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JAVA
Q. what is JAVA?
JAVA is pure object oriented language
Q. what is object oriented?
Object oriented is a concept of programming and which based on four pillars and seven features.
There are two types of object oriented languages
1) Semi object oriented: Semi object oriented means those language can use OOP concept but
there is no compulsion to use object oriented every time called as semi object oriented.
Example of semi object oriented language is: CPP
2) Pure Object oriented: those languages must be use OOP concept compulsory called as pure
object oriented language means in java we cannot run program without class so java is pure object
oriented.

Q. what is diff between CPP and JAVA?

CPP JAVA
1.CPP is semi object oriented JAVA is Pure object oriented
2. CPP use operator overloading JAVA not use operator overloading
3.CPP us delete operator JAVA not use delete operator
4 CPP use Destructor JAVA not use Destructor use garbage collection
5.CPP use pure virtual function for achieve JAVA provide separate abstract keyword for
abstraction abstraction
6. CPP use Template as generics data JAVA use generics and it is denoted by < >
7.CPP use Pointer externally JAVA not use pointer externally
8. CPP is platform dependent JAVA is platform independent
9.CPP contain three access specifier private ,public JAVA use four access specifier private public
and protected protected and default.

If we want to work with JAVA we have to know how to create program in java and execute it.
Steps to work with program in JAVA
1) Installed JDK: JDK stands for Java Development kit and it is Software or application which contains
some supporting application which is responsible to create enviourment for develop and execute JAVA
Application.
IT contain some software like as Compiler, JVM etc

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if we think about above diagram we demonstrate we have JDK and JDK contain some supporting
software’s.
Q. what is Compiler?
Compiler is application or software which is used for convert your source code to Byte code in java
shown in following diagram.

Q. what byte code?

Byte code is intermediate code which easily converts in machine code with the help of JVM or byte code
is machine understandable code means byte code read by JVM and load in Memory and generate
machine from that and generate output to end user.

Q. What is JVM?
JVM stands for java virtual machine and it is application which easily read byte code and generates
output.
Q. why use byte code?
Byte code is platform independent code of java means byte code can execute on any operating system
so JAVA is platform independent language.
Example: suppose consider if we compile your code on window operation then we can run this code on
Linux without taking support any third party software called as platform independent.
Following Diagram shows Platform Independency

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In above diagram we demonstrate byte code and execute on any operation system so byte code is
platform independent code so java is also platform independent code.

2) Create Sample program: if we want to create any program in java we need to write minimum single
class so if we want to work with java we have some following standard and generalize syntax.
Generalize syntax is
access specifier class classname{
public static void main(String x[])
{ write here logics
}
}
Example: public class FirstDec
{
public static void main(String x[])
{ System.out.println(“good morning”);
}
}
Code Description
public class FirstDec: Here public is access specifier
Q. what is access specifier?
access specifier are some keywords which is used for apply restrictions on class and its member.
There are four types of access specifier?
private : private access specifier means we can cannot access class member outside of class.
public: public is access specifier which is used for access class member outside of class or outside of
package.
protected: protected class member is only accessible in child class
default : default class member can accessible outside of class but within same package.
class is keyword for class declaration
FirstDec is classname and user can give any name to his class.

public static void main(String x[]): it is main function of java same like as main function in C or CPP.
Interview questions on main method we will discuss later
i) why main method is static ii) can we overload main method iii) can we pass different parameter in
main method other than string etc

System.out.println(“good morning”): it is output statement of java same like as printf in c language

Internal Meaning of System.out.println()
System is class out is static reference of PrintStream class System and PrintStream maintain HAS-A
relationship between them and println() is overloaded method for display output on output screen.
Note: we will discuss this meaning in inheritance chapter of JAVA

if we want to create Java program we have number of text editors as well as tool

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notepad, wordpad, sublime text , visual code studio,eclipse,netbeans, interllJ etc

but now this our first lecture of JAVA so we will use notepad

3) Save Program: if we want to save java program then save in bin folder where JDK installed and give
classname and filename same with .java extension.
Example: our file name should be FirstDec.java

4) Compile Program:
Q. what is compilation?
Compilation is process where we convert your source code to byte code in java.
Q. How to compile java program when we create program using notepad?
Steps: start menu --- search --- command prompt --- go where java file save -- type command
javac filename.java.

