ACHIEVER’S EDUCATION CONSULTANT

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SUMMARY OF MTH281 WITH PAST QUESTIONS

The course is a must for all students who will like to make career in mathematics and
engineering.

Course Aims

The course aims at giving you a good understanding of various methods in advanced
mathematics.

Assessment

It constitutes 70% of the total grade for the course. You are to read and master each unit
carefully before progressing to other units.

DIFFERENTIABILITY

Recall that in MTH 112, the idea of a limit was introduced. For example, it was shown that as q
becomes small s i n q q approaches unity. We will consider in this unit a more detailed and
rigorous definition of the limit of a function. We will also study the concept of continuity and
state sit of conditions when a function will be discontinuous.

The two ideas of limit and continuity would be applied to establish a more rigorous definition of
differentiability. be able to obtain nth differentials coefficients of some simple functions by
application of Leibnitz’s formula. Sometimes we are faced with a function, which becomes
arbitrarily large when x is chosen sufficiently close to a number a.

For example, the function x tends to 2

0 from the positive side, and to - ¥ when x from the negative side .

For example, the function y = x

Firstly, the value of the function may not be defined at x = a, as, for example. Secondly, if f is
defined at x = a its value may not be equal to lim f. For example, if f is defined by ìï £1for x 1, f
= 1í ïï > for x 1, then lim f = 21 .

1 y y = 12

This is not equal to the value of the function at x = 1, which by is equal to unity.
However, y = cos x

Although again oscillating infinitely many times as x 0 nevertheless does posses a limit in virtue
of the factor x in front of the cosine term which decreases to zero in the limit.

2 sec x- cos x

1+c pos x tan xp A single-valued function of x is said to be continuous at x – a if lim f exists, the
function is defined for the value x = a, and if lim f = f. When a function does not satisfy these
conditions it is said to be discontinuous and x = a is called a point of discontinuity. 1.1 is
discontinuous at x = 0, whilst the function defined by 1.1 and represented in Fig.

2, lim f = lim xm =

Consider a function y = f whose graph is represented in fig. F f-dx = tan QPS is then the slope of
the straight line joining the points P and Q, and may be thought of as the mean value of the
gradient of the curve y = f in the range . From the definition of the differential coefficient as a
limit, we may obtain the differential coefficient of nay function of one variable. In the same
way, we may also derive the well-known rules for differentiating the product and quotient of two
functions.

÷ 2 çççsin

Both of these well-known formulae can be proved from first principles, and we illustrate this
statement by deriving . Which by using the theorems on limits stated in 3. As required.

Hence dy dy = y1 =

When principal values of many-valued functions are implied it is usual to write the functions
with capital letters.

0, and consequently ï ìï üf - f lim xí ý ï ïï d x0 îï þ

This maybe easily seen by considering the function represented graphically in Fig. At the point P
the curve is continuous despite the ‘kink’ since the function is defined and the limit of the
function as a from either direction is equal to x f. The differential coefficient, however, is not
uniquely defined at P since a definite tangent to the curve at this point does not exist. The
function is not differentiable therefore at this point, although it is differentiable everywhere else.

As an example, we mention the function f = sin x f = 0, which is continuous at x = 0 but not

differentiable there. Certain functions, moreover, are known to be continuous for all x and yet
differentiable at none.

1> x

This is an extension of the inequality relation already obtained graphically in Chapter 2. These
statements are obvious when represented graphically , but we indicate an analytical proof
here. Similarly f > f and f > f, and hence the statement is proved. F = x x cos x-sin, x f’ = 2 which
is negative in the range 0 < x < p /2.

These are sometimes abbreviated to either f’’, f’’’ … f

We now give a few examples showing how the nth differential coefficients of some simple
functions maybe obtained.

Equation

In these two examples, the functions have been simple enough to enable the nth differential
coefficient to be written down in a few lines.

By inspection of these results the following formula may be written down for the nth
differential coefficient of uv

Dn = n Leibnitz’s formula may be proved by induction as follows.

Dn+2y + x2Dny + 2nx Dn-1yn2p+

Dn+2y + nDn-2y = ïí0 if n is even , ïï 1 if n is odd .

A particular important application of differentiation is to the problem of finding the

maxima and minima values of a given function f in same interval a £

Purely on geometrical grounds we can see that provided f is differentiable in the range then at a
maximum or minimum the tangent to the curve must be parallel to the x-axis. According a
necessary condition for a point x0 to be a maximum or a minimum is that æ df f’ = 0 ççi=. Such
points are called critical points. Although at the end points x = a and x=b it would seem that the
function possesses larger and smaller values respectively than at the maximum point Q and the
minimum point P, we do not count these as true maxima and minima but note that they are just
the greatest and least values of the function in the range a £ x £ b.

if f’’ > 0 then f’ is also increasing and hence the curve is concave is upwards . It may happen that
both f’ and f’’ vanish for example, f = x3 has a critical point at x = x0 = 0, and f’’. Such points
are called points of inflection. A more detailed theory based on Taylor series enables the nature
of a critical point to be determined when the first n derivatives vanish at the critical point.

