DMMM QB

Q1)Occurences, causes and measurements of a earthquake.

Occurrences:
Earthquakes happen when the Earth's crust suddenly moves. This usually occurs along faults, which
are cracks in the crust where blocks of rock shift. They often occur near tectonic plate boundaries.

Causes:

 Tectonic Activity: Plates moving, colliding, or sliding past each other.

 Volcanic Activity: Magma movement underground.

 Human Activities: Mining, reservoir filling, or underground explosions.

Measurements:

 Seismograph: A machine that records earthquake waves.

 Magnitude: The strength of an earthquake, measured using the Richter scale or Moment
Magnitude Scale (Mw).

 Intensity: The impact on people and structures, measured with the Modified Mercalli
Intensity (MMI) scale.

Q2)Occurences, causes and measurements of flood.

Occurrences of Floods:

Floods happen when water overflows onto land, usually due to heavy rain, storms, melting snow, or
blocked drainage systems.

Causes of Floods:

1. Heavy Rainfall: Excessive rain overwhelms rivers or drainage systems.

2. River Overflow: Rivers exceed their capacity due to heavy rain or snowmelt.

3. Storm Surges: High tides during storms push seawater inland.

4. Dam Failures: Broken dams release large amounts of water suddenly.

Measurements of Floods:

1. Water Level: Using gauges in rivers or coastal areas.

2. Rainfall: Measured in millimeters or inches with rain gauges.

3. Flood Extent: Satellite images or drones show how far water spreads.

4. Flow Rate: Monitors how fast water moves in rivers.

 Q3)Difference between hazard and vulnerability.

Hazard Vulnerability

A potential danger or threat (e.g., Weaknesses that make people or places more likely
flood, earthquake). to be harmed by hazards.

External factor or event. Internal condition or susceptibility.

Natural or human-made (e.g., storms,

Lack of preparedness, poor infrastructure.
fires).

Focuses on what can happen. Focuses on who or what is at risk and why.

Example: A hurricane in a coastal

Example: Poorly built homes in the hurricane's path.
area.

Cannot be prevented, but effects can Can be reduced by improving readiness and
be mitigated. resilience.

Q4)Greenhouse effect , its contribution to global warning, key greenhouse gases responsible.

Greenhouse Effect:

The greenhouse effect traps heat in the Earth's atmosphere. Sunlight enters, and greenhouse gases
keep the heat from escaping back into space, warming the planet.

Contribution to Global Warming:

An increase in greenhouse gases makes the Earth warmer than normal, leading to global warming.
This causes rising temperatures, melting ice, and extreme weather.

Key Greenhouse Gases:

1. Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) - From burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas.

2. Methane (CH₄) - From agriculture, livestock, and landfills.

3. Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) - From fertilizers and industrial processes.

4. Water Vapor (H₂O) - Increases with warming, amplifying the effect.

5. Ozone (O₃) - Found in the lower atmosphere.

Q5)Types,causes and adverse effects of landslide.

Types of Landslides:

1. Falls: Rocks or debris fall freely from a steep slope.

2. Slides: Earth or rock moves along a defined surface.

3. Flows: Wet soil or debris flows like a liquid.

4. Topples: Rocks tilt and fall forward.

Causes of Landslides:

1. Heavy Rainfall: Water weakens soil and rocks.

2. Earthquakes: Shake the ground, causing it to collapse.

3. Deforestation: Removes trees that hold soil in place.

4. Human Activities: Mining, construction, or improper land use.

Adverse Effects of Landslides:

1. Loss of Life and Property: Can destroy homes and cause deaths.

2. Road and Rail Damage: Blocks transportation routes.

3. Flooding: Debris can block rivers, causing floods.

4. Soil Erosion: Reduces fertile land for farming.

Q6)Use of software tools for emergency notifications and public alerts during disasters.

Use of Software Tools for Emergency Notifications:

1. Real-Time Alerts: Tools like mobile apps, SMS, or social media send instant warnings about
disasters (e.g., floods, earthquakes).

2. Location-Based Services: Alerts are targeted to people in specific danger zones.

3. Early Warning Systems: Software predicts disasters like storms or tsunamis and notifies the
public in advance.

4. Coordination Platforms: Tools help emergency teams and authorities share information
quickly.

5. Mass Notification Systems: Broadcast alerts through multiple channels like emails, sirens,
and digital boards.

6. Examples:

o Google Alerts for location-based warnings.

o Weather apps for storm and flood notifications.

o Alert systems like FEMA in the U.S. or NDMA in India.

Q7)Explain financing in reconstruction phase after disaster.

 Government funding for rebuilding infrastructure and services.

