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UNIT 1.10 : REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

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Objectives Of This Unit:
After studying this unit you should be able to understand
 Classification of Numbers
 Factors of Numbers
 Expressing numbers as products of their prime factors.
 Multiples of Numbers.

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Classification of Numbers.( Number system). .

REAL NUMBERS
Definition:
 A set of numbers which includes all number system. A set of real numbers is
denoted by /R.
 Real numbers are classified into two categories Rational and Irrational
Numbers.
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. Rational Numbers. .
Definition:
 Rational Numbers can be defined as numbers whose block digits
terminates or repeats. A set of Rational numbers is denoted by Q. For
example Q = {2.4, 0.5, 2.3333…., 0.33333…, …}
 A Rational number can also be defined as a number that can be expressed
in fractional form a/b where a and b belong to the set of integers. Fir
example Q = { 2, 3,0.5, ½,¾,⅘, 7,-5,-0.6, ….}

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  Generally, sets of Rational numbers includes all prime numbers, Natural
numbers, whole numbers, Even numbers, odd numbers, composite numbers,
perfect square numbers. Etc.
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Classification of Rational Numbers.
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Rational numbers have been classified in the following categories.
 NATURAL NUMBERS : these are counting numbers the set of natural
numbers denoted by
/N := {1, 2, 3, ...}.
 WHOLE NUMBERS: all natural numbers including zero the set of whole
numbers denoted by
W := {0, 1, 2, 3, ...},
 INTERGERS: a set consisting of positive and negative whole numbers
including 0. The set of integers is denoted by
Z = {0, ∓1, ∓2, ∓3, ...}
 EVEN NUMBERS: numbers that are exactly divisible by 2. the set of even
numbers := {2n : n ∈ Z}. For example {2,4,6,8,10,……}.
 ODD NUMBERS: numbers that not exactly divisible by 2. i.e the set of
odd numbers = {2n − 1 : n ∈ Z} = {2n + 1 : n ∈ Z}. i.e {3,5,7,9,12,13,15,
…}
 PERFECT SQUARE NUMBERS: These are numbers with exact square
roots. A set of perfect square numbers is given by {1,4, 9,16,25,36,….}
 PRIME NUMBERS: These are positive integer which are divisible by only
two numbers 1 and itself. I.e a set of prime numbers {2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,
…..}
 COMPOSITE NUMBERS: Includes positive integers greater than 1 that is
not a prime number. For example, 10 is a composite number because 10 has
both 2 and 5 as factors. The 10 smallest composite numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9,
10, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 18.
Remark 1.11 : When a rational number is written in the form p/q the decimal form
of the rational number can be found by dividing the numerator by the denominator.
i.e
¾ = 0.75, 27/110= 0.245

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Other examples of ration numbers are the squire-roots of perfect squares,
√1, √4, √9…..

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IRRATIONAL NUMBERS. .
Definition:
 number in a decimal form whose block of digits neither terminates nor
repeats is called an Irrational. It is denoted by I. for example,
0.272272227... is a non terminating, nonrepeating decimal and thus is an
irrational number.
 A set of Rational Numbers is given by I = {0.272272548…..,
0.5743367…., π, √ 3, √7, √11, …..}
 Other examples of rations numbers are π, and squire-roots of non perfect
squares; √2, √3, √5, ....

Remark 1.12: Every real number is either a rational number or an

irrational number. If a real number is written in decimal form, then it is a
terminating decimal or a repeating decimal, or a nonterminating or a
non-repeating decimal.
Example 1.10
1. List the first seven prime numbers.
2. Find the sum of the first five odd numbers.
3. List all the negative integers between -7 and 0.
4. Set A is given by {-5,-4,-3,-2,0,1,√2,2,3,√3,5,7,9,12,15,16}. List members of
set A which are
(i) Prime
(ii) Even
(iii) Integers.
(iv) Rational
(v) Irrational

Solution [ exercise]