However, we shall not deal with this situation here. Finally, we note that we have so far assumed
that the function is continuous and has a continuous first derivative. If the function is not
differentiable then it may still possess maxima and minima but they cannot be found by
differentiation. For example, the function y = |x| is shown in Fig.

This is not a differentiable function for the range –a £ x £ a .

Determine the maxima and minima value sin-1 1 + x2/3

In this unit, we have dealt with limit, continuity and have established some theorems, such as
Rolle’s Theorem and Mean-Valued theorem.

We have also established relationship between continuity and

The concept of differentiability allows us to determine, the minimum and maximum point of a
given function. Here you have learnt about limits, continuity and differentiability. You have also
learnt that differentiability at a point implies continuity at that point. Some relevant theorems
such as Rolles and Mean-valued theorem were also studied.

You are to master these areas in order to be able to follow the presentation in the next unit.

1 Maxima and Minima of function of two Variables

In Unit 1, we discussed the concepts of continuity and differentiability of one real independent
variable. In this unit, we shall consider and extend the idea developed in Unit 1 to function of
more than one variable. It is therefore necessary to define function of several variables. All types
of concepts for functions of one variable are extend to functions of several variables.

For example the value of a function f at is given by f. The domain and range of the function are
defined as before. In general we may represent every pair of numbers by a point P in the plane of
a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system and denote the corresponding value of f by the length
of the line PP’ drawn parallel to the z=axis . The function given in , however, is defined for all
values of x and y.

it is usual to denote the region of definition of a function of several independent variables by the
letter. If a function f has just one real value for every value within its region of definition R, we
say that it is a single-valued function are obtained for a given value we call the function two-
valued or many-valued. Likewise, if a function f is continuous at every point of a region R of the
plane it is said to be continuous over that region.

Similarly the partial derivative of f with respect to y is defined as x ì f f

Similarly, the partial derivative of f with respect to y may be found by treating x a s constant and
evaluating the ordinary derivative of f with respect to y. The variable, which is to be held
constant in the differentiation, is denoted by a subscript as shown in and . Alternative
notations, however, exist for partial derivatives and one of the more useful and compact of these
is to denote ççæ÷ çèøyby fy. The subscripts appearing in the f now denote the variables with
respect to which f is to be differentiated.

= -4y

The last example illustrated the technique of partial differentiation from first principles . We now
differentiate partially by keeping certain variables constant as required. For example, if f = sin2 x
cos y + 2 then keeping y constant we find x= 2 sin x cos x cos y + 2 2 x.

Given that f fy x= -ye2z sin xy, ø=

This result may be immediately extended to the case when f is a function of two or more
independent variables.

[...]

In general, any function satisfying this equation is called a harmonic function. In Example 6 we
have shown that the second partial derivatives fxy and y are equal. This is in fact the case for fyx
of the function f = tan-1 x most functions as can be verified by choosing a few functions at
random. It can be proved that a sufficient condition that fxy = fyx at some point is that both fxy
and fyx are continuous at and in all that follows it will be assumed that this condition is satisfied.

[...]

Suppose f is a continuous function defined in a region R of the xyf plane, and that both f y x are
continuous in this region. We x and y now consider the change in the value of the function
brought about by following small changes in x and y.

Using and in we d f = êf ú x ëûx + f y é ù êú

Df @ f x d x + f d y obtained by neglecting the small terms d x and b d y in represents, to the

first order in d x and d y, the change in f due to changes d x and d y in x and y respectively. We
first use to obtain d f @ d x + x2exy d y. We now return to the exact expression for d f given in .

Hence dividing by d t and proceeding to the limit d t 0 we have

This expression is called the total derivative of u with respect to t.

Then by direct substitution we have u = sinh2t + t4 and consequently du = 2 sinh2 t cosh t +

t4

We now obtain this result using the expression for the total derivative.

Then by we have du = 2 2 cos x sin x -x cos x x sin

This result could have been obtained by the slightly more laborious method of substituting into
and then differentiating with respect to x in the usual way. When y is defined as a function of x
by the equation u = f = 0 y is called an implicit function of x. since u is identically zero its total
derivative must vanish, and consequently from dy = -y çèøy.

GG G dz dy

We have already seen that if u = f and functions of t then du = f dx + f dy y. Where we have

assumed that fxy = fyx. Higher total derivative may be obtained in similar way. A special case of
which will be needed later is when dx = h, dydt k, where h and k are constants.

