Profit and Loss

Profit and loss are very important topics from the competitive exam point of view. Read the
detailed Profit and loss article for detailed information.

Profit and Loss

Profit(P): The amount gained by selling a product with more than its cost price.

Loss(L): The amount the seller incurs after selling the product less than its cost price is mentioned
as a loss.

Cost Price (CP): The price at which an article is purchased is called its cost price (C.P.)

Selling Price (SP): The price at which the article is sold is called its selling price (S.P.)

Profit and Loss Formula

1. If the cost price (C.P.) of the article is equal to the selling price (S.P.), then there is no loss or
gain.

2. If the selling price (S.P.) > cost price (C.P.), then the seller is said to have a profit or gain.
Gain/Profit = S.P. – C.P.

3. If the cost price (C.P.) > selling price (S.P.), then the seller is said to have a loss. Loss = C.P. – S.P.

4. Gain % = (Gain × 100)/(C.P.)

5. Loss% = (Loss × 100)/(C.P.)

6. When the selling price and gain percent are given: C.P.= (100/(100+Gain%))×S.P.

7. When the cost and gain percent are given: S.P=((100+Gain%)/100)×C.P.

8. When the cost and loss percent are given: S.P.=((100-Loss%)/100)×C.P

9. When the selling price and loss percent are given: C.P=(100/(100-Loss%))×S.P

10.If a man buys x items for Rs. y and sells z items for Rs. w, then the gain or loss percent made by
him is given by: (xw/zy-1)×100%

11. If the cost price of m articles is equal to the selling price of n articles, then % gain or loss = ((m
– n)/n) × 100 (If m > n, it is % gain, and if m < n, it is % loss)

12. If an article is sold at a price S.P.₁, then % gain or % loss is x and if it is sold at a price S.P.₂,
then % gain or % loss is y. If the cost price of the article is C.P., then
(S.P₁)/(100+x)=(S.P₂)/(100+y)=(C.P.)/100=(S.P_1-S.P_2)/(x-y); Where x or y is –ve, if it indicates a
loss, otherwise it is +ve.

13. If ‘A’ sells an article to ‘B’ at a gain/loss of m% and ‘B’ sells it to ‘C’ at a gain/loss of n%. If ‘C’
pays Rs. z for it to ‘B’ then the cost price for ‘A’ is

where m or n is –ve, it indicates a loss, otherwise, it is +ve.

14. If ‘A’ sells an article to ‘B’ at a gain/loss of m% and ‘B’ sells it to ‘C’ at a gain/loss of n%, then the
resultant profit/loss percent is given by (m+n+mn/100), where m or n is –ve, if it indicates a loss,
otherwise it is +ve.

15. When two different articles are sold at the same selling price, getting a gain/loss of x% on the
first and a gain/loss of y% on the second, then the overall% gain or % loss in the transaction is
given by

The above expression represents overall gain or loss accordingly as its sign is +ve or –ve.

16. When two different articles are sold at the same selling price getting a gain of x% on the first
and loss of x% on the second, then the overall% loss in the transaction is given by (x/10)² %. (Note:
In such questions, there is always a loss.)

17. A merchant uses faulty measures and sells his goods at a gain/loss of x%. The overall %
gain/loss(g) is given by (100+g)/(100+x)=(True measure)/(Faulty measure). (Note: If the merchant
sells his goods at cost price, then x = 0.)

18. A merchant uses y% less weight/length and sells his goods at a gain/loss of x%. The overall %
gain/loss is given by [((y+x)/(100-y))×100]%

19. A person buys two items for Rs. A and sells one at a loss of l% and the other at a gain of g%. If
each item was sold at the same price, then

(a) The cost price of the item sold at a loss

(b) The cost price of the item sold at a gain

20. If two successive discounts on an article are m% and n%, respectively, then a single discount
equivalent to the two successive discounts will be (m+n-mn/100)%

21. If three successive discounts on an article are l%, m%, and n%, respectively, then a single
discount equivalent to the three successive discounts will be
18. A shopkeeper sells an item at Rs. z after giving a discount of d% on the labeled price. Had he
not given the discount, he would have earned a profit of p% on the cost price. The cost price of
each item is given by

Profit and Loss Questions

Here are some profit and loss examples which will help candidates for understanding the profit and
loss properly and according to the exam point of view. Candidates must try to solve thes profit and
loss examples given below and verify your answers.

