Sets A.callection of well defined object is called! set, These ‘object which belongs to the set are called elements. Sets are usually denoted by English capital eters A, B,Cetc, and their elements denoted by small letters a,b eet Representation of Sets Sets can be represent by too methods @ Listing Method In this method, elements are listed and: [put within a bracket () and separated by commas. This ‘method is also known as roaster method or tabular method. eg. A= Setof all prime numbers less than 11 i) Set Builder Method In this method, a rule or a formula is weitten in the bracket that define the Sets Tris known as rule method of property method. eg. A=l1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8) = [rere Nand x 8) Different Types of Sets There are marty types of sets as flo Nall Set A set which has no clement is called a mull set (empty set). It is denoted by 6 ot fh Singleton Set A set which h 2 singleton set 8, (5), 7) ete Finite and Infinite Sets Sets containing finite number of clements are called finite sets ‘Asst containing infinite number of elements are called infinite set © (4,16, 644 isa finite set. (9) 0,3,9,27,81, 01 is a infinite set Equivalent Sets Two finite sels A and B are said to be equivalent, if they have the same number of elements eg. (A)= (Bh Equal Sets If A and Bare two non - empty sets and each clement of set Ais an element of set Band each element 1c only one element is ealled Sets, Relations and Functions of set Bis an element of set A then sets A and B are called equal sets. Symbolically, fx A=xe B and xe Boxe A Subset Ifeach élement of a set A is also an element of a set B Ais called a subset of & It is denoted by Ac B If set Bhas atleast one element, which does not belong, to set A. then set Ais called proper subset. If a finite set A has 1 elements. Then, the number of subset of Ais 2” Power Set The set ofall subsets of a given set A is called the power set of Aand it is denoted by P(A Ma finite set A hasmelements, Then, power set of Ahas 2 elements. eg. If A= 2,3), then PLA)= 12}, Bl, 8) ob Universal Set A set which is stich that all the given sets lunder consideration are its subsets, is called universal Set and.itis denoted by Venn Diagram “The diagram inlWwhich sets are drawn to represent is called vyenn diagram. In venn diagram, the universal set is represented by a rectangular region anda set is represented by circle ora geometrical figure inside the universal set. Operations on Sets Union of Sets ‘The union of two sets A and Bis the set consi clements which belong to Aor Bor to both and is written as AUB Laws of union of sets. @ Avo=A ii) AU ASA () (AU BU C= AU (BUC) (i) AU=U (iv) AU B= BUA4 Intersection of Two Sets ‘The intersection of two sets A and Bis the set of elements which are common to both Aand B Itis denoted by Ary B. Note If Am B=4 then A and B are said to be “disjoint? Laws of intersection of sets MAne=o (Un AnA Gi) AN A= A Gv) An B= BAA () (AN BA C=AnLBAO) Difference of Two Sets If Aand Be two given sets, then the set of all elements which belongs to A but do not belong to 8 iscalléd the: difference of set A and B It is denoted by/A= B A= B= [x:xe Abutze B and B- A=(r:xe Bbutxe Al Symmetric Difference of Sets ‘The symmetric difference of sets Aand Bis the union of sets (A~ Band (B~ 4) Itis denoted by ANB. ie, ABB=(A~ B)U(B~ A) Complement of a Set Complement of a set A is the set which contains all those elements of the universal set which are not in A. It is denoted by 4’ or A Laws of complement of set @AnA=0 (Ava Gin =u (yur way (vi) AU B= BUA (wil) An B= BOA (ill)(AU BYU C= AU(BUC) () AA(BAc)=(An BAC } (De EERE ()(AUBY=A'OB (x)(AN BY = AO Cardinal Number of a Finite and Infinite Sets The number of distinct elements in a finite set Ais called cardinal number and itis denoted by n(4) If A and Bare non-empty finite sets, then + (Aw B)=n(A)+ n(B) nA. B) + ITA