GEOGRAPHY 203 SPATIAL ORGANIZATION 1 (POPULATION)
SPATIAL ORGANISATION
- Space
- Attributes
- Division, population and settlement
- Question
WHAT IS SPACE?
Space is generally regarded as an point where an activities or action takes place. It could also be regarded as
an environment or place that enable the implementation of certain activities. It is assume that Space would
reflect in various dimensions and also possesses certain attribute which confirm it to a particular identification
leading to its determination.
ATTRIBUTES OF SPACE
The description of space lies in the ability to identify some of its properties in a manner that expose clearly
define identify. There are (3) attribute of space;
1. Physical Attribute: This connotes the representation of space in term of the lines of longitude and latitude.
This means that a place called space is any location that could be described by the property of imaginary lines
to depict the location, size and direction of that space. Therefore in relation to population, people are found
within a particular space which could be identifying as the physical properties of space.
2. Relative Attribute: Space is also described in Relative manner by comparing relationship between speed,
time and distance.
3. Relational Attribute: The relation attribute of space is measure by its determinate by visible feature which
relate in terms of location to another identify space. For instance the faculty of social sciences is located
directly in the front of Management science and adjacent to School of Transport in this regard as being
relationally described or identify. In generally term, spatial organization is viewed as an arrangement of
spatial event in all manners. From the geography point of view, the organisation of space is a function of two
major Geography phenomenons I.e Population and Settlement.
Over the year scientists, have argued about the relationship and the correlation between population and
Settlement to the extent that population is seen as a function of Settlement and vice-versa. It could be said
that population brings Settlement because the human population develop human Settlement as the abode
which protect man from the direct influence of the element and weather and climate.
POPULATION
Population is the number of things. While human population is the number of people. But the description of
Human population in geography is the number of persons living within a particular geographical environment at
a particular time. This definition assumes that the human population over certain period of time do change,
either the term of number, composition and location. The study of human population is essential to determine
the most convenient way for administration and management of resources meant for the benefit of human
being. Human population varies from one geographical area to another because of the human dynamics
(change).
THE SCOPE OF POPULATION
1) The study of population Involves determines, the characteristics of each population group, each of this
characteristics and the general performance of this population economically, politically, culturally and socially.
2) The population of the world or any given environment can never be static therefore the study of population
review the casual factor in this variation and the extent to which it can be manage to engender itself
development and sustainability.
3) The study of population also include that effect of others variables that act upon the population
performance and expectation
4) It also review and talks about the consequences of interaction among the population itself.
Population census in nigeria
Township census
Provincial census
STAGES IN CENSUS
1 PLANNING STAGE
2.EXECUTION STAGE
3.PUPLISHING STAGE
FACTORS/ COMPONENT OF POPULATION GROWTH AND CHANGES
There are three major factors or elements of population growth which may act in positive or negative
dimensions to hunter the situation of population. The three factors are:
1. Fertility [regarded as a positive factor of population].
2. Mortality [regarded as a negative factor of population].
3. Migration [regarded as both positive and negative factor of population].
GENERAL THEORIES OF MIGRATION
Migration is a very complex phenomenon. Apart from a set of social, economic, political and environmental
factors, migration of population in any region is determined, to large extent, by the perception and behaviour
of individuals concerned. Therefore, there is no comprehensive theory of migration, although attempts have
been made, from time to time, to integrate migration into economic and social theory, spatial analysis and
behavioural theory (Johnston et al, 1981:218).
1. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration:
The first attempt to spell out the ‘laws of migration’ was made by E.G. Ravenstein as early as in 1885.
Using the birthplace data, Ravenstein identified a set of generalizations, which he called as ‘laws of
migration’ concerning inter-county migration in Britain in the nineteenth century. Most of these
generalizations hold good even today.
These generalizations can be listed as follows (Grigg, 1977:42; Johnston et al, 1981:218):
(a) There is an inverse relation between distance and volume of migration. Majority of migrants moves to short
distance only. Migrants going long distance generally go by preference to the large centres of commerce and
industry.
(b) Migration proceeds step by step. The inhabitants of countryside flock into the nearby rapidly growing town.
The gap created by this out-migration in the countryside is filled up by in-migration from still remoter
countryside. The inhab itants of the town then move to the nearby urban centre up in the hierarchy.
(c) Every migration current produces a counter-current.
(d) The native of the rural areas are more mobile than their counterpart in the urban areas, and the major
direction of migration is from agricultural areas to the centres of industry and commerce.