= 3 3 3 2 f h 3h k +

ø x yis to be expanded by means of the binomial theorem.

Similarly, keeping s a constant and differentiating with respect to t öy÷

These results are easily obtained since from we have r = f x cos q + f y sin q , which, on
multiplying through by r, gives .

12u

+ k y , *Drf meansh kr x k f evaluated at the point .

*Dn+1f

Since by assumption all partial derivatives of f up to and including the th order are continuous in
R so also are the ordinary derivatives of u with respect to t.

*Df + En9 where now

In all that follows we shall assume that is satisfied. An alternative form of Taylor’s series may be
obtained by putting h = x – a, k = y – b.

Maximum

Consequently the tangents T1 and T2 to these curves at must be parallel to the Ox and Oy axes
respectively. The solution of these equations gives the coordinates of points of possible maxima
and minima, and also of points called saddle points which will be defined later. In general we
speak of the solution of as giving the stationary or critical.

2f a, b

{ 2 – h2 }, Clearly the sign of f - f, which by and is crucial in deciding whether a particular

stationary point is a maximum or minimum, is now, by and , dependent on the values of h and
k. In this case the stationary point a, b0 is called a saddle point. When D = 0 a more refined test
is required to determine the nature of a given stationary point.

The conditions f x x = 0, f y = 0 give the two equations

4x = 0, 4y = 0, Hence solving and we have x = 0, 1, y = 0, giving the stationary points of

as , and . We now test each f these points separately for a maximum, minimum or saddle
point. The function f defined in therefore has two minima at ,, and one saddle point at . Finally it
is easily found that f = -2 at both minima, and f = -1 at the saddle point.
The reader should now attempt o sketch the surface z = f defined by . Problems of this type
where some constraint is applied are best dealt with by the method of Lagrange
multipliers. However, in this particular example we can easily reduce the problem to one in two-
independent variables by eliminating z to get f = x2y2 and proceeding as in Example 17. The
stationary points are easily found to be and cç çç c÷c ,÷, è ø , 3where all possible combinations
of sign are allowed.

This second point is, in fact, eight symmetrically placed points in the form of a cube centred at
the origin of the 0xyz- coordinate system. In the last example, a problem of maximising a
function of three independent variables subject to a constraint was successfully dealt with by
eliminating one of the variables. However, this approach may not always be possible. For
example, if instead of the constraint , we had the relation e-yzsin2+1 = 0, it would not be
possible to solve explicitly for z.

Lagrange developed an alternative with maxima and minima problems which are subject which
overcomes this difficulty. We indicate this case of functions of two variables only, but the
extended to any number of variables. Suppose f is to be examined for stationary points subject to
the constraint g = 0.

To find the maximum distance from the origin to

Here we have to find the maximum value of the distance l, where l2 = f = x2 + y2 subject to the
constraint g = 3x2 + 3y2 + 4xy – 2 = 0. 2x + l = 0, 2y + l = 0, which must be solved together
with .

Find the stationary points of f = x2 + y2 subject to the constraint 3x + 2y =

In this unit, we have considered and discussed into detail important mathematical concepts. The
Partial Differentiation, we have also considered concepts like Lagrange Multiplier
Techniques, which is a useful tool in determining the maxima and minima point in calculus of
several variables. The concepts developed will be useful in solving problems in more advanced
mathematics as we progress in our studies. Here in this unit you have learnt about functions of
several independent variables and various methods of performing derivatives on them.

In determining the specific gravity by the formula S = A

A -W, where A is the weight in air, and W is weight in water. A can be read within 0.01gm and
W can be read within 0.02gm.

Absolute Convergence Test

When the sequence of partial sums tends to an infinite limit, or oscillates either finitely or
infinitely, the series is said to be divergent.

Now if the series converges to a sum S then S = Sn = lim

This condition is necessary but not sufficient for convergence in that there are many series
satisfying which nevertheless do not converge.

1 = 0, lim an = lim

A simple extension of this result shows that the removal or insertion of a finite number of terms
anywhere in the series does not affect its convergence. Examine the following series for
convergence.

[...]

Similarly, If å br is known to diverge then å ar is divergent if ar ³ br for all sufficiently large

r. Since, by Theorem 4, the removal or insertion of a finite number of terms does not affect the
convergence of a series, it can be assumed in the proof that follows that the condition ar £ br
holds for all r. The proof of this test may easily be seen by a graphical argument. Suppose each
term of a series represents the area of a rectangle of base equal to unity and height equal to the
magnitude of the term .