C:\Users\Admin>cd C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_291\bin

C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_291\bin>javac FirstDec.java
if we think about above code when we open command prompt then it is by default on c:\\user\\Admin
but our java program in bin folder so when we want to change path using command prompt we have
command CD(Change Directory).
javac – stands for java compiler javac filename.java means we provide file to java compiler for
compilation purpose means after this command java compiler can generate byte code and it is stored
in .class file means after program compilation java compiler create new file automatically with extension
of .class file and in this file contain your byte code.
As per our example we have two files after java program compiled
i) FirstDec.java – source code
ii)FirstDec. Class after compilation it contain byte code.

5) Run Program: when we want to run java program we have command java filename
Here java work as JVM
Java FirstDec

Example: Now we want to create program to calculate addition of two values

public class AddApp
{ public static void main(String x[])
{ int a,b,c;
a=100;
b=200;
c=a+b;
System.out.printf("Addition is %d\n",c);
}
}

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If we think about above code we calculate addition of two numbers but we calculate fix number addition
and we want to accept input from keyboard and then calculate its addition

If we want to accept input from keyboard we have two ways

1) Use Command Line Arguments
2) Use Scanner class.

Command line Arguments

Q. what is command line arguments?
Command line argument is infinite string array present in main function called as command line
arguments.

Means using command line argument we can accept n number of input or infinite input from keyboard
but the first input of command line argument is at position of zero because it is array and array start
from 0th index up to n-1.

Example
public class AddApp
{
public static void main(String x[])
{ int a,b,c;
a=x[0];
b=x[1];
c=a+b;
System.out.printf("Addition is %d\n",c);
}
}
if we think about above code we get compile time error in computable types.
because we have statement int a=x[0] and int b=x[1] here x[0] and x[1] is type of string but we want to
accept input of type integer and string cannot store in integer directly so compiler will generate error to
us.
so if we want to avoid this problem or solve this error we need to convert string value to integer value.

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How to convert String value to integer value

if we want to perform conversion between string value to integer value we have following statement

int variable =Integer.parseInt(String) : convert string to integer

in this statement Integer is class and parseInt() is static function of Integer class which is used for return
string value to integer value.
float variable=Float.parseFloat(String): convert string to float
Float is class and parseFloat() is a static function which is used for convert string value to integer value.

long variable=Long.parseLong(String): convert string to long

public class AddApp

{
public static void main(String x[])
{ int a,b,c;
a=Integer.parseInt(x[0]);
b=Integer.parseInt(x[1]);
c=a+b;
System.out.printf("Addition is %d\n",c);
}
}

Example: WAP to input number and reverse it using command line argument
public class ReverseNum
{
public static void main(String x[])
{ int r=0;
int no=Integer.parseInt(x[0]);
while(no!=0)
{ int rem = no % 10;
no = no /10;
r=r*10+rem;
}
System.out.println("Reverse is "+r);
}
}

If we think about above code we accept input from keyboard but command line argument can accept
input from keyboard on single line.
if we want to accept input on new after program running statement for that we have Scanner class.

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Steps to work with Scanner class

1) add java.util package in application
______________________________________________________________________________
Q. what is package?
package is a collection of classes and interfaces it is like as header file in c language.
if we want to add package in program we have import keyword
import packagename.* : here if we use * means we import all member from package in
application.
or
import packagename.membername: if we use this syntax then we can import specific member
from package in application.

Example: import java.util.*;

or
import java.util.Scanner;

2) Create object of Scanner class

if we want to create object of Scanner class we have following syntax
Scanner ref = new Scanner(System.in);
Example: Scanner xyz = new Scanner(System.in);

3) Use its method to work with Scanner

if we want to work with Scanner we have following methods
int nextInt(): this method is used for accept input of type integer
float nextFloat(): this method is used for accept input of type float
double nextDouble(): this method is used for accept input of type double
long nextLong(): this method is used for accept input of type long
short nextShort(): this method is used for accept input of type short
String nextLine(): this method is used for accept input of type string etc