(e) Females are more mobile than male in the country of birth, but male more frequently venture beyond.
(f) Migration is highly age selective where adults in the working age groups display a greater propensity to
migrate.
(g) Volume of migration increases with the process of diversifi cation of the economy, and improvement in
transport facilities.
(h) Migration occurs mainly due to economic reasons.
That migration tends to decline with increasing distance is almost i universal fact. Evidences also indicate that
there are generally currents and counter-currents in the migration process (Woods, 1979:191). It has also been
established that development and modernization promote internal migration. Several studies have proved that
migration is highly age-selective.
However, doubts have been raised concerning some of the other generaliza tions. That migration occurs in
different steps is rather difficult to be established. Similarly, though rural population in the less developed
parts of the world is more mobile than its counterpart in the urban areas, migration in the economically
developed countries is more likely to be urban to rural than in the opposite direction.
3. STOUFFER’S THEORY OF MOBILITY
S.A. Stouffer, an American sociologist, introduced one such modification in the gravity model. Stouffer
formulated his inter vening opportunity model in 1940, and claimed that there is no necessary relationship
between mobility and distance (Stouffer, 1940:846). Instead, the observed decline in the volume of migration
is due to an increase in the number of intervening opportunities with increasing distance. Stouffer’s model
suggests that the number of migrants from an origin to a destination is directly proportional to the number of
opportunities at that desti nation, and inversely proportional to the number of intervening opportunities
between the origin and the destination.
Stouffer’s formulation can be mathematically expressed as follows:
where Y is the expected number of migrants, ∆x is the number of opportunities at the destination, x is the
number of intervening opportunities, and k is a constant. Stouffer modified his theory of migration and
intervening opportunities in the mid-1950s and added the concept of competing migrants in his model. His
modified theory of mobility was published in 1960. The revised model proposes that during a given time
interval, the number of migrants from city 1 to city 2 is the direct function of the number of opportunities in
city 2, and an inverse function of the number of opportunities intervening between city 1 and city 2, and the
number of other migrants for the opportunities in city 2. Thus, the revised formulation would read as under
(Galle and Taeuber, 1966:6):
where Y is the number of migrants moving from city 1 to city 2, Xi is the number of opportunities in city 2, X1 is
the number of opportunities intervening between city 1 and city 2, Xc is the number of migrants competing for
opportunities in city 2, and k is a constant.
It may be realized here that the volume of migration from one city to another is the function of as much the
attraction of one city as the repulsion from the other. Hence, another component as a measure of
disadvantages that push people from city 1 is intro duced in the numerator. The final formulation may be
expressed as under:
where Xo is the number of out-migrants from city 1; a, b and c are parameters to be determined empirically; and
other notations are as before.
In Stouffer’s model the measure of ‘disadvantages’ or ‘push’ factors in city 1 (X0) is defined as the total out-
migrants from the city. Likewise, the measure of number of opportunities in city 2 (X1) is defined as the total
in-migrants in city 2, whereas the measure of intervening opportunities between city 1 and city 2 (X2) is
defined as the total number of in-migrants in a circle centred mid-way between city 1 and city 2, and having a
diameter equal to the distance between the two cities. And, finally, the measure of competing migrants (Xc) is
defined as the total number of out-migrants from a circle centred on city 2 with the distance between the two
cities as its radius.
1. Fertility: refers to the actual reproductive performance of a population. It is also referred to as the
actual birth of children rather than the mere capacity to do so. The term “FECUNDITY” is used to indicate the
physiological ability to bear children. Therefore, fecundity is the direct opposite of “STERILITY”. Fertility is
more readily measured for women than their male counterparts because women actually give birth to babies.
THE MEASURES OF FERTILITY
The primary objective of measuring fertility is to determine the number of children born by women in a
particular geographical area. Fertility is a critical component of population operation, distribution, growth and
change. The choice of a technique for the measurement of fertility level and trend depends on the nature of
data available. A large proportion of information on fertility is usually from the report of sensor and vital
registration system. Some of the common measures of fertility are;
• The Crude Birth Rate [C.D.R]
• General Fertility Rate [G.F.R]
• Age Specific Fertility Rate [A.S.F.R]
• Total Fertility Rate [T.F.R]
- ¬THE CRUDE BIRTH RATE [C.D.R]: this is the common in depth of fertility used in population studies. It is
described as the annual birth divided by the total mid-year population multiplied by one thousand. This one
thousand is called “CONSTANT K”.