Then the sum of the series is represented by the sum of the b1 b2 b3 areas of the rectangles. If
now ¥å br converges to a sum then the total area of the rectangles must be finite, and if ar £ br
for all r, the area of the rectangles representing the series ar must also be finite. An analytic proof
of the test may be obtained by considering the partial sums Sn = å ar, Tr = n å br. Hence, by , the
first part of the test is proved.

A similar argument exists for the second part of the test.

[...]

Now is a geometric series with a common ratio k =21-p which is known to be convergent for |k|
< 1.

To prove these results we assume first that r 1

Since is true for all r, the comparison test shows that converges when å br converges. The second
part of the test may be proved in the same way. If is convergent, is said to be absolutely
convergent, and it can be proved that any absolutely convergent series is also convergent.

Show that if the conditionally convergence series

Where two positive terms always alternate, with one negative term the series diverges.

Absolute Convergence Tests

Since ¥å |ar| is series of positive terms its convergence may be discussed using any of the tests
given in 5.3.
Rx -r 1

The question of what happens when |x| = 1 may be answered by taking the two possible cases x =
+1 and x = -1 separately.

+ x2 sin 3 +x… =

1 is known to converge.

2 ç3122 X

Such that two positive terms alternate with one negative term throughout the series.

=1+x+ !

This result is not true for series that are conditionally convergent, and any rearrangement of
terms in a series of this type will usually lead to a series with a different sum. For example, will
have the same sum as , since is convergent . The series , however, is only conditionally
convergent since the series formed from the absolute values of its terms is the divergent
harmonic series. Hence, we must expect that the sums of the two rearranged series and will be
different from each other and different from the sum of .

By way of justifying this we now show how to find the sums of and so verifying that they are
different.

1{n e + loge} - 2

The value of x for which converges may be found using d’Alembert’s ratio test given in
5.6. Hence for the series to be absolutely convergent we must have from ar+x1 =r +1x a rx r a
r+1 = k < 1.

This condition may be more conveniently expressed as

R, where R, the radius of convergence, is defined by provided the limit exists.

Writing in full as

-R < x < R, We see that the series converges absolutely provided x lies in the open interval –R to
R. This interval is called the interval of convergence. When k = 1, the ratio test gives no
information and consequently the series may converge or diverge at x = R . However, as we shall
see in the following examples, we may test the convergence of the series for these two particular
values of x by direct substitution into the series.

The interval of convergence is therefore

At the end points x = 1, the series may converge or diverge.

1 xæ

In this unit, we have considered series and convergence of series. We have examined the
condition under which a given series will converge conditionally. We also studied differentiation
and integration of series and pointed out that this will always possible for infinite series of
arbitrary functions, example of the case in point was considered in the unit. The unit will be of
immense importance in the subsequent course in mathematical analysis.

MTH281 List of Questions

Latex formatted questions may not properly render

Q1 Expand \[\sinh x\] by using Maclaurin series

\[x+\frac{x^{3}}{3!}+\frac{x^{5}}{5!}+\frac{x^{7}}{7!}+\cdots\]
\[1+x+\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\frac{x^{3}}{3!}+\cdots\]
\[x-\frac{x^{3}}{3!}+\frac{x^{5}}{5!}-\frac{x^{7}}{7!}+\cdots\]
\[1-x-\frac{x^{2}}{2!}-\frac{x^{2}}{2!}-\frac{x^{3}}{3!}-\cdots\]

Q2 Expand \[\cos x\] by using Maclaurin series

\[1+x+\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\frac{x^{3}}{3!}+\cdots\]
\[1-x-\frac{x^{2}}{2!}-\frac{x^{2}}{2!}-\frac{x^{3}}{3!}-\cdots\]
\[1+\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\frac{2x^{4}}{4!}+\frac{6x^{6}}{6!}+\cdots\]
\[1-\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\frac{2x^{4}}{4!}-\frac{6x^{6}}{6!}+\cdots\]

Q3 Give the first few terms of \[\sin x\] using Maclaurin series
\[x+\frac{x^{3}}{3!}+\frac{x^{5}}{5!}+\frac{x^{7}}{7!}+\cdots\]
\[1+x+\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\frac{x^{3}}{3!}+\cdots\]
\[x-\frac{x^{3}}{3!}+\frac{x^{5}}{5!}-\frac{x^{7}}{7!}+\cdots\]
\[1-x-\frac{x^{2}}{2!}-\frac{x^{2}}{2!}-\frac{x^{3}}{3!}-\cdots\]

Q4 The product of \[e^{2x}\] and \[e^{-x}\] can be written as __________________

\[1+x+\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\frac{x^{3}}{3!}+\cdots\]
\[1-x-\frac{x^{2}}{2!}-\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+-frac{x^{3}}{3!}-\cdots\]
\[x+\frac{x^{3}}{3!}+\frac{x^{3}}{3!}+\frac{x^{4}}{4!}+\cdots\]
\[x-\frac{x^{3}}{3!}-\frac{x^{3}}{3!}-\frac{x^{4}}{4!}-\cdots\]