Q1. How much percent more than the cost price should a shopkeeper mark his goods so that after
allowing a discount of 25% on the marked price, he gains 20%?
A. 60%
B. 55%
C. 70%
D. 50%
Ans(A)
Solution: Let the cost price of goods be Rs 100.
Gain = 20%
Therefore, Selling price = Rs 120
Discount = 25%
Marked Price = (100/100-25)x120 = Rs. 160 = 60% more
Q2. A dishonest dealer professes to sell his goods at the cost price but uses a false weight of 850
g instead of 1 kg. His gain percent is?
A. 71 11/17%
B. 11 11/17%
C. 17 12/17%
D. 17 11/17%
Ans. (D)
Solution: If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then
Gain% = {Error/(True value – Error) x 100}%
In the given question, Error = 1000 – 850 = 150
Thus, Gain% = {150/(1000 – 150) x 100}% = 17 11/17%
Q3. An article is sold at a 10% loss. If the selling price is Rs. 40 more, there will be a gain of 15%.
The cost price of the article is:
A. Rs. 140
B. Rs. 120
C. Rs. 175
D. Rs. 160
Ans (D)
Solution: Let the cost price be Rs. x.
Selling Price at 10% loss = 90x/100
Selling Price at 15% gain = 115x/100
Thus, according to the problem,
115x/100 – 90x/100 = 40
x = Rs.160

Q4. The cost price of 20 articles is the same as the selling price of x articles. If the profit is 25%,
find out the value of x
A. 15
B. 25
C. 18
D. 16
Ans (D)
Solution: Let the Cost Price (CP) of one article = 1
=> CP of x articles = x (Equation 1)
CP of 20 articles = 20
Given that the cost price of 20 articles is the same as the selling price of x articles
=> Selling price (SP) of x articles = 20 (Equation 2)
Given that Profit = 25%
(SP-CP/CP)=25/100=1/4 ( Equation 3)
Substituting equations 1 and 2 in equation 3,
(20-x)/x=1/4
80-4x=x
5x=80
x=80/5=16
Q5. In a certain store, the profit is 320% of the cost. If the cost increases by 25% but the selling
price remains constant, approximately what percentage of the selling price is the profit?
A. 30%
B. 70%
C. 100%
D. 250%
Ans (B)

Solution: Let C.P.= Rs. 100. Then, Profit = Rs. 320, S.P. = Rs. 420.
New C.P. = 125% of Rs. 100 = Rs. 125
New S.P. = Rs. 420.
Profit = Rs. (420 – 125) = Rs. 295.
Required percentage = (295/420 x 100)% = 1475/21 % = 70% (approximately).... Read more at:
https://www.sscadda.com/study-notes-profit-loss/
 Compound Interest Formulas
Compound Interest is one of the most important scoring topics among all the government
competitive exams. Check the detailed information Compound interest formula, and compound
interest tricks here.

Compound Interest: Formulas & Tricks

How do we calculate the compound interest on a given amount? It can be challenging to get the right
answer without knowing the right formula and tricks. To calculate the compound interest, you need
the Principal amount, rate of interest, and time period. Check out the formula for compound
interest with the example to know in detail.

1. The amount A due after t years, when a principal P is given on compound interest at the rate R%
per annum is given by

Note: Simple interest and compound interest for 1 year at a given rate of interest per annum are
always equal.

2. If the interest is compounded half-yearly, then

3.If the interest is compounded quarterly, then

In general, if the interest is compounded n times a year, then

4. When the rates of interest are different for different years, say R₁, R₂, R₃ percent for the first,
second and third year, respectively, then

5. When the time is given in the form of a fraction, say 2 3/4 years, then,

6. (a) The difference between the compound interest and the simple interest on a certain sum of
money for 2 years at R% per annum is given by
(b) The difference between the compound interest and the simple interest on a certain sum of
money for 2 years at R% per annum is given by

7. If a certain sum becomes n times in t years at compound interest, then the same sum becomes
n^m times in mt years.
If a certain sum becomes n times in t years, then the rate of compound interest is given by

8. If a certain sum of money at compound interest amounts to Rs. x in A years and to Rs. y in B
years, then the rate of interest per annum is

9. If a loan of Rs. P at R% compound interest per annum is to be repaid in n equal yearly

installments, then the value of each installment is given by

10. If a loan of Rs. P at R% compound interest per annum is to be repaid in n equal yearly
installments, then the value of each installment is given by
Compound Interest Questions
As we have provided the important formulas related to Compound Interest, here are some questions
based on Compound interest with answers that you can practice for a better understanding.

