Transfers
We thus write
𝐹 = 𝐹1 = 𝑖𝐿𝐵.
The induced current 𝑖 is related to the induced emf by
ℰ
𝑖= .
𝑅
The induced emf is given by
𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
ℰ= = 𝐵𝐿𝑥 = 𝐵𝐿 = 𝐵𝐿𝑣.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Thus,
𝐵𝐿𝑣
𝑖= .
𝑅
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5. Induction and Energy Transfers
The force is then
𝐵2 𝐿2 𝑣
𝐹= .
𝑅
The rate at which you do work is now
𝐵2 𝐿2 𝑣 2
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 = .
𝑅
This rate must be equal to the rate at which thermal
energy appears in the loop:
𝐵2 𝐿2 𝑣 2 2 𝑅.
𝑃= 𝑅 = 𝑖
𝑅2
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5. Induction and Energy Transfers

𝑐 & 𝑑, 𝑎 & 𝑏.
ℰ = 𝐵𝐿𝑣
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