 Insurance claims to recover losses.

 International aid from countries and organizations.

 Loans and grants from banks and aid agencies.

 Public donations through crowdfunding and charities.

 Private sector investment to restore businesses and markets.

Q8)Short term and long term effect of disaster.

Short-Term Effects of Disasters:

 Loss of life and injuries.

 Damage to homes and infrastructure.

 Displacement of people.

 Disruption of basic services like water, electricity, and healthcare.

 Economic losses due to halted businesses.

Long-Term Effects of Disasters:

 Psychological trauma and mental health issues.

 Loss of livelihoods and unemployment.

 Long-term economic impact on communities and countries.

 Environmental degradation, like deforestation or soil erosion.

 Challenges in rebuilding infrastructure and homes.

Q9)Ways of carrying out mitigation measures in disaster.

 Enforce strong building codes for safer construction.

 Develop and practice emergency plans.

 Educate the public on disaster preparedness.

 Use early warning systems for timely alerts.

 Plant trees and restore vegetation to reduce flood risks.

 Improve infrastructure like roads, bridges, and dams.

 Set zoning laws to avoid construction in high-risk areas.

 Conduct community drills to ensure readiness.

Q10)What is risk and suggest two ways of reducing risks with example.

What is Risk?

 The chance of harm, damage, or loss when exposed to a hazard or dangerous situation.

Ways of Reducing Risks:

1. Planning and Preparation:

o Create and practice emergency plans so people know how to respond quickly.

o Make sure everyone is aware of safety procedures and has the skills to act when
needed.

o Example: Schools practicing fire drills so students and teachers know how to
evacuate safely.

2. Safety Measures:

o Install safety equipment and use protective designs to prevent or reduce harm.

o Ensure buildings and infrastructure are built or upgraded to withstand potential

hazards.

o Example: Adding earthquake-resistant features to buildings in areas prone to

earthquakes or installing fire alarms and sprinklers to protect against fires.

Q11)Help of GIS and GPS in disaster management.

Help of GIS in Disaster Management:

 Identifies and maps areas at risk, such as flood-prone or earthquake zones.

 Monitors and analyzes damage to buildings, roads, and the environment.

 Aids in planning evacuation routes and locating safe shelters.

 Helps locate hospitals, emergency services, and resources for efficient distribution.

Help of GPS in Disaster Management:

 Provides accurate locations of people, vehicles, and rescue teams.

 Guides emergency responders to reach disaster-affected areas quickly.

 Helps locate people trapped or lost during a disaster.

 Offers live location updates to support quick decision-making and coordination.

Q12)Difference between hazard and disaster.

Hazard Disaster

A potential danger or threat. The actual event causing significant harm.

Can be natural (e.g., floods, earthquakes) or human- Results in damage, loss of life, and
made (e.g., chemical spills). disruption.

Occurs when a hazard leads to serious

Represents the risk or condition of harm.
impact.

Happens when response and preparation

May not lead to damage if prepared for.
are inadequate.

Example: A flood that destroys homes and

Example: A flood warning.
roads.

Q13)How does hazard leads to disaster?

 A hazard is a potential danger, such as a flood, earthquake, or storm.

 When a hazard occurs in an area without proper preparation or safety measures, it can cause
significant damage.

 The impact of the hazard disrupts daily life, causing injuries, loss of life, and property
damage.

 If the community is unprepared or lacks resources to respond, the hazard becomes a

disaster.

 For example, a heavy rain (hazard) can cause flooding (disaster) if drainage systems are not
properly maintained.

Q15) Explain Chemical Hazards with suitable example.

Chemical hazards are substances that pose risks to health, safety, or the environment. They can come
from industrial processes, household products, or natural sources and can cause a range of health
problems.

Types of Chemical Hazards:

 Toxic Chemicals: Harmful when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin (e.g.,
pesticides, lead).

 Flammable Chemicals: Can catch fire easily and cause explosions (e.g., gasoline, propane).

 Corrosive Chemicals: Can damage or destroy living tissues and materials (e.g., acids like
sulfuric acid).

 Reactive Chemicals: Can react with other substances to cause explosions, toxic gas releases,
or fires (e.g., sodium, hydrogen peroxide).

Example: In a factory, a chemical spill of hydrochloric acid (corrosive) can lead to burns, damage
equipment, and release toxic fumes, posing risks to workers and nearby communities. Proper
storage, handling, and safety protocols are essential to prevent accidents and minimize risks.

Q16)Explain do’s and don’t’s in case of disaster.

Do’s in Case of Disaster:

 Stay calm and follow emergency plans.

 Listen to official news and alerts.

 Seek safe shelter and stay indoors if needed.