and B are disjoint eots, then n(A.U B)=n(A) + n(B) + nA OB) = nA nBY)=nV)— An B) + n(A’ 9 B)=nl(A.V BY |= n(U)— nA B) + nA UBUCI=n(A)+ n(B)+ niC)= nA B) NB AC)- MAAC) +MAN BAC) Example L If 8=(x:x, is a natural number to less than 6), then the number of subsets of set Bis os 2 os (2) Nove of hese Solution fo) According t the question, = (1,2,3, 4,5). Hire, numberof elements of Bn =5 ‘The numberof subsets of 2 Example 2. If U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 9) A={1, 2,34) and 2,4 6,8, then the value of (A Bf Bao wus0 Oiasza Baden Sohition () Given = (1,2.5,4,5,6.7.8 9) A= (,2.3,4)and a4 6 a) (auay=u-(acm) 3.45,6.7,8,91-(012.3, 9101246.) 2.3.45,6.7.891-1.23,468) 8.7.91 Relation Ordered Pair Twoelements «and bare lstedlin a specific order, form an. ordered pair, denoted by (a, P). Itisevicent from the definition that * (abre(6,a) MG. b)=(c, d)ilfa=e,b=d. ‘Thigis called equality of ordered pair Cartesian Product of Sets “Theset consisting of all distinct ondet pair (a,b) where ae A and be Bis called cartesian’ proditet of the sts Aand B Ttis dlenoted by Ax B Symmbolicaly, Ax B= (a,8):a€ Aand be B Bx A=(b,a):be Band ae A) Clearly, AxB% Bx A Note (2, He Ax Beswe Aand be B Relation If Aand Bare twonon-empty sets, then a relation from Ato Bisa subset of product set Ax ‘Then, we say that 2s related to bby the relation Rard we write tas Domain of R Rela:ae Aa, be RV be BL Range of R Re (ibe B(a,b)e RV ae Al Note mand ware the number of elements of st and respectively then the total numberof relations in Aand Bis 2™: Types of Relations Empty of Void Relation Relation Rina set Ais called an empty relation, ifno element of Ais related to any element ofA. Rac AKAMathematics Identity Relation Relation Ris a set Ais called an entity relation ifeach element of Ais related to itself ony. ie [y= (4,0): A) Reflexive Relation A relation Ris reflexive if ,R,,Wae A Symmetric Relation A relation Ris symmetric if eR oR ‘Transitive Relation A relation R is transitive if aR and Ry eR, Equivalence Relation A relation on a set A which is reflexive, symmetric and transitive is called equivalence relation. Inverse Relation The inverse R“! of a relation R is the setof ordered paits obtained by reversing those of K RO = Mx yey xe RE Example 3. What is the nature of relation R if Ris defined as R=(x,y):2x + y=4Lx,ye ND (3) renexive (b) symmetric (© transitive (a) None ofthese Solution (a) Given, (in y):2x + y= 4x MeN 39), 2.37), (35), 4 39), (31), (6,29) (7,27, 3) (, 23), 20,20), 19) (1897, 13, 5, 1, (16,9) 07, 7)-(18, 5), (9,3), (20, 1)) Here, (aa) €, Ve N so Ris not reflexive relation (0.0)¢ R= 3) €R so Ris noe ssimgtric relation and (E.R (byc)e R946) € Reso Ris aot ransitive Function A function f from Ato Bwritten as f: A> B iba relation, in which every clement of A corresponds to a unique element of & Domain, Codomain and Range of a Function: If f is a function from A to B, ie. each element of A corresponds to one and only one element of B, whereas every element in B need not be the image of some xin A, ‘Then set A is called the domain of function f and the set B is called the codomain of f ‘The subset of B containing the images of elements of A called the rang of the function. Types of Functions ‘There are following types of functions, (i) One-One (or injective) function A function is defined to be one-one, if the images of distinct elements of Xunder f are distinet, ie, f:X-—> Y will be one-one, if (ii) Onto (or surjective) function A function /:X— Y is said to be onto, if every clement of ¥ is the image of some elements of X under f, ie, for every ye Y, there exists an element x in X such that (3 (ii) One-One and onto (or bijective) A function FX V is said to be one-one and onto (or bijective), if fis both one-one and onto, (iv) Into Funetion A function f:X > Y is said to be into, if there exists at least one element in Y, which