Computer Networks (CS304)

2nd sem of 2022

Sujata Pal
Computer Science & Engineering
IIT Ropar

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Instructors

Sujata Pal
PhD: IIT Kharagpur
Post-Doc: University of Waterloo, Canada
Office: Room 116,
Ramanujam Block, Main campus, IIT Ropar
Email: [email protected]

Sudeepta Mishra
PhD: IIT Madras
Office: Room 317,
Ramanujam Block, Main campus, IIT Ropar
Email: [email protected]

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

TAs

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Sweta Dey
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Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Class timing

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Theory:
– Tuesday (3.00 – 3.50 pm)

– Thursday (12.00 – 12.50 pm)

– Friday (12.00 – 12.50 pm)
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Lab
– Assignments (4 to 5)

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Text Books

1. Computer Networking, a Top-Down Approach Featuring the

Internet, 6th ed., by J.F. Kurose and K.W. Ross, Addison-Wesley.

2. Computer Networks, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Prentice Hall.

3. Data Communications and networking, Behrouz A. Forouzan.

4. Data Networks, D. Bertsekas and R. Gallager, Prentice Hall.

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Course Outline

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Introduction to networks
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Physical layer
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Data link layer
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Network layer
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Transport layer
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Application layer

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Course Evaluation

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Mid-Sem (30%)
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End-Sem (40%)
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Lab Assignments (20%)
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Quiz (10%)
– Best 2 out of 3 quizzes (5 marks each)

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Quiz1: 27/31.01.23
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Quiz2: 31.03.23
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Quiz3: 18.04.23
– Missing the quiz means you will get zero. No separate quiz
will be conducted for you.
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Pass mark: 30%

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Course Policy

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No late assignment is acceptable.
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Cheating or any form of plagiarism directly affects the reputation
of the Department and the University. It lowers the morale of
other students. Cheating in homework will not be tolerated. An
automatic grade of 0 will be assigned to any student caught
cheating. Presenting another person's work as your own
constitutes cheating.
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Everything you turn in must be your owndoing.
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//Switch off/in silent mode your mobile during the class.
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Enter the class (online meetings) on time.
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Do not make noise and disturb others in my class.
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Don’t record/take photos inside the class without prior
permission.

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Course Policy

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Please do not depend on my slides.
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Black boards (80%) + few slides (20%)
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Read books (+ materials from Internet)
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Try to attend all my classes
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Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

What is a network?
Network: In simple terms it means an interconnected set of some objects.
– E.g., Radio, Television, railway, Highway, Bank, etc.

Bus Network Redesign: Edmonton’s New Bus Network Television Channel Television Network Streaming Media Computer

Computer network
Copied from https://cyber.olympiadsuccess.com/class-4-computer-networks
Bank Network Infrastructure adopted from (Advanced Relay

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Networks

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A network is a set of devices connected by communication
links.
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Devices are also referred as nodes.
– Ex: computer, printer, any device capable of sending
and/or receiving data
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Links: Medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.
– Ex: Cable, air, optical fiber

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

What is a computer network?

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Computer Network: an interconnected set of autonomous
computers.
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Computers can exchange information with each
other through communication.
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It is basically the convergence of two technologies of this
century - Computer and Communication.

Computer networks

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Evolution of Computer Network

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer - first operational electronic digital computer in the United
States, developed by Army Ordnance to compute World War II ballistic firing tables.

Batch processing is the execution of a series of jobs in a program on a computer without manual
intervention (non-interactive).
In computer science, interactive computing refers to software which accepts input from humans as it runs.

ARPANET was the network that became the basis for the Internet. Based on a concept first published in
1967, ARPANET was developed under the direction of the U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). In
1969, the idea became a modest reality with the interconnection of four university computers.

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet switching
network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP.

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks
(LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN).

Packet switching is a method of grouping data transmitted over a digital network into packets which
are composed of a header and a payload. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct
the packet to its destination where the payload is extracted and used by application software. Packet
switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic (as opposed to verbal
or audio) messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users

to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. A telephone
converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic
signals that are transmitted via cables and other communication channels to
another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user.

Radio is the technology of using radio waves to carry information, such as sound, by
systematically modulating properties of electromagnetic energy waves transmitted
through space, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width

Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in

monochrome (black and white), or in colour, and in two or three dimensions and sound.

A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in

the microwave frequency range to transmit video, audio, or data between two locations, which can be
from just a few feet or meters to several miles or kilometers apart.

A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications
signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a
receiver at different locations on Earth.

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Internet
mobile network

Internet: “network of networks”

Interconnected ISPs global ISP

home
network
regional ISP

Laptop, Computer, Router, Base station, Cell institutional

phone tower, Smart phone network

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

ISP (Internet Service Providers)

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Internet Service Providers (ISP), also sometimes referred
to as an Internet access provider (IAP) is a company that
offers its customers access to the Internet.
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Whether you're at home or work, each time you connect to
the Internet, your connection is routed through an ISP.
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ISPs act as hubs on the Internet since they are often
connected directly to the Internet backbone.

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Communications

Data communications are the exchange of data between two

devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire
cable.

– Device
– Medium
– Protocol

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Protocol

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Network protocols are groups of specified rules that decide how
to swap data between in the multiple computers with easy,
reliable and trustworthy way.
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Main objective of using of protocols are to spread and receive
data over a network.
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Protocols control sending, receiving of msgs
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, SMTP etc.

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Data flow

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Simplex
– Simplex is one direction

– A good example would be your keyboard to your CPU, TV and radio

broadcasting
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Half-duplex
– A half-duplex channel can be considered as a single physical channel in
which the direction may be reversed.
– Messages can flow in two directions in a half-duplex type, but never at the
same time.
– An example of a half-duplex device is a walkie-talkie two-way radio that
has a “push-to-talk" button; when the local user wants to speak to the
remote person they push this button, which turns on the transmitter but
turns off the receiver, so they cannot hear the remote person. To listen to
the other person they release the button, which turns on the receiver but
turns off the transmitter.

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

●
Full-duplex
– Full-Duplex is like the ordinary two-lane highway

– An example of a full-duplex device is a telephone.

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Physical structures

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Different type of connections
– Point to point

– Multipoint

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Internet Standards

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RFC: Request for comments
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IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
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Internet Standards are created and published by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF)
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Requests for Comments (RFC) document series contain technical and
organizational notes about the Internet.
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RFC 5321 - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
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RFC 2616 - Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Topology

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Star
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Bus
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Ring
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Mesh

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Networks
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Local area networks (LANs)
– LAN with a common cable
– LAN with a switch

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Metropolitan area networks (MANs)
– Cover area such as a city or a campus

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Wide area networks (WANs).
– a state or country

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Network Components

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

Thank You

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1-2gGD9sYk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7-NR3Q3BeI

Prepared by Dr. S. Pal