Example:
import java.util.*; //step1
public class AddUsingScannerApp
{ public static void main(String x[])
{Scanner xyz = new Scanner(System.in);//step2
int a,b,c;
System.out.println("Enter two values");
a=xyz.nextInt();
b=xyz.nextInt();
c=a+b;
System.out.printf ("addition is %d\n",c);
}

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Example: WAP to input name id and salary of employee from keyboard and display it.
import java.util.*;
public class EmployeeApp
{
public static void main(String x[])
{
Scanner xyz = new Scanner(System.in);
int id,sal;
String name;
System.out.println("Enter name of employee");
name=xyz.nextLine();
System.out.println("Enter id of employee");
id=xyz.nextInt();
sal=xyz.nextInt();
System.out.printf("Name is %s\n",name);
System.out.printf("Id is %d\n",id);
System.out.printf("Salary is %d\n",sal);
}
}
Arrays in JAVA
___________________________________________________________________________________
Q. array is a collection of similar data type.
How to use array in java?
If we want to use array in java we have following syntax
1) Declare array: when we declare array then it is by default null means in java array variable work as
reference or pointer.
Syntax: datatype variablename[]; //this is reference variable and contain default value as null
e.g int a[]; //here a work as reference.
2) Allocate memory of array: if we want to allocate memory of array we have to use new keyword
means using a new keyword we can allocate memory of array.
variablename = new datatype[size];
e.g a = new int[5]; here we create new 5 block by using new keyword and store its base address in
reference variable a shown in following diagram.

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Example: WAP to create array of size 5 and store values in it and display it.
import java.util.*; //step1
public class ArrayApp
{
public static void main(String x[])
{ Scanner xyz = new Scanner(System.in);
int a[]; //declaration
a = new int[5];
System.out.println("Enter values in array");
for(int i=0; i<a.length; i++)
{ a[i]=xyz.nextInt();
}
System.out.println("Display array values");
for(int i=0; i<a.length;i++)
{ System.out.printf("a[%d] ---->%d\n",i,a[i]);
}
}
}

Example: WAP to input five values in array and find maximum value from Array.

import java.util.*; //step1

public class ArrayApp
{ public static void main(String x[])
{ Scanner xyz = new Scanner(System.in);
int a[]; //declaration
a = new int[5];
System.out.println("Enter values in array");
for(int i=0; i<a.length; i++)

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{ a[i]=xyz.nextInt();
}
int max=a[0];
System.out.println("Display array values");
for(int i=0; i<a.length;i++)
{ System.out.printf("a[%d] ---->%d\n",i,a[i]);
if(a[i]>max)
{ max=a[i];
}
}
System.out.printf("Maximum value is %d\n",max);
}
}
Q . what will be output of given code?

if we think about above code we have int a[]=new int[]{10,20,30,40,50} here we create array of size 5
internally and we store base address of array i.e 1000 in reference variable a and we have one more
statement int b[] means we declare reference of integer type of array and we have again one more
statement b=a; here we store base address array a i.e 1000 in reference variable b means reference
variable b and reference variable a points to same memory and again we have statement b[1]=200
means we store 200 on address location 1004 or a[1] reference variable a and reference variable b
points to same array so 200 get override on a[1] so when we print array then we get output 10 200 30
40 50

Q. what will be output of given code?

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Output: 20 30 40 50 60
if we think about above code we have two array int a[]=new int[]{10,20,30,40,50} here we have array
with 5 values and we store its base address i.e 1000 in reference variable a and we have one more
function name as show(a,0) here we call show() function and pass base address of array to variable m
means m is array which contain base address of a means m contain 1000 so m points to variable a so we
have statement if(count!=m.length) so here initially count is 0 so the condition 0!=5 is true so we have
m[count]=m[count]+10 means m[0] =m[0]+10 means a[0]=a[0]+10 means m[0]=10+10 so this value
10+10 is 20 and it is stored on address location 0th or 1000 address where a and m points so previous
value of 1000 location get override and 20 value store on 1000 location means a[0]=20 again we have
statement show(m,++count) here we perform recursion again count is 1 and so on means we increase
ever value by 10 and store in array so we get final output 20 30 40 50 60

Q. what will be output of given code?

import java.util.*; //step1
public class ArrayApp
{
public static void main(String x[])
{
int a[]=new int[]{10,20,30,40,50};
show(a,0);
System.out.println("Display array values");
//10 1 30 40 50
for(int i=0; i<a.length;i++)
{ System.out.println(a[i]>>1); //5 0 10 15 20 25
}
}
public static int[] show(int m[],int count)
{ m[1]=4>>2;
return m;//return base address of array
}

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Ways to declare array in java

Syntax: datatype variablename [];
Or
datatype [] variablename;

Two dimensional arrays in java

____________________________________________________________________________
It is used for create matrix

How to declare two dimensional arrays in java

Syntax: datatype variablename[][]

or
datatype [][]variablename;
or
datatype []variablename[];

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Example: WAP to create 3 x 3 matrixes and display it.