Q5 Find limit \[\lim_{(x, y, z)\rightarrow (1, 2, 5)} \sqrt(x+y+z)\]

2
 3
\[2\sqrt(2)\]
\[2\sqrt(2)\]

Q6 Find the limit of \[\lim_{(x, y)\rightarrow(2,4)} \frac{x+y}{x-y}\]

1
2
6
-3

Q7 Find the limit of \[\lim_{(x, y)\rightarrow (2, 1)} x+3y^{2}\]

4
5
3
7

Q8 The gradient of the tangent at any point (x,y) of the conic

\[f(x,y)=ax^{2}+2hxy+by^{2}+2gx+2fy+c=0\]
\[\frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{2ax+2hy+2g}{2by+2hx+2f}\]
\[\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{2ax+2hy+2g}{2by+2hx+2f}\]
\[\frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{2ax-2hy-2g}{2by+2hx+2f}\]
\[\frac{dy}{dx}=--\frac{2ax+2hy+2g}{2by-2hx+2f}\]

Q9 Given the function \[f(x,y)=\tan^{-1} \frac{y}{x}\], find \[f_{yy}\]

\[f_{xy}=-\frac{2xy}{(x^{2}-y^{2})^{2}}\]
\[f_{xy}=-\frac{2xy}{(x^{2}+y^{2})^{2}}\]
\[f_{xy}=\frac{2xy}{(x^{2}+y^{2})^{2}}\]
\[f_{xy}=\frac{2xy}{(x^{2}-y^{2})^{2}}\]

Q10 Given the function \[f(x,y)=\tan^{-1} \frac{y}{x}\], find \[f_{xy}\]

\[f_{xy}=-\frac{2xy}{(x^{2}-y^{2})^{2}}\]
\[f_{xy}=-\frac{2xy}{(x^{2}+y^{2})^{2}}\]
\[f_{xy}=\frac{2xy}{(x^{2}+y^{2})^{2}}\]
\[f_{xy}=\frac{2xy}{(x^{2}-y^{2})^{2}}\]

Q11 Expand the function \[f(x)=e^{3x}\] about x=0 using Maclaurin's series
 \[e^{3x}=1+3x+\frac{(3x)^{2}}{2!}+\frac{(3x)^{3}}{3!}+\cdots+\frac{(3x)^{n}}{n!}\]
\[e^{3x}=1-3x-\frac{(3x)^{2}}{2!}-\frac{(3x)^{3}}{3!}-\cdots-\frac{(3x)^{n}}{n!}\]
\[e^{3x}=1+x+\frac{(x)^{2}}{2!}+\frac{(x)^{3}}{3!}+\cdots+\frac{(x)^{n}}{n!}\]
\[e^{3x}=1-x-\frac{(x)^{2}}{2!}-\frac{(x)^{3}}{3!}-\cdots-\frac{(x)^{n}}{n!}\]

Q12 Given\[ f(x)=3x(x-1)^{5}\]. Compute \[f'''(x)\]

\[f'''(x)=8(2x-1)^{3}(x-1)\]
\[f'''(x)=80(2x-1)^{2}(x-1)\]
\[f'''(x)=100(x-1)^{2}(4x-1)\]
\[f'''(x)=180(x-1)^{2}(2x-1)\]

Q13 Evaluate the \[\frac{d ^{3}f}{d x^{3}}\] of \[f(x)= sin (x) cos (x)\]
\[\frac{d ^{3}f}{d x^{3}}=-4\left(cos^{2} (x)-sin^{2} (x)\right)\]
\[\frac{d ^{3}f}{d x^{3}}=-2\left(Cos^{2} (x)+sin^{2} (x)\right)\]
\[\frac{d ^{3}f}{d x^{3}}=-4\left(tan^{2} (x)-cos^{2} (x)\right)\]
\[f'(x)=5x^{4}-\frac{1}{2}x^{\frac{1}{2}}+ \frac{1}{2x^{2}}, 20x^{3}-\frac{3}{4}x^{-
\frac{1}{2}}- \frac{1}{x^{1}}, 100x^{2}-\frac{3}{8}x^{-\frac{3}{2}}+ \frac{3}{x^{4}}\]