Q1. Rs. 2500 was borrowed for 3 years. What will be the compound interest if the rate of interest
for the first year is 3% per annum, the second year is 4% per annum and the third year is 5% per
annum respectively?
(a) 311.90
(b)440
(c) 450
(d) 410.80

Q2. A sum of money becomes 16 times itself in 2 years if compounded half-yearly. How much time it
will take to become 27 times if compounded yearly.
(a) 3 years
(b) 4 years
(c) 5years
(d) 6 years

Q3. The difference between S.I and C.I on an amount of Rs. 30000 for 2 years is Rs. 147. What is
the rate of Interest?
(a) 8 %
(b) 10 %
(c) 9 %
(d) 7 %

Q4. If the ratio of the difference between S.I and C.I. for two years and 3 years is 4:13. Find the
rate of interest.
(a) 20 %
(b) 25 %
(c) 30 %
(d) 40 %
Q5. Rs. 39030 is divided between ‘a’ and ‘b’ in such a way that the amount given to ‘a’ on C.I. in 7
years is equal to the amount given to ‘b’ on C.I. in 9 years. Find the part of ‘a’. If the rate of
interest is 4%.
(a) 20200
(b) 20900
(c) 20280
(d) 20100

Q6. What will be the difference between simple and compound interest on a sum of Rs. 4500 put
for 2 years at 5% per annum?
(a) 12.45
(b) 12.95
(c) 11.25
(d)10.25

Q7. What will be the amount if a sum of Rs. 5000 is placed at compound interest for 3 years while
the rate of interest for the first, second, and third years is 2%, 3%, and 4% respectively?
(a) 5473.12
(b) 5463.12
(c) 5163.12
(d) 5353.12

Q8. The compound interest on Rs. 10,000 in 2 years at 4% per annum the interest being
compounded half-yearly, is :
(a) 824.3216 Rs
(b) 804.3216 Rs
(c) 814.3216 Rs
(d) 834.3216 Rs

Q9. The compound interest on a certain sum of money invested for 2 years at 5% per annum is Rs.
328. The simple interest on the sum, at the same rate and for the same period will be?
(a) 340
(b)320
(c)330
(d)390
Q10. A sum of Rs. 2000 amounts to Rs. 4000 in two years at compound interest. In how many years
does the same amount become Rs. 8000.
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 8
 Partnership
A partnership is a legal agreement between two or more people to share the ownership,
responsibilities, and profits or losses of a business. Government exams often include questions
about partnerships

The partner who only invests money is called a Sleeping Partner and a partner who invests money
and also manages the business is called the working partner. Some other important points
associated with partnership are given below.

Types of Partnerships:
There are two types of partnerships in the form of simple and compound partnerships. The details
of both types of partnerships are given below.

Simple Partnership
In Simple partnerships, all the resources are invested for the same time period by all the investors
i.e. the capital (or other resources) stays in the business for the same duration. In this, the profit
is distributed in proportion to their contributed resources.

Formula

If P and Q contributed Rs. a and b respectively for one year in business, then their profit or loss at
that time will be:

P’s benefit (or misfortune) : Q’s profit(or misfortune) = a : b

Compound Partnership
In a compound partnership, the money is invested during different periods of time by multiple
investors. The benefit-sharing proportion is ascertained by duplicating the capital contributed with
the unit of time (generally months).

Formula

P1 : P2 = C1 × T1 : C2 × T2

P1 = Partner 1’s Profit.

C1 = Partner 1’s Capital.
T1 = Time period for which Partner 1 contributed his capital.
P2 = Partner 2’s Profit.
C2 = Partner 2’s Capital.
T2 = Time period for which Partner 2 contributed his capital.
 Important Formulas
1. When investments of all the partners are for the same time, the gain or loss is distributed among
the partners in the ratio of their investments.

For example, A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year in a business, then at the end of
the year:

(A’s share of profit) : (B’s share of profit) = x : y.

2. When investments are for different time periods, then equivalent capitals are calculated for a
unit of time by taking (capital x number of units of time). Now gain or loss is divided in the ratio of
these capitals.

Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months then,

(A’s share of profit) : (B’s share of profit)= xp : yq.

Questions
1. Three partners shared the profit in a business in the ratio 5: 7 : 8. They had partnered for 14
months, 8 months, and 7 months respectively. What was the ratio of their investments?