- THE GENERAL FERTILITY RATE [G.F.R]: takes care of some of the weakness associated with
the crude birth rate by changing the denominator from the total population to the number of female adults in
the reproductive age 15 -49.
The advantages of these methods is that by relating the birth closely to the people having the children it is
possible to get more accurate pictures of the actual level of reproduction. This technique however requires
more information especially those relating to the distribution of the population concerned
Age and sex
AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE
The measure expresses the number of birth per women of specific age groups.
The ASFR can be computed on single year basis
ASFR=number of birth to women AGE x 1000
NUMBER OF WOMEN AGE
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE(tfr)
This is a method of determining the situation of fertility by the combination of all ASFRs into a single index
covering all ages. The tfr is an estimate of the average number of children born to each woman assuming that
the current birth rate is constant. This method involved determining from women the number of children that’
they have when they have finished with child bearing, the tfr is one of the most useful indicators (dr Adebayo
teaching) of fertility level because it gives the best possible estimates of how many children a female is
having the tfr is use for comparing fertility levels among countries the total fertility rate per woman is also
useful for replacing level of population.
15-49 5
15-20 4
21-30. 6
Total= 15 is ASFR
FACTOR AFFECTING FERTILITY
Fertility rate vary over time And space. The factor responsible for the variation are classified into 3 factors
1. The proximate determinant of fertility
2. Social economic factor
3. Government policy
THE PROXIMATE DETERMINAT OF COMPRISES OF BIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS SUCH AS
(1) marriage patterns
(2) Pattern of sexual activity
(3) Duration of breast feeding
And (4) number of induced abortion
1. Age at marriage and proportion of marrying person in the society are the two dimensions of marriage
patterns.
(2) Pattern of sexual activity the frequency of sexual union between married or unmarried couple directly
affect fertility level in the absence of birth control measures. Among married couple the frequency is
reportedly higher for women in monogamous marriage than those in polygamous marriage.E.g of areas
Rural area versus urban area,
Polygamous versus monogamous
3. DURATIONS OF BREAST-FEEDING: Breastfeeding is a natural determinant that affects birth rate because it
delays onset ovulation and menstruation after a baby's birth. E.G at 1960-1989 fathers always reserve sex for
a breastfeeding mother until after a year it resulted to 2-year interval of birth but nowadays it's just 40-day
for father to abstain from sex then start again
4. INDUCED ABORTIONS : is similar to impact of breastfeeding of fertility reduction is influenced of abortions
on fertility level. Induced abortion is illegal act in some country and worldwide practice the singular act of
abortions reduce fertility level in county where Induced abortions is equivalent and legal
Eg of social economic factors are (1) Education: limit us from giving birth to dozens
(2) occupation: the Hours we spent at work determined how often we sex our wives which can lead to dozen of
children in rural areas compare to urban areas
(3) economic and social cost of raising children : and
(4) sex preference : can lead to it because some can burget one girl and one boy but if reversal was the order
they will keep having sex to increased population.
(5) government policy : in China is only one child but if is two one to government one to the father with
standard education or else the father would be sent to Jail by government.
2. MORTALITY: is described as the occurrence of death or a situation where is lost [life no more].
Measures of mortality
Determining the number of persons rule in a particular population is measured commonly by the following rate:
1. Crude Death Rate [C.D.R]
2. Age Specific Death Rate [A.S.D.R]
3. Infant And Child Mortality Rate [I.C.M.R]
a. CRUDE DEATH RATE [C.D.R]: the crude death rate measures the specific number of death for a particular
period of time usually in a year by 1000 population.
b. AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE [A.S.D.R]: it refers to the measurement of death to different age group in
relation to the number of people in that particular age group in that year.
c. INFANT AND CHILDREN MORTALITY RATE [I.C.M.R]: all death among birth or life under one year of age
is referred to as infant mortality, while all death occurring to children between age 1 and 5 is known as child
mortality.
CAUSES OF DEATH
There are many causes of death which act as individual factor or combination of factors. These factors could be
grouped into three;
1. Degenerative Disease.
2. Environmental Factor.
3. Socio-economic Factor.
a. Degenerative Disease: it relates to all infection or development that directly impart negatively on the
vital organs and eventually cause weakness or malfunctioning of those organs and eventually to death.
b. Environmental Factor: it relates to the impact of natural disaster that causes death, for instance,
pollution from the activities of man or that result from the natural environmental or geomophological change
or experiences.
c. Socio-economic factors: is the consideration occurrences of death related to the effect of
socioeconomic factors such as education, income, job, hygiene etc.