Q14 Compute the first thrre derivatives of \[f(x)=2x^{5}+x^{\frac{3}{2}}-\frac{1}{2x}\]

\[f'(x)=10x^{3}-\frac{2}{2}x^{\frac{1}{2}}+ \frac{1}{2x^{2}}, 20x^{3}-\frac{3}{4}x^{-
\frac{1}{2}}- \frac{1}{x^{3}}, 10x^{2}-\frac{1}{8}x^{-\frac{3}{2}}+ \frac{3}{x^{4}}\]
\[f'(x)=10x^{4}-\frac{3}{2}x^{\frac{1}{2}}+ \frac{1}{2x^{2}}, 40x^{3}-\frac{3}{4}x^{-
\frac{1}{2}}- \frac{1}{x^{3}}, 120x^{2}-\frac{3}{8}x^{-\frac{3}{2}}+ \frac{3}{x^{4}}\]
\[f'(x)=10x^{4}-\frac{3}{2}x^{\frac{2}{2}}-\frac{1}{2x^{2}}, 40x^{3}\frac{3}{4}x^{-
\frac{1}{2}}- \frac{1}{x^{3}}, 120x^{2}-\frac{3}{8}x^{-\frac{1}{2}}+ \frac{3}{x^{4}}\]
\[f'(x)=5x^{4}-\frac{1}{2}x^{\frac{1}{2}}+ \frac{1}{2x^{2}}, 20x^{3}-\frac{3}{4}x^{-
\frac{1}{2}}- \frac{1}{x^{1}}, 100x^{2}-\frac{3}{8}x^{-\frac{3}{2}}+ \frac{3}{x^{4}}\]

Q15 For \[g(x)=\frac{x-4}{x-3}\], we can use the mean value theorem on [4, 6], Hence
determine \[c\]
\[c=3\pm \sqrt(3)\]
\[\sqrt (112) \]
\[c=2\pm \sqrt(3)\]
\[c=-2\pm \sqrt(5)\]

Q16 Find the number \[c\] guaranteed by the mean value theorem for derivatives for
\[f(x)=(x+1)^{3}, [-1, 1] \]
 \[c=\frac{-\sqrt (3) \pm 2}{\sqrt(3)}\]
\[c=\frac{-\sqrt (2) \pm 1}{\sqrt(3)}\]
\[c=1\pm \sqrt(5)\]
\[c=\frac{-\sqrt (5) \pm 2}{\sqrt(5)}\]

Q17 Determine whether the Rolle's theorem can be applied to \[f\] on the closed interval [a,
b] . If can be applied, Find the values of \[c\] in open interval (a, b) such that \[f'( c) = 0\],
\[f(x)=\frac{x^{2}-2x-3}{x+2}, [-1, 3]\]
\[c=-2\pm\sqrt(5)\]
\[c=-1\pm\sqrt(5)\]
\[c=-2\pm 2\sqrt(5)\]
\[c=-2\pm\sqrt(5)\]

Q18 Determine whether the mean value theorem can be applied to \[f\] on the closed
interval [a, b] . If can be applied, Find the value of \[c\] in open interval (a, b) such that
\[f(x)=x(x^{2}-x-2), [-1, 1]\]
\[c=\frac{-1}{2}\]
\[c=\frac{-1}{3}\]
\[c=\frac{-2}{3}\]
\[c=\frac{-2}{5}\]

Q19 Find the two x-intercept of \[f(x)=x^{2}-3x+2\]

x=1, 3
x=1, 1
x=-2, 2
x= 1, 2

Q20 Let \[f(x)=x^{4}-2x^{2}\]. Find the all \[c\] (where \[c\] is the interception on the x-axis
) in the interval (-2, 2) such that \[f'(x)=0\]. ( Hint use Rolle's theorem )
(-1, 0, 1)
(-1, 1, 1)
(-1, 2, 1)
(-1, 0, 2)

Q21 Find the total differential of the function \[f(x,y)=x^{2}+3xy\] wth respect to x, given
that \[y=sin^{-1} x\].
\[2x+2sin^{-1} x+\frac{x}{(2-2x^{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\]
 \[2x+3sin^{-1} x+\frac{3x}{(1-x^{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\]
\[x+sin^{-1} x+\frac{2x}{(1-x^{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\]
\[2x+sin^{-1} x+\frac{3x}{(1-x^{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\]

Q22 Find the total differential of the function \[f(x,y)=y e^{x+y}\]

\[d f=[y e^{x+y}]dx+[(1+y)e^{x+y}]dy\]
\[d f=[y e^{x+y}]dx-[(1+y)e^{x+y}]dy\]
\[d f=[y e^{x-y}]dx+[(1+y)e^{x-y}]dy\]
\[d f=[y e^{x-y}]dx-[(1+y)e^{x-y}]dy\]