A. 5: 7: 8
B. 20: 49: 64
C. 38: 28: 21
D. None of these
Ans. (B)
Explanation:
Let their investments be Rs. x for 14 months, Rs. y for 8 months, and Rs. z for 7 months
respectively.
Then, 14x : 8y : 7z = 5 : 7 : 8.
Now, 14x/8y = 5/7 => 98x = 40y => y = 49/20 x
And, 14x/7z = 5/8 => 112x = 35z => z = 112/35 x = 16/5 .x.
So x : y : z = x : 49/20 x : 16/5 x = 20 : 49 : 64.
2. P, Q, and R enter into a partnership & their share are in the ratio of 1/2: 1/3: 1/4, after two
months, P withdraws half of the capital & after 10 months, a profit of Rs 378 is divided among
them. What is Q’s share?
A. 114
B. 120
C. 134
D. 144
Ans. (D)
Explanation :
The ratio of their initial investment = 1/2: 1/3: 1/4
= 6 : 4: 3
Let’s take the initial investment of P, Q and R as 6x, 4x and 3x respectively
A:B:C = (6x * 2 + 3x * 10) : 4x*12 : 3x*12
= (12+30) : 4*12 : 3*12
=(4+10) : 4*4 : 12
= 14 : 16 : 12
=7:8:6
B’s share = 378 * (8/21) = 18 * 8 = 144
3. A, B, C subscribe to Rs. 50,000 for a business. A subscribes Rs. 4000 more than B and B Rs. 5000
more than C. Out of a total profit of Rs. 35,000, A receives:
A. Rs. 8400
B. Rs. 11,900
C. Rs. 13,600
D. Rs. 14,700
Ans (D)
Explanation:
Let C = x.
Then, B = x + 5000 and A = x + 5000 + 4000 = x + 9000.
So, x + x + 5000 + x + 9000 = 50000
=> 3x = 36000
=> x = 12000
A : B : C = 21000 : 17000 : 12000 = 21 : 17 : 12.
So A’s share = Rs. (35000 x 21/50) = Rs. 14,700.
4. 29. P, Q, R enter into a partnership. P initially invests 25 lakh & adds another 10 lakhs after one
year. Q initially invests 35 lakh & withdrawal 10 lakh after 2 years and R invests Rs 30 Lakhs. In
what ratio should the profit be divided at the end of 3 years?
A. 18:19:19
B. 18:18:19
C. 19:19:18
D. 18:19:19
Ans (C)
Explanation :
P:Q:R = (25*1+35*2) : (35*2 : 25*1) : (30*3)
= 95 : 95 : 90
= 19 : 19: 18
5. A and B started a business in partnership investing Rs. 20,000 and Rs. 15,000 respectively. After
six months, C joined them with Rs. 20,000. What will be B’s share in a total profit of Rs. 25,000
earned at the end of 2 years from the starting of the business?
A. Rs. 7500
B. Rs. 9000
C. Rs. 9500
D. Rs. 10,000
Ans (A)
Explanation:
A : B : C = (20,000 x 24) : (15,000 x 24) : (20,000 x 18) = 4 : 3 : 3.
So B’s share = Rs. (25000 x 3/10) = Rs. 7,500.
6. In a business, A and C invested amounts in the ratio 2 : 1 , whereas the ratio between amounts
invested by A and B was 3 : 2 . If Rs 157300 was their profit, how much amount did B receive?
A. 48000
B. 48200
C. 48400
D. 48600
Ans (C)
Explanation :
Assume that investment of C = x
Then, investment of A =2x
Investment of B = 4x/3
A:B:C = 2x : 4x/3 : x = 2 : 4/3 : 1 =6 : 4 : 3
B’s share = 157300 * 4/(6+4+3) = 157300*4/13
= 12100*4 = 48400
7. A, B, and C rent a pasture. A puts 10 oxen for 7 months, B puts 12 oxen for 5 months and C puts
15 oxen for 3 months for grazing. If the rent of the pasture is Rs. 175, how much must C pay as his
share of rent?
A. Rs. 45
B. Rs. 50
C. Rs. 55
D. Rs. 60
Ans (A)
Explanation:
A : B : C = (10 x 7) : (12 x 5) : (15 x 3) = 70 : 60 : 45 = 14 : 12 : 9.
C’s rent = Rs.(175 x 9/35) = Rs. 45.
8. If 4 (P’s Capital ) = 6 ( Q’s Capital ) = 10 ( R’s Capital ), then out of the total profit of Rs 4650, R
will receive
A. 600
B. 700
C. 800
D. 900
Ans (D)
Explanation :
Let P’s capital = p, Q’s capital = q and R’s capital = r
Then
4p = 6q = 10r
=> 2p = 3q = 5r
=>q = 2p/3
r = 2p/5
P : Q : R = p : 2p/3 : 2p/5
= 15 : 10 : 6
R’s share = 4650 * (6/31) = 150*6 = 900
9. Three partners A, B, and C start a business. B’s Capital is four times C’s capital and twice A’s
capital is equal to thrice B’s capital. If the total profit is Rs 16500 at the end of a year, Find out B’s
share in it.
A. 4000
B. 5000
C. 6000
D. 7000
Ans (C)
Explanation :
Suppose C’s capital = x then
B’s capital = 4x (Since B’s Capital is four times C’s capital)
A’s capital = 6x ( Since twice A’s capital is equal to thrice B’s capital)
A:B:C =6 x : 4x : x
=6:4:1
B’s share = 16500 * (4/11) = 1500*4 = 6000
10. P and Q invested in a business. The profit earned was divided in the ratio 2 : 3. If P invested Rs
40000, the amount invested by Q is
A. 40000
B. 50000
C. 60000
D. 70000
Ans (C)
Explanation :
Let the amount invested by Q = q
40000 : q = 2 : 3
=> 40000/q = 2/3
=> q = 40000 * (3/2) = 60000... Read more at: https://www.sscadda.com/partnership-study-notes/
 Time and Work
Time and Work is the most common topic from which questions are asked in every Govt. exam. So,
let's revise the important formulas and short tricks related to Time & Work.