 Help those who need assistance, if safe to do so.

 Keep emergency supplies like water, food, and a first aid kit ready.

Don’t’s in Case of Disaster:

 Don’t panic or spread false information.

 Don’t go outside unless necessary or instructed to evacuate.

 Don’t use elevators during an emergency.

 Don’t ignore safety instructions from authorities.

 Don’t touch downed power lines or exposed wires.

Q17)Explain occurance of flood and possible risk reduction measures.

Floods occur when water exceeds normal levels, often due to heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt, or
overflowing rivers. They can also happen when dams or levees break or when urban drainage
systems can't handle the water.

Possible Risk Reduction Measures:

 Build stronger infrastructure: Construct levees, dams, and flood barriers to control water
flow.

 Improve drainage systems: Upgrade urban drainage to prevent water buildup.

 Create wetlands and restore forests: These absorb excess water and reduce flooding.

 Develop early warning systems: Alert communities about potential floods in advance.

 Implement zoning laws: Restrict construction in flood-prone areas to minimize damage.

 Educate the public: Teach people how to prepare for and respond to floods.

Q18)Explain types of emergency facilities that are typically established during disaster response.

 Shelters are set up to provide a safe place for people to stay during a disaster.

 Medical help stations are established to give first aid and treatment to those injured.

 Food and supply distribution sites ensure people have access to essentials like food, water,
and clothing.

 Communication hubs are created to keep people informed and coordinate response efforts.

 Emergency management offices oversee the entire disaster response to make sure resources
are used properly.

 Temporary homes are provided for people who have lost their houses.

 Rescue operation teams work to find and help people trapped or in danger.

Q19)Explain role of international agencies in extreme events.

 Provide financial aid to affected countries.

 Supply emergency relief such as food, water, and medical supplies.

 Offer expertise and technical support for disaster response.

 Coordinate international rescue and recovery efforts.

 Help rebuild communities and infrastructure.

 Support long-term recovery and development plans.

 Raise awareness and promote disaster preparedness.

Q21)Role of NGO’S in post disaster scenario and during rehabilitation.

  Provide immediate emergency relief like food, water, and shelter.

 Offer medical care and mental health support.

 Help in search and rescue operations.

 Assist in rebuilding homes and infrastructure.

 Support community programs for recovery and rehabilitation.

 Provide training and resources for livelihood restoration.

 Promote disaster preparedness and awareness programs.

Q22)Various natural and manmade disasters. How they occur and what are the consequences of
such events.

Natural Disasters:

 Earthquakes: Sudden shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates.
Consequences: Building collapses, injuries, and loss of life.

 Floods: Occur when water exceeds normal levels due to heavy rain or river overflow.
Consequences: Property damage, displacement, and loss of life.

 Hurricanes/Typhoons: Intense storms with strong winds and heavy rain.

Consequences: Flooding, building damage, and loss of life.

 Wildfires: Uncontrolled fires in forests or grasslands, often started by lightning or human

activity.
Consequences: Loss of homes, deaths of wildlife, and air pollution.

Manmade Disasters:

 Oil Spills: Release of oil into oceans or waterways due to accidents or leaks.
Consequences: Marine pollution, harm to wildlife, and economic losses.

 Chemical Spills: Accidental release of hazardous chemicals, causing health risks and
environmental damage.
Consequences: Poisoning, contamination of water sources, and harm to ecosystems.

 Nuclear Accidents: Release of radioactive materials due to reactor failures.

Consequences: Radiation sickness, long-term health issues, and environmental
contamination.

 Industrial Accidents: Failures in factories or plants causing explosions or toxic emissions.

Consequences: Injuries, loss of life, and environmental harm.

Q23) Repeated question hai

Q24)Role of public education and awareness campaigns to enhance non-structural mitigation
efforts with communities.

Role of Public Education and Awareness Campaigns in Non-Structural Mitigation:

1. Educates communities about potential hazards.

2. Teaches practical actions to reduce risks.

3. Encourages preparation and planning for emergencies.

4. Motivates community participation in safety efforts.

5. Reduces panic during disasters through prior knowledge.

6. Improves communication between authorities and the public.

7. Increases understanding and acceptance of safety measures.

8. Builds community resilience and recovery capacity.

Q25)Scope and responsibilities of Natural Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) and national
disaster management authority(NDMA) in India.