SOURCES OF POPULATION DATA
• Census
• Registration system
• Sample survey
• Non traditional sources
National census is the holistic and it involves elimination of all biasness and errors. The study of human
population requires expensive and reliable data for the analysis of various aspect of demographic process on
the basis of which generalization can be made for instance the availability of all to date. Record of the
incidences of birth for women over a given period of time in a country can be computed into specific rates. Such
rates would vest, and then depict the level of birth in a country of which they are computed. Secondly, it
serves as bases for comparison with those of other countries. Population data is obtainable over space and
time. Although such information [six lines of uncompleted note]
Population census is the major source of information about population of a country. According to the united
nation [1975] a census or population can be defined as the total process of collecting, compiling and publishing
demographic, economic and social data pertaining at a specific time or times to all people in a country or the
limited territory. Demographic data refers to the questions of sex, age and position in the household while the
economic data collected during a national census. The social data are those on educational qualification,
religious affiliations e.t.c.
APPROCHES TO CENSUS ELIMINATION
1. De- facto approach: entails the interviewing or recording of an individual at a place where he or she is
found at a time of the census exercise. This is the approach adopted in Nigeria and Great Britain.
2. De – jure approach: The United States of America adopt the de jure approach in which individual are
recorded according to the place of usual residence. The latter approach is liable to the problem of over
estimation as a result of double counting which might arise. CLARKE 1972 noted that population mobility,
multiple residences of some and homelessness of others make one de jure approach less satisfactory
compared to the de facto approach.
HISTORY OF CENSUS IN NIGERIA
The history of census in Nigeria date far back to the history of the country as a political entity, in 1863 one
year after the founding of the colony and ordinance was passed for taken of census [of the Lagos area was
taken and the other in 1871 one in 1863 . The first census for the whole country was conducted between 1952
and 1953. However, the allocation of 50% representation to the north into the federal house of representatives
on the basis of 1952/53 census marked the qualitsization of censuses in Nigeria electorate census in Nigeria
despite the various draw backs particularly the aforementioned not simultaneously enumerated throughout
the country. The most recent census in Nigeria is the 2006 census which estimated the population of Nigeria
to be the essence of 140 million. 2006 national and housing census in Nigeria is better conducted compared to
the previous censuses.
Registration system: it can be defined as the continuous recording of demographic processes as they occur in
an organised manner. The demographic processes of birth, death, marriages and migration are recorded on
continuous basis. Registration system therefore provides dynamic information compared to that of census
which is provided decimally and therefore static. The three major type of registration system are vital
registration population register and migration record.
Vital registration: this entails the continuous recording of the incidence of birth, death, migration, marriage,
divorces, adoption and others. Each event is recorded in different register in centres designated for such
exercise in Nigeria. It is at the national population commission, office in all local government secretariats.
Population register: while vital registration records vital event separately population register record event on
individual basis. In other words, a separate, register or dossier is kept or opened for an individual at birth.
A dossier is created at the birth of a child all necessary information related to the child such as name,
age, sex, date of birth, as well as those of his parents are recorded. This dossier is kept and updated with the
data as other vital events happened to him in the course of his life. Such as education, marriage and children
born again by him, the dossier is closed at the death of the person. In such way a complete picture of
individuals in the country is made available and can constitute the basis for some form of analysis.
Migration record: can be defined as the movement of people, goods and services from one place to another
across geographically defined boundaries. The generation of migration data is difficult because a significant
number of movements do not take place over specified terminal and are therefore not recorded. This problem
notwithstanding, migration records are important sources of population data. Details of migration analysis are
usually used for planning purposes. Migration is obtained largely from consensus and migration records are
important sources of population data. Details of migration analysis are usually used for planning purposes.
Survey: this is the most used of all sources of population data source, survey provides data for the analysis of
serve topical issues depending in the focus of study. The sample survey resembles the population curves the
differences is that is capable of providing more detail information sample survey is designed to seek
information from a fraction of a population which will represent the total population for most counting sample
census results using as pretext for consensus as well as for checking census result using enumeration areas
compilation purposes. There are two main types of sampling, namely;
1. Probability sampling:9vb
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH POPULATION CENSUS
All population census wherever taken are subjects to a number, errors which reduce the accuracy of the result
obtained from them. The magnitude of error however differs between countries. Censuses are comforted with
an array of problem which will be examined according to the three basic stages of census taken. These are the
planning, execution and processes\publishing stage;
1. Unavailability of huge capital, training of censuses official and provision of census materials occasion by
other important and pressing need such provision of housing, electricity, transport, and infrastructure and job
creation.