Q23 Evaluate the second partial derivative of the functon \[f(x,y)=2x^{3}y^{2}+y^{3}\]

\[\frac{\partial^{2}f}{\partial x^{2}}=12xy, \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial y^{2}}=x^{3}+y,
\frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial x\partial y}=2x^{2}y \]
\[\frac{\partial^{2}f}{\partial x^{2}}=12x^{2}y^{2}, \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial
y^{2}}=4x+6y, \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial x\partial y}=10x^{2}y \]
\[\frac{\partial^{2}f}{\partial x^{2}}=12xy^{2}, \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial
y^{2}}=4x^{3}+6y, \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial x\partial y}=12x^{2}y \]
\[\frac{\partial^{2}f}{\partial x^{2}}=5x^{3}y^{2}, \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial
y^{2}}=6x^{3}+6y, \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial x\partial y}=2x^{2}y^{2} \]

Q24 Find the first partial derivative of the functon \[f(x,y)=2x^{3}y^{2}+y^{3}\]

\[\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}=6x^{2}y^{2}, \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}=4x^{3}y+y^{2}\]
\[\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}=6x^{3}y^{3}, \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}=4x^{4}y+y^{2}\]
\[\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}=x^{2}y, \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}=2x^{3}y+y\]
\[\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}=x^{2}y^{2}, \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}=x^{3}y+y^{2}\]

Q25 Evaluate the stationary points of the function \[f(x,y)=xy\left(x^{2}+y^{2}-1\right)\]

\[c=3\pm \sqrt(3) \]
\[(0,0), (0,0), (0, 0), \pm \left(0, \frac{1}{2}\right), \pm \left(0, -\frac{1}{2}\right)\]
\[(0,0), (0,0), (\pm 1, 0), \pm \left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), \pm \left(\frac{1}{2},
0\right)\]
\[(0,0), (0,\pm 1), (\pm 1, 0), \pm \left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), \pm
\left(\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{1}{2}\right)\]

Q26 Use Leibnitz theorem to evaluate the fourth derivative of

\[\left(2x^{3}+3x^{2}+x+2\right)e^{2x}\]
\[16\left(2x^{3}+15x^{2}+31x+19\right)e^{2x}\]
 \[8\left(x^{2}+5x^{2}+3x+14\right)e^{2x}\]
\[10\left(3x^{2}+10x^{2}+3x+15\right)e^{2x}\]
\[16\left(3x^{2}+5x^{2}+2x+3\right)e^{2x}\]

Q27 Compute the third derivative of \[\sin x In x\] using Leibnitz theorem
\[(2x^{-2}-3x^{-2})\cos x-(3x^{-3}+In 2x) \sin x\]
\[(x^{-3}-x^{-2})\cos x-(x^{-2}+In x) \cos x\]
\[(2x^{-3}-3x^{-1})\sin x-(3x^{-2}+In x) \cos x\]
\[(3x^{-3}-4x^{-1})\sin x-(3x^{-2}+In x) \sin x\]

Q28 Use Leibnitz theorem to find the second derivative of \[\cos x \sin 2x\]
\[2 \sin x (2-9\cos^{2} x)\]
\[2 \sin x (1-5\cos^{3} x)\]
\[3 \sin x (2-9\sin^{2} x)\]
\[2 \cos x (3-5\cos^{2} x)\]

Q29 Compute the n-th differential coefficient of \[y=x\log_{e}x\]

\[(-1)^{n-2}\frac{(n+2)!}{x^{n+1}}\left(n^{3}+2\right)\]
\[(-1)^{n-2}\frac{(n-2)!}{x^{n-1}}\left(n^{3}-2\right)\]
\[(-1)^{n-1}\frac{(n-1)!}{x^{n-2}}\left(n^{2}-2\right)\]
\[(-1)^{n+1}\frac{(n+1)!}{x^{n+2}}\left(n^{2}+2\right)\]

Q30 Obtain the n-th differential coefficient of \[y=(x^{2}+1)e^{2x}\]

\[2^{n-3}e^{4x}(x^{2x}+nx+n^{3}-n+4)\]
\[2^{n-2}e^{2x}(4x^{3x}+5nx+n^{3}-n+4)\]
\[2^{n-2}e^{2x}(4x^{2x}+4nx+n^{2}-n+4)\]
\[2^{n}e^{x}(4x^{2x}+4nx-n+4)\]

Q31 Given\[f(x)=\sqrt(9-x^{2})\]
\[\frac{-9}{8}\]
\[\frac{-3}{8}\]
\[\frac{5}{8}\]
\[\frac{7}{8}\]

Q32 Given \f(x)=3x(x-1)^{5}. Compute \[f'''(x)\]

\[2i-j\]
 \[f'''(x)=80(2x-1)^{2}(x-1)\]
\[f'''(x)=100(x-1)^{2}(4x-1)\]
\[f'''(x)=180(x-1)^{2}(2x-1)\]