Time And Work: Formulas

When you know the Time and Work formula, you can completely link that formula to the solution as
soon as you read the question. Knowing Time & Work tricks will also help you solve the questions in a
few seconds thus saving you time for other sections. You can find Time & Work formulas along with
important Time & Work Tricks below.

1. Basic Formula:

Work = Rate × Time

Time = Work / Rate
Rate = Work / Time

2. Reciprocal of Rate: Sometimes, it’s easier to work with the reciprocal of the rate, which
represents the work done per unit time.

Reciprocal of Rate = 1 / Rate

3. Combined Work:

If A can complete a task in ‘x’ days, then A’s work rate is 1/x.
If B can complete a task in ‘y’ days, then B’s work rate is 1/y.
When A and B work together, their combined work rate is 1/x + 1/y.

4: Time Taken by A and B Together:

If A and B work together, the time taken to complete the task is:
Time = 1 / (1/x + 1/y)

5. Time Taken by More than Two Workers:

When more than two workers are involved, the formula becomes:
Time = 1 / (1/x + 1/y + 1/z + …)

Time And Work: Questions And Tricks

Q. A can finish a piece of work by working alone in 6 days and B, while working alone, can finish the
same work in 12 days. If both of them work together, then in how many days, the work will be
finished?
Sol. x = 6, y = 12
Working together A + B will complete the work in = XY/(x + y)=(6 × 8)/18
= 4 days
Q. If A, B & C will work alone and can complete a work in x, y, and z days, respectively, then they
will together complete the work in
XYZ/(xy+yz+zx)
Explanation
⇒ A’s 1 day of work = 1/x
B’s 1-day work = 1/y
C’s 1-day work = 1/z
(A + B + C)’s 1 day work = 1/x+1/y+1/z =(yz+xz+xy)/xyz
(A + B + C) will complete the work in
=xyz/(yz+xz+xy)

Q. A, B, and C can complete a piece of work in 10, 15, and 18 days, respectively. In how many days
would all of them complete the same work working together?
Sol. x = 10 days, y = 15 days & z = 18 days
The work will be completed in
=(10×15×18)/(10×15+15×18+18×10)
=2700/600=4½ days

Q. Two persons A & B, working together, can complete a piece of work in x days. If A, working alone
can complete the work in y days, then B, working alone, will complete the work in
⇒xy/(y-x)
Explanation
⇒ A + B’s 1 day work = 1/x
A’s 1-day work = 1/y
B’s 1-day work = 1/x-1/y
=(y-x)/yx
B will complete the work = yx/(y – x)

Q. A and B working together takes 15 days to complete a piece of work. If A alone can do this work
in 20 days, how long would B take to complete the same work?
Sol. x = 15, y = 20
B will complete the work in = (15 × 20)/5
= 60 days