Scope and Responsibilities of NIDM

1. Provides training programs for government officials and organizations.

2. Conducts research on disaster management and risk reduction.

3. Promotes education and awareness about disaster preparedness.

4. Documents best practices and lessons from disaster experiences.

5. Advises governments on disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies.

Scope and Responsibilities of NDMA

1. Develops national policies and guidelines for disaster management.

2. Coordinates between ministries, states, and agencies during disasters.

3. Plans and implements disaster risk reduction measures.

4. Oversees and monitors emergency response efforts.

5. Strengthens disaster management capabilities at state and district levels.

6. Enforces disaster management laws and frameworks.

Q26)Mass casualty management system.

Mass Casualty Management System

A Mass Casualty Management System is a framework to handle situations where a large number of
people are injured or affected by a disaster or emergency.

1. Train healthcare workers and emergency responders.

2. Sort victims based on the severity of injuries for prioritization.

3. Ensure effective communication among emergency services and hospitals.

4. Allocate medical supplies, equipment, and staff efficiently.

5. Provide on-site first aid and transport victims to hospitals.

6. Equip hospitals to handle a large number of patients.

7. Inform the public about the situation and safety measures.

8. Support victims with care and evaluate the response for improvement.

Q27)Role of structural mapping in identifying vulnerabilities and risks associated with buildings
and infrastructures during disasters?

Role of Structural Mapping

1. Identifies buildings and infrastructure vulnerable to disasters.

2. Evaluates the potential impact of hazards on structures.

3. Pinpoints areas needing reinforcement or upgrades.

4. Provides data for evacuation planning and safe zones.

5. Helps improve building codes for safer construction.

6. Creates visual maps of high-risk areas.

7. Focuses resources on strengthening critical infrastructure.

8. Educates communities about structural risks.

Q28)Legal aspects involved un financing the relief expenditure.

Legal Aspects in Financing Relief Expenditure

1. Disaster Management Act, 2005 – Framework for funding relief and mitigation.

2. Finance Commission Guidelines – Allocates funds to states for disaster relief.

3. Budgetary Provisions – Annual budget allocations for disaster management.

4. Insurance and Compensation Laws – Ensure claims and compensation for affected
individuals.

5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) – Companies contribute under CSR mandates.

6. Emergency Procurement Laws – Allow rapid procurement of necessary goods and services.

7. Auditing and Accountability – Relief funds are audited for transparency.

8. International Assistance Regulations – Guidelines for accepting foreign aid.

Q29)Important consideration in community based disaster management. Important

Considerations in Community-Based Disaster Management

1. Community participation in planning and decision-making.

2. Use of local knowledge and traditional practices.

3. Capacity building through training and education.

4. Clear and effective communication.

5. Identification and use of local resources.

6. Inclusion of vulnerable groups.

7. Collaboration with local governments and organizations.

8. Development and practice of emergency response plans.

9. Implementation of risk reduction measures.

10. Sustainability of strategies for long-term impact.

Q30)Disaster management act and its provision

Disaster Management Act, 2005 and Its Provisions

1. Purpose: Sets up a plan for preparing, responding to, and recovering from disasters.

2. NDMA: Led by the Prime Minister; makes national disaster policies.

3. SDMAs: Led by the Chief Minister; creates state disaster plans.

4. DDMAs: Led by the District Collector; handles disaster work at the district level.

5. NDRF: National fund for emergency relief, managed by the Ministry of Home Affairs.

6. SDRF: State fund for disaster response, managed based on Finance Commission guidelines.

7. Plans: Must be made by central, state, and district authorities and updated regularly.

8. Ministry of Home Affairs: Oversees national disaster management.

Q31)List various organizations set up by government in response to disaster and working of such
organizations.

Organizations Set Up by the Government in Response to Disasters

1. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Formulates national policies and

coordinates disaster management.

2. State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs): Develops state-level disaster policies and
coordinates response.

3. District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs): Plans and coordinates disaster

management at the district level.

4. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): Provides search, rescue, and relief during
disasters.

5. State Disaster Response Forces (SDRFs): Assists with emergency response at the state level.

6. Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA): Oversees disaster policies and provides funding and
resources.

7. Indian Red Cross Society: Offers emergency medical aid and disaster relief services.

Q32)Repeated question

Q33) Repeated question

Q34)Cyclones and early warning systems in place to predict cyclones.

Cyclones and Early Warning Systems

1. Cyclones are large storm systems with strong winds and heavy rain.

2. Early warnings help communities prepare and reduce damage.

3. Satellite technology monitors weather patterns and detects cyclones.

4. Radar systems track cyclones in real-time.

5. Meteorological departments provide forecasts and alerts.

6. Weather forecasting models predict cyclone paths and impacts.

7. Cyclone warning centers issue advisories and alerts.

8. Communication systems use mobile alerts, radio, and TV to inform the public.

9. Public awareness programs educate communities on safety measures.

10. International cooperation improves prediction and response through data sharing.