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Factors of Numbers. .
Definition:
 all components of a number are called its Factors. i.e 1,2,3 and 6
are all factors of 6 because they can all be divided into exactly
without leaving a remainder.
Example 1.11: find all the factors of
(i) 12
(ii) 35
(iii) 105
(iv) 100
(v) 275
Solution.
(i) 12= {1,2,3,4,6 & 12}
(ii) 35= {5,7&35}
(iii) Exercise.
(iv) Exercise.
(v) Exercise.
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PRIME FACTORS. .
Definition:
 A factor which is itself a prime number is called a Prime factor.
i.e factors of 12 are {1,2,3,4,6 & 12} but Prime factors of 12 are
{ 2,3} since 2 and 3 are the only prime numbers.
Example 1.12
List all the prime factors of
(i) 40

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 (ii) 100
(iii) 75
(iv) 150
Solutions:

(i) 40
Factors of 40 = {1,2,4,5,8,10,20 & 40}. Select prime
numbers from the list.
Prime factors of 40 = {2,5}

(ii) 100
Factors of 100 = {1,2,4,5,10,20,25,50,100}. Select prime
numbers from the list.
Prime factors = {2, 5 }
(iii) And (iv) [exercise]
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Expressing Numbers as product of their prime Factors.
 To express a number as a product in prime factors start by dividing
the number by 2 , the least prime number, if the number is not
exactly divisible by 2 , try 3 then 5 and so on.
Example 1.12:
Express the following numbers in prime factors.
(i) 210
(ii) 315
(iii) 555
(iv) 1050
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 (v) 2310
Solution
(i) Factors of 210 = {1,2,3,5,7,10,21,30, 70,105 & 210}
Prime factors of 210 = {2,3,5,7,……}
Now dividing prime factors into 210 we obtain
2\210
3\105
5\35
7\7

Therefore 210 = 2×3×5×7

(ii) Prime factors of 315 = {3,5,7,…….}
Now dividing prime factors into 315 we obtain
3\315
3\105
5\35
7\7
1
Therefore 210 = 3×3×5×7.
(iii) Exercise
(iv) Exercise
(v) Exercise

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HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (H.C.F)
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Definition

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  The greatest factor among the common factors of numbers is called
The Highest common factor( H.C.F).

Example 1.13:
Find the Highest Common Factor (H.C.F) of
(i) 12 and 18
(ii) 24 and 36
(iii) 45 and 60

Solution
(i) Factors of 12& 15 are
12 = {1,2,3,4,6 & 12}
18 = {1,2,3,6,9 & 18}
Common factors = {1,2,3&6}
H.C.F(12, 18) = 6

(ii) Factors of
24 = {1,2,3,4,6,8,12 & 24}
36= {1,2,3,6,9,12,18 & 36}
Common factors= {1,2,3,6,12 }
H.C.F (12,18) = 12
(iii) [Exercise]

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Multiples of Numbers. .

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Definition
 Numbers obtained by multiplying with 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9…… are
called multiple. i.e 5,10,15,20,25,….. are all multiples of 5. Note
that all these numbers are divisible by 5.
Example 1.14
Find the first six multiples if the following numbers
(i) 6
(ii) 10
(iii) 15
(iv) 45

Solution.
(i) 6 = {6,12,18,24,30 &36}
(ii) 10 = {10,20,30,40,50 &60}
(iii) Exercise.
(iv) Exercise.

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LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLES. .
Definition:
 The least number in the list of multiples of the numbers is called
the Lowest Common Multiple( L.C.M).
Example 1.114: find the lowest common Multiple of
(i) 3 and 4
(ii) 4, 5 and 6
(iii) 10, 15 and 90.
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 Solution
(i) Multiples of 3 & 4 are
3 = {3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,…..}
4 = {4,8,12,16,20,24,28,..}
Now
Common multiples ={12,24,….}
L.C.M(12,24) = 12
(ii) Exercise
(iii) Exercise.

The End: Thank you for your Attention

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