Example
import java.util.*;
public class MatrixApp
{ public static void main(String x[])
{ Scanner xyz = new Scanner(System.in);
int a[][]=new int[3][3];
System.out.println("Enter values in matrix");
for(int i=0; i<a.length;i++)
{
for(int j=0; j<a[i].length; j++)
{
a[i][j]=xyz.nextInt();
}
}
System.out.println("Display matrix");
for(int i=0; i<a.length;i++)
{
for(int j=0; j<a[i].length; j++)
{
System.out.printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);
}
System.out.printf("\n");
}
}
}

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Q. what will be output of given code?

import java.util.*;
public class MatrixApp
{ public static void main(String x[])
{
int a[][] = new int[][]{
{1,2,3},
{4,5,6},
{7,8,9}
};
int b[]=a[1];
for(int i=0; i<b.length;i++)
{ b[i]+=10;
}
System.out.println("Display array");
for(int i=0; i<a.length; i++)
{
for(int j=0; j<a[i].length;j++)
{ System.out.printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);
}
System.out.printf("\n");
}
}
}
Jagged Array in JAVA
Jagged Array is used for create matrix every row having a different column list called as Jagged Array.
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9
Syntax:
data type variablename[][]=new datatype[rowsize][];
variablename=new datatype[rowindex][colsize];

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import java.util.*;
public class JaggedArray
{
public static void main(String x[])
{
Scanner xyz = new Scanner(System.in);
int a[][]=new int[3][];
a[0]=new int[3];
a[1] = new int[4];
a[2] = new int[2];
System.out.println("Enter values in matrix");
for(int i=0; i<a.length;i++)
{
for(int j=0; j<a[i].length;j++)
{
a[i][j]=xyz.nextInt();
}
}
System.out.println("Display matrix");
for(int i=0; i<a.length;i++)
{
for(int j=0; j<a[i].length;j++)
{
System.out.printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);
}
System.out.printf("\n");
}
}
}

Q. why java is platform independent language?

Because of byte code means when we compile java program then java compiler generate
byte code and byte code is platform independent code so java is platform independent
language.
Q. Why java pure object oriented?
Because java program cannot create without inheritance as well as without class and both
feature belong from object oriented concept so we can say java is pure object oriented
language.
Q. Why Java is not pure object oriented language?
Because java support to primitive type of data as well as java class not use by default
encapsulation so we can say java is not pure object oriented.

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Q. what is name of java compiler?

JIT is name of java compiler and JIT stands for Just in Time.
Q. what is JVM and why use it?
JVM stands for Java virtual machine and it is application present under JDK and JRE and
which is used for load class file means load byte code generated by java compiler and
perform different operation on it means verify byte code, perform garbage collection,object
memory allocation ,thread management ,memory management etc these are the roles of
JVM means we can say JVM is responsible for manage run time environment required for
java program or application.
Q. is JVM platform dependent or independent?
JVM is platform dependent
Q. Why JVM is platform dependent?
JVM is platform dependent because the major goal of JVM is to generate machine code
from byte code and every operating system has different machine code generation
algorithm so Java design JVM separate for every operating system and common compiler
for all operating system means when java want to give setup for windows then compiler is
same but JVM different , when java want to give setup for Linux then compiler is same but
JVM is different , when java want to give set up for mac then Compiler is same but JVM is
different so we can JVM design separate for every operating system of JVM is platform
dependent

Q. can we overload main method in java?

Yes we can overload the main method in java but JVM can identify only one method for
program execution in which string [] argument is present.

Q. what will be output of this program?

if we think about the above code program compile successfully but not run
because in main method we pass int x[] so compiler think main may be overloaded by
user but JVM run program using main method in which contain string [] parameter.