Q. If A & B working together can finish a piece of work in x days, B & C in y days, and C & A in z
days. Then, A + B + C working together will finish the job is
⇒2xyz/(xy+yz+zx)
 Explanation
⇒ A + B’s 1 day work = 1/x
B + C’s 1 day work = 1/y
C + A’s 1 day work = 1/z
[(A + B) + (B + C) + (C + A)]’s 1 day’s work
=1/x+1/y+1/z
=(yz+xz+xy)/XYZ
2 (A + B + C)’s 1 day work = (xy + yz + xz)/XYZ
A + B + C’s 1 day work = (xy + yz + xz)/2xyz
A + B + C working together will complete the work in
=2xyz/(xy+yz+xz)
Q. A and B can do a piece of work in 12 days, B and C in 15 days, and C and A in 20 days. How long
would they take to complete the full work together?
Sol. x = 12 days, y = 15 days, z = 20 days
A+B+C=(2×12×15×20)/(180+300+240)
=7200/720=10 days

Q. If A can finish a work in x days and B is k times more efficient than A, then the time taken by
both A and B, working together to complete the work is
x/(1+k)
Explanation
⇒ Ratio of working efficiency, A & B = 1: k
The ratio of Time taken = k: 1
k → x days
1r → x/k days
A → x days
B → x/k days
1-day work of A = 1/x
1-day work of B = k/x days
(A + B)’s 1 day work = 1/x+k/x=(k + 1)/x
(A + B) will complete the work is = x/(k+1)

Q. Harbans Lal can do a piece of work in 24 days. If Bansi Lal works twice as fast as Harbans Lal,
how long would it take to finish the work working together?
Sol. x = 24, k = 2
Working together they will complete the work in = 24/(1 + 2)
=24/3=8 days

Q. If A & B working together can finish a work in x days & B is k times more efficient than A, then
the time taken by,
Working Alone will take ⇒ (k + 1) x
B working Alone will take ⇒ ((k+1)/k)x
Explanation
 ⇒ Efficiency Ratio → 1: k
Time Ratio → k: 1
A’s 1-day work = 1/k
B’s 1-day work = 1
(A + B)’s 1 day work = 1/x
1/k+1=1/x
(k+1)/k=1/x
k = (k + 1) x
An alone working together will take ⇒ (k + 1) x days
1 ratio = ((k + 1) x)/k
B Alone working Alone will take
⇒((k + 1) x)/k

Q. A and B together can do a piece of work in 3 days. If A does thrice as much work as B in a given
time, find how long A alone would take to do the work.
Sol. x = 3, k = 3
Time taken by A, working alone to complete the work = ((3 + 1)/3) × 3 = 4 days.

Q. If A working Alone takes a day more than A & B, & B working Alone takes b-days more than A &
B. Then,
The number of days, taken by A & B working together to finish a job is = √ab
Explanation :
⇒ Let A + B takes x days
A → x + a days
B → x + bdays
1/(x+a)+1/(x+b)=1/x
(2x+a+b)/(x²+xa+xb+ab)=1/x
2x² + xa + BX = x² + xa + xb + ab
x² = ab
x = √ab days

Q. An alone would take 8 hrs more to complete the job than if both A and B worked together. If B
worked alone, he took 41/2 hours more to complete the job than A and B worked together. What
time would they take if both A and B worked together?
Sol. a = 8, b = 9/2
A + B will take = √(8×9/2)
=√36
= 6 days
Q. 4 men and 5 boys can do a piece of work in 20 days while 5 men and 4 boys can do the same work
in 16 days. In how many days can 4 men and 3 boys do the same work?
a. 10 days
b. 15 days
c. 20 days
 d. 25 days
Correct answer:(c)

Sol: Assume 1 man’s 1 day work = x & 1 boy’s 1 day work = y

From the given data, we can generate the equations as : 4x + 5y = 1/20 —(1) & 5x + 4y = 1/16
—(2)
By solving the simultaneous equations (1) & (2),
x = 1/ 80 & y = 0

Therefore, (4 men + 3 boys ) 1 day work = 4 x 1 + 3 x 0 = 1

80 20
Thus, 4 men and 3 boys can finish the work in 20 days.

Q. Sonal and Preeti started working on a project and they can complete the project in 30 days.
Sonal worked for 16 days and Preeti completed the remaining work in 44 days. How many days would
Preeti have taken to complete the entire project all by herself?

20 days
25 days
55 days
46 days
60 days
Correct answer: 60 days

Sol: Let the work done by Sonal in 1 day be x

Let the work done by Preeti in 1 day be y
Then, x+y = 1/30 ——— (1)
⇒ 16x + 44y = 1 ——— (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2),
x = 1/60
y = 1/60
Thus, Preeti can complete the entire work in 60 days

Q. P can complete a work in 12 days working 8 hours a day. Q can complete the same work in 8 days
working 10 hours a day. If both p and Q work together, working 8 hours a day, in how many days can
they complete the work?