2. The incomplete coverage of Nigerian land mass by aerial photography is partly responsible for the
discovery of the Koma people in Adamawa in the in the year 1980 by national youth corpers on expedition in
the basic material like aerial photography and topography which are important for delineation of areas
RECOMMENDATION TO FUTURE CENSUS
1.the adoption of population census enlightenment campaign directed all categories of people in county using
print and mass media radio gingle
2. Result allocation should not be base on census figure
3' funds should be made in eliminate all of these problems
4. The production of comprehensive areas photography and enumeration areas marks should be effectively
deploy
5. Putting in place multi ethnic officiating group to enumerated and supervise the actual execution of the
census program especially in a diversify country like Nigeria
6. The perceive association of census can be weaken by the institution of their system of allocation of
resources and social amenities in the state of the county.
Factors influencing population distribution
The pattern of population distribution anywhere in the world is influence by an array of factors ranging from
physical to human factors
1. Climate and soil climate exalt direct and indirect effect on population distribution. Conducive climate
conditions such as adequate distribution of rain fall moderate temperature and humidity term to favor high
population concentration this explains the relative high population distribution in sub tropical and mid lattice
region. Conversely areas with scanty rainfall high or extremely low temperatures conditions support sparse
population as indicate of arid, semiarid and polar climatic zones. Terse the high northern latitude which
comprises of ten percent of the earth land areas, accommodate only a few thousand of people due to
extremely cold climatic conditions. The effect of soil on population distribution is similar to that of climate
fertile soils attract every population concentration in agricultural communities volcanic soil and most
especially are loamier soil support large proportion of the world population than other type of soil as found in
the delta ls of South Asia and the Nile.Estimose people lived in Canada
2. Disease on healthy environment is unfit for human life habitation the effect of disease on population is very
glaring in the middle belt of Nigeria where population as remain low over several decades the incidents of
tsetse fly affected the health of man and animals causing sleeping sickness similarly the impact of aids on
population reductions in Uganda and other countries with high prevalence rate are well documented through
history several places such as : ugonic measles cholera etc as rampage humans population.
3. Coastal location globally, world population tend to agglomerate along with the coast and decreases inward
toward the innerland it has been estimated that about seventy-five percent of the world population live within
about nine hundreds kilometers of the sea and about sixty-six percent within outside the kilometers one of
the attraction of Lagos state is its coaster location advantage which facilitate international trade and diversity
in the economy the same is true of kerela region of India where about six hundred persons live within one
square kilometers
4. Historical factor present population distribution in pact is difference by past historical event analysis of
population distribution in American Australia Will certainly improve the recount of past migration streams from
European countries and Africa the foundation of America present today population size was laid by the mass
movements of people from the European movement also the depopulation of parts of Africa can be traced to
slave trade Era in which an estimated ten to fifteen millions Africans were force as slave migrant to America
and carebian intertribal wars and communal clashes are historical factors which contribute to population
distribution in Africa as in Nigeria,Liberia and sumalia (sentinel in India they are last specie of human on earth)
6 Political factors government policies exact remarkable influence on population distribution the relocation of
state or national capital is usually accompany by relocation of several families at least for employment
puroses Eg is the relocation of Nigeria s capital from Lagos to Abuja similarly government policies on urban
renewal often times results in the resettlement of displace person south Africa and Australia are examples of
countries where the unevenness in population distribution is due mainly to existing political ideology apartheid
in South Africa saw to the uneven spatial of population distribution where about four teen millions blacks
occupied only about twenty percent of the land while the white where about six million occupying about
eighty million of the land in the ninety eighty s hence the population densely with extremely high in the black
neighbor.
Economic factors have significant impact on population patterns the distribution of population is highly
dependent on distribution of economic activities since manufacturering and services industry are concentrated
in urban areas especially in developing nations, these urban centers continues to play host to the stream of
Ural urban migrant as such the few cities continue to grow while the rural areas experience depopulation of
able body youth favorable commercial endeavors overwrite the impact of poor soils on population distribution
in Eastern Nigeria high population density in these areas are attributed to flourish ING trade and associated
with service industries.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Chronologically trace the history of national census in Nigeria submit in two weeks