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Q. why main method of java is static?

Because main method of java call by JVM internally and JVM need to call main method
without creating object of and if we have static member then we can call it without object means we
can call it using class name so java main method is static
Following diagram describe how to call main method by JVM

Q. Why JVM need to call main method without object?

Because main method present in class and every class contain one constructor called as implicit
constructor and if JVM create object of class in which main method present then there is possibility
constructor of class call before main method means when we have parameterized constructor in class
and if JVM create object of class in which main method present then JVM need to pass value to
constructor at the time of object creation but JVM cannot pass value to use constructor so avoiding this
problem java want to call main method by JVM without object so main method is static.

Q. Explain JVM Architecture?

________________________________________________________________________
JVM is responsible for manage the overall activity of Java program execution
Means when we compile java program then java compiler create .class file and store byte code in it and
load .class file by JVM in memory and perform different operation on it means
Allocate memory for class and its member, allocate memory for objects, destroy objects from memory
as well as manage n number of things for java program shown in following diagram or show by JVM
architecture.

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If we think about above diagram then we have first component in JVM architecture is class loader.
What is purpose of class loader?
The major goal of class loader is read .class file generated by java compiler and perform three different
operations on it i.e. loading, linking and initialization of .class file.

Q. what is loading?
when compiler generate .class file then JVM class loader reads .class file and generate corresponding
binary data from .class file and save it in the method area and JVM store the following information in
method area
I) Fully Qualifier name of the loaded class and its immediate parent class
ii) Store information about interface, class or enum
iii) Store information related with modifier, variables and method information.
Example: suppose consider we have class name as
class ABC
{ private int a;
public void show()
{
}
}
when we compile this program then compiler generate file name as ABC.class and when we run this
program then JVM class loader read file name as ABC.class and store class name , private,public int a
and void show() its information in method area means it load all class details in method area.

Q. what is linking?
Linking is process to verify and prepare byte code as well as binary code which loaded by class loader.
means in short we can in the linking processes check .class file is created properly or not means in
linking we have BytecodeVerifier which is used for verify byte code generated property or not if byte
code not generated properly it will throw error at run time java.lang.VerifyError
as well as linking section JVM allocates memory for class static variable and initialization the default in it
means JVM allocate memory static variable before creating and give some default value to them means
if static variable is integer then 0 default if static variable is string then give null value etc.

Q. what is initialization?
after verify byte code and allocate memory to static variable after that JVM try to initialize code for
execution purpose from top to bottom.
There are three types of initialize in JVM
1) Bootstrap class loader 2) extension class loader 3) System class loader.

1) Bootstrap class loader: bootstrap class loader is used for load the core API classes present in
JAVA_HOME/lib folder.
2) Extension class loader : it is used for load classes present under JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext folder

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3)System class loader or Application class loader : it is child of extension class loader it is responsible
load all classes from classpath.

JVM Memory?
JVM memory is distribution of memory management in ram means when your program running in
memory then JVM memory decides which content program store in which section of memory.
We have different types of section in memory

Method Area: in this method area all class level information like as class name, its immediate parent
class name , methods and variables and access specifier used with variable and method etc stored in
method area as well as store static variable and its default value stored in method area.
Heap Section: in this section memory all objects stored in heap section of memory as well as all shared
resources stored in heap section means if we perform any thing using new keyword in java it is stored in
heap section.
Stack Area: so JVM create separate stack memory for every thread in java.
PC Register: store address of current execution instruction of thread

Q. what JRE and how it works?

Q. what is diff between JDK JRE and JVM?

JDK JRE JVM
JDK stands for java development JRE stands for java run time JVM stands java virtual machine
kit enviourment
JDK is tool which provide JRE only provide environment to JVM is logical existence in JRE
enviourment to us to us to execute java program not which is used for manage the all
developer ,compile and run java compile activities of java program
program execution
JDK use at dev environment JRE refer at test environment or
because in dev environment we prod environment because in
need to write code , compile it test enviourment not need to
and execute it means here we write code and compile code just
need compiler and JVM etc need to execute code and test it
Means in JDK contain compiler, as well as JRE also use in
JVM and JRE production environment
because here only program
execute not write code

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