Sol: P can complete the work in (12 x 8) hrs = 96 hrs

Q can complete the work in (8 x 10) hrs=80 hrs
Therefore, P’s 1 hour work=1/96 and Q’s 1-hour work= 1/80
(P+Q)’s 1 hour’s work =(1/96) + (1/80) = 11/480. So both P and Q will finish the work in
480/11 hrs
Therefore, Number of days of 8 hours each = (480/11) x (1/8) = 60/11
Q. (x-2) men can do a piece of work in x days and (x+7) men can do 75% of the same work in
(x-10)days. Then in how many days can (x+10) men finish the work?
Sol: 34×(x−2)x=(x+7)(x−10)34×(x-2)x=(x+7)(x-10)
⇒x2−6x−280=0⇒x2-6x-280 =0
=> x= 20 and x=-14
so, the acceptable value is x=20
Therefore, Total work =(x-2)x = 18 x 20 =360 unit
Now 360 = 30 x k
=> k=12 days
 Average Formula
Average is an important topic without which the syllabus of every government exam is incomplete.
Here we have discussed the basic concepts, formulas, and important examples on Average.

What is Average?
In maths, Average is the calculated “central” value of a set of numbers. The term ‘average’ refers
to the ‘middle’ or ‘central’ point. In simple words, Average refers to a number that is a typical
representation of a set of data. In Mathematics, Average is defined as the mean value which is
equal to the ratio of the sum of all the data to the total no. of values/units present in the set. For
example, the average of 3, 6, and 9 is 2 + 7 + 9 = 18÷ 3 = 6. So the average is 6. It means 6 is the
central value of 3, 6, and 9. Therefore, average means to find out the mean value of a group of
numbers.

Average Symbol
We can define average as the mean of the values which are represented by x̄ (x bar) also known as
the average symbol.

The average symbol also denoted by ‘μ’.

Average Formula & Tricks

Average= (Sum of quantities)/(Number of quantities)
Having n number of values such as x1, x2, x3 ,….., xn.

So, the average or the mean of the given data will be equal to: Average = (x1+x2+x3+…+xn)/

Average of two or more groups taken together

(a) If the number of quantities in two groups be n₁ and n₂ and their average is x and y, respectively,
the combined average (average of all of them put together) is /

(n₁ x+n₂ y)/(n₁+n₂ )

(b) If the average of n₁ quantities is x and the average of n₂ quantities out of them is y, the average
of the remaining group (rest of the quantities) is –

(n₁ x-n₂ y)/(n₁ – n₂ )

What is Average Speed?
Average Speed is the rate at which a journey takes place. Throughout a journey, the speed is not
constant, it varies from time to time. Average Speed helps to give an estimate of the rate at which
the journey is completed. Let’s find out more about Average Speed.

Average Speed Formula

The average speed of an object is equal to the total distance covered by the object, divided by the
total time taken to cover the distance. When ‘D’ is the distance traveled in some time ‘T’ and the
speed of the object for this journey or ‘s’ is equal to

Average Speed = Total distance covered ÷ Total time taken

s = D/T.

Average Speed Formula Examples

Example 1: A car travels at a speed of 45 km/hr for 5 hours and then decides to slow down to 40
km/hr for the next 2 hours. Calculate the average speed of the car using the average speed
formula.

Solution:

Distance I = 45 × 5 = 225 miles

Distance II = 40 × 2 = 80 miles
Total distance = Distance 1 + Distance 2
D = 225 + 80 = 305 miles
Using average speed formula = Total distance traveled ÷ Total time taken
Average Speed = 305 ÷ 7 = 43.57 m/s.

Answer: Average speed of a car is 43.57 m/s.

Example 2: A train is moving with a speed of 80 miles per hour for the first 4 hours and 110 miles
per hour for the next 3 hours. Find the average speed of the train using the average speed formula.

Solution:

It is given that the train is moving at a speed of 80 miles per hour for the first 4 hours.
Here S1 = 80 and T1 = 4.
And the train is moving at a speed of 110 miles per hour for the next 3 hours.
Hence S2 = 110 and T2 = 3.
Average Speed Formula = S1×T1+S2×T2 / T1+T2
Average Speed = (80 × 4 + 110 × 3) ÷ (4 + 3)
= (650) ÷ (7) = 92.86 miles/hour

Example 3: With the help of the average speed formula, find the average speed of John, who
covers the first 200 kilometers in 4 hours and the next 160 kilometers in another 4 hours.