Q33 Evaluate the \[\frac{d ^{3}f}{d x^{3}}\] of \[f(x)= sin (x) cos (x)\]
\[\frac{d ^{3}f}{d x^{3}}=-4\left(cos^{2} (x)-sin^{2} (x)\right)\]
\[\frac{d ^{3}f}{d x^{3}}=-2\left(Cos^{2} (x)+sin^{2} (x)\right)\]
\[\frac{d ^{3}f}{d x^{3}}=-4\left(tan^{2} (x)-cos^{2} (x)\right)\]
\[f'(x)=5x^{4}-\frac{1}{2}x^{\frac{1}{2}}+ \frac{1}{2x^{2}}, 20x^{3}-\frac{3}{4}x^{-
\frac{1}{2}}- \frac{1}{x^{1}}, 100x^{2}-\frac{3}{8}x^{-\frac{3}{2}}+ \frac{3}{x^{4}}\]

Q34 Compute the first thrre derivatives of \[f(x)=2x^{5}+x^{\frac{3}{2}}-\frac{1}{2x}\]

\[f'(x)=10x^{3}-\frac{2}{2}x^{\frac{1}{2}}+ \frac{1}{2x^{2}}, 20x^{3}-\frac{3}{4}x^{-
\frac{1}{2}}- \frac{1}{x^{3}}, 10x^{2}-\frac{1}{8}x^{-\frac{3}{2}}+ \frac{3}{x^{4}}\]
\[f'(x)=10x^{4}-\frac{3}{2}x^{\frac{1}{2}}+ \frac{1}{2x^{2}}, 40x^{3}-\frac{3}{4}x^{-
\frac{1}{2}}- \frac{1}{x^{3}}, 120x^{2}-\frac{3}{8}x^{-\frac{3}{2}}+ \frac{3}{x^{4}}\]
\[f'(x)=10x^{4}-\frac{3}{2}x^{\frac{2}{2}}-\frac{1}{2x^{2}}, 40x^{3}\frac{3}{4}x^{-
\frac{1}{2}}- \frac{1}{x^{3}}, 120x^{2}-\frac{3}{8}x^{-\frac{1}{2}}+ \frac{3}{x^{4}}\]
\[f'(x)=5x^{4}-\frac{1}{2}x^{\frac{1}{2}}+ \frac{1}{2x^{2}}, 20x^{3}-\frac{3}{4}x^{-
\frac{1}{2}}- \frac{1}{x^{1}}, 100x^{2}-\frac{3}{8}x^{-\frac{3}{2}}+ \frac{3}{x^{4}}\]

Q35 For \[g(x)=\frac{x-4}{x-3}\] we can use the mean value theorem on [4, 6], Hence
determine \[c\]
\[c=3\pm \sqrt(3)\]
\[\sqrt (112) \]
\[c=2\pm \sqrt(3)\]
\[c=-2\pm \sqrt(5)\]

Q36 Find the number \[c\] guaranteed by the mean value theorem for derivatives for
\[f(x)=(x+1)^{3}, [-1, 1] \]
\[c=\frac{-\sqrt (3) \pm 2}{\sqrt(3)}\]
\[c=\frac{-\sqrt (2) \pm 1}{\sqrt(3)}\]
\[c=1\pm \sqrt(5)\]
\[c=\frac{-\sqrt (5) \pm 2}{\sqrt(5)}\]

Q37 Determine whether the Rolle's theorem can be applied to \[f\] on the closed interval [a,
b] . If can be applied, Find the values of \[c\] in open interval (a, b) such that \[f'( c) = 0\],
\[f(x)=\frac{x^{2}-2x-3}{x+2}, [-1, 3]
 \[c=-2\pm\sqrt(5)\]
\[c=-1\pm\sqrt(5)\]
\[c=-2\pm 2\sqrt(5)\]
\[c=-2\pm\sqrt(5)\]

Q38 Determine whether the mean value theorem can be applied to \[f\] on the closed
interval [a, b] . If can be applied, Find the value of \[c\] in open interval (a, b) such that
\[f(x)=x(x^{2}-x-2), [-1, 1]\]
\[c=\frac{-1}{2}\]
\[c=\frac{-1}{3}\]
\[c=\frac{-2}{3}\]
\[c=\frac{-2}{5}\]

Q39 Find the two x-intercept of \[f(x)=x^{2}-3x+2\]

x=1, 3
x=1, 1
x=-2, 2
x= 1, 2

Q40 Let \[f(x)=x^{4}-2x^{2}\]. Find the all \[c\] (where \[c\] is the interception on the x-axis
) in the interval (-2, 2) such that \[f'(x)=0\]. ( Hint use Rolle's theorem )
(-1, 0, 1)
(-1, 1, 1)
(-1, 2, 1)
(-1, 0, 2)