Solution:

To find the average speed we need the total distance and the total time.
Total distance covered by Sam = 200Km + 160 km = 360 km
Total time taken by Sam = 4 hour + 4 hour = 8 hour
Average Speed = Total distance covered ÷ Total time taken
Average Speed = 360 ÷ 8 = 45km/hr

Answer: Average speed of John is 45 km/hr.

What is Average Velocity?

Finding out the average value of a given number of velocities is known as average velocity. Average
velocity is defined as the displacement of an object over time.

Average velocity is the difference between the starting and ending positions, divided by the
difference between the starting and ending time taken.

Velocity has a magnitude (a value) and a direction.

The unit of velocity is meters per second (m/s).
Average Velocity Formula
For Example, Average Velocity is the ratio of the displacement from point A to point B of an object
to the time it takes to make that displacement from point A to point B.

Average Velocity = displacement / time

Average Velocity = (End positin – Start position) / (End Time) – (Start time)

= x2 – x1 / t2 – t1

where,
x1 = the start position of an object (m)
x2 = the end position of an object (m)
t1 = the start time of the motion (s)
t2 = the end time of the motion(s)

Q. The average weight of 24 students of section A of a class is 58 kg whereas the average weight
of 26 students of section B of the same class is 60.5 kg. Find the average weight of all the 50
students of the class.

Sol. Here n₁ = 24, n₂ = 26, x = 58 and y = 60.5.

∴ Average weight of all the 50 students
=(n₁ x+n₂ y)/(n₁+n₂ )
=(24×58+24×60.5)/(24+26)
=(1392+1573)/50=2965/50
= 59.3 kg
The average of n quantities is equal to x. If one of the given quantities whose value is p, is replaced
by a new quantity having value q, the average becomes y, then
q = p + n(y – x)

Q. The average weight of 25 persons is increased by 2 kg when one of them whose weight is 60 kg
is replaced by a new person. What is the weight of the new person?

Sol. The weight of the new person

= p + n(y – x)
= 60 + 25(2) = 110 kg

The average of n quantities is equal to x. When a quantity is removed, the average becomes y. The
value of the removed quantity is
n(x – y) + y.
The average of n quantities is equal to y. When a quantity is added, the average will become y. The
value of the new quantity is
n(y – x) + y.

Q. The average age of 24 students and the class teacher is 16 years. If the class teacher’s age is
excluded, the average age reduces by 1 year. What is the age of the class teacher?

Sol. The age of class teacher

= n (x – y) + y
= 25 (16 – 15) + 15
= 40 years

The average of first n natural numbers is

(n + 1)/2.
The average of square of natural numbers till n is
((n + 1) (2n + 1))/6
The average of cubes of natural numbers till n is
(n (n + 1)²)/4.
The average of odd numbers from 1 to n is
(last odd number+1)/2.
The average of even numbers from 1 to n is
(last even number + 2)/2.

Q. What is the average of odd numbers from 1 to 40?

Sol. The required average

=(last odd number+1)/2
=(39+1)/2
= 20

Q. What is the average of even numbers from 1 to 81?

Sol. The required average

=(last even number+2)/2
=(80+2)/2
= 41

If n is odd: The average of n consecutive numbers, consecutive even numbers or consecutive

odd numbers is always the middle number.

If n is even: The average of n consecutive numbers, consecutive even numbers or consecutive

odd numbers is always the average of the middle two numbers.

The average of first n consecutive even numbers is (n + 1)

The average of first n consecutive odd numbers is n.

The average of squares of first n consecutive even numbers is

(2 (n + 1) (2n + 1))/3.
The average of squares of consecutive even numbers till n is
((n + 1) (n + 2))/3.
The average of squares of consecutive odd numbers till n is
(n (n + 2))/3.
If the average of n consecutive number is m, then the difference between the smallest and
the largest number if
2 (n – 1).

Q. Find the average of squares of first 19 consecutive even numbers.

Sol. The required average

=(2 (n+1)(2n+1))/3=(2(19+1)(2×19+1))/3
=(2×20×39)/3=1560/3=520

Q. Find the average of squares of consecutive odd numbers from 1 to 31.

Sol. The required average

=(n (n+2))/3=(31×(31+2))/3=(31×33)/3=341

Q Find the average velocity when the changes in displacement in three consecutive instances are 8
m, 10 m, 12 m, and the total time taken is 6 s.
Explanation: The total change in displacement = 30 m that is, (8+10+12). Now, the total time is taken
= 6 s. Therefore, the Average velocity = total change in displacement/total time taken = 30/6 = 5
m/s.... Read more at: https://www.sscadda.com/quant-notes-average/