have no pre image in X. Composition of Functions Let A, Bandicbe three non-empty sets. Let f A> Band 4g B= Che two mappings (or functions), then gof: A> C. sof C= g1fCMY re A ‘This Farietfon is called the product or composite of Fand ¢ given by Example 4. The function’f : NPN, swhich is define by flo) =2¥. The function sf is {@) one-one {@) into but nf oncom ‘Sahtion (aGiven function f: N=» Ne dafined by JU Let, © V,such that fl) = fl) 1b) onto But not one-one = 22m, - =m So, fisee-one ‘Again, letyN, then Now, for y= Thus, y Example §.f f: R-> Rand g: R— Ris defined by fs) =sin and g(x) = 4, then the value of gof N does not have a pre image in domain (}- So, Goytesin?x yong ])Asint'x—— @) esinay? Solution () Given, 2) natExam Pattern Questions Set 1 BAstr:xeN,x>d)and Then, Ar Bis equal to (0)0,2.3,4) o ‘ 2. IF A=(1,2,3,4, 5) then the numberof subset of Ais (120 @) 80 oar os 8. KU =(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 A=(1,2,3,4, 5.8 =(2, 4,6 8) Then, the value of (AU BY is (2) (2.4.6.5) ® COU 57, 9 (@ None ofthese 4, The equivalent st ofthe set [22° —4r = Oi 6 0.2598 0-2) 5. If Aand Bare two sets such that (A)=27, 6) =88and 0 B)~52. Then, the value of MAC B) wil be we ws 6 4 6. A=(1.2,3,... 10) B=(1,43,4,5)and C=[1,2,3,-. 100), Then, tae vale of(AA BYGKA Cis wa oD OC we 7. Staded part represents in given diagram Wanw-o ()A- Boo, @AnBO) @AGEOO, 8. Ina group of 50 people, 35 speak Hindi, 25 speak both English and Hindi and all the people speak at least one of the two language. How many people speak English? Wis 040 ox (aio 9. 16 =(1,3,4, 6, B=|2,3, 4,5 then the value of symmettical difference is equal to @ OBA C2 ORG 10. Identify the disjoint sets. A= (1, 25, = (eis. a natural number and 4< x< 6 (P= free R).Q = tx: xisan even number] (0 1 (erie w natural umber and it analtiple of 3} 'S= (x: via. matural number and it else than 8, (8) None of the above Relation UL If A= gand B={h, by} then the value of Ax Bill be we 0 4,9, Colo, 8). 0b) (@) None ofthese 12. IE Risa relation on a finite set A having 3 elements, then the numberof relations on Ais ws O52 9 on 13. Lfrelation Ris defined as R= ((x, y):x + 3y= 10, ye N. Then, what isthe nature of relation R? (@) reflexive (6) symmetric (0) transitive (€) None ofthese 14, The relation Ron Zis defined as R=((s, ys? <2, x €Z,yeZ). Then, the range of Ris @N HZ OW @None ofthese 15. If Ris a relation on the set of real numbers be defined as (ad): Re Randa=0) Then, what isthe nature of relation R? (@) reflexive (symmetric () transitive (@) equivalence YG. Let R= Ka, 0} (b (6-04, B sa telation on set 2, Bre} Then, Ris (a unt elation (0 eymmetsie relation {9 transitive elation {ayrofiaive and transition relation T7, Let Nhe the'set of integers. relation Ron Nis defined a8 R= [(x,y)lay0, se 1). Then, which one ofthe following is correc? (a) Ris aymmetrie but notes (0) fis settee but not aya {6) Ris ssmmetie and reflexive Dt not trarsisive {Sy eis an equivalence relation TBE reltion Ris defined as R={(% s):x Rand g; R-> Refined by fhx)=cosy and g(x) =34* respectively then the Vale of Genie {a)cors” —)3e0e'x (comm? DB 23, The functions f(x) =2r + 7and g(x) =27 +7.x€R Then suhat wil be the value of 1 fog(s) = 28 aul WA22 W-VEAE (None ofthe BA. The range of f(x) = 1+ 3cos2xis or Obs Ors wRe Answers 4 2. 0) 20. (a) Le 8) 1. @) 2a 10.) © a0) 1 @) 18. (a) 50) 12 @) aL) oo) M0) 2 0) 2 15. 20) aw 6) 2 @) wHints & Solutions Lacie ante ppl who sp vans Risaneqnone Cee ee mento | ia 19. ynemnestnonaer 1562.8 eaein Rover fom) | eine gene ay | 12 See wee ea 20.t9 foyer tl 2,3, = § (Null set) Boe hee Let. x) € R acne AEA Mohanty | BP fens, ‘Here, rarmber of element of Ais™=5 | 13. (4) The number of elements of finite 3 As 2 yh RSI i iene. : Her (aa) eR wae N aya Nowe Pre © Be gays am nang SiisvaneslOMER de®) aie wert de torn MAU B)=5% [Asa ei rte ee nor fu of Lipa then = 1.V p ge ANB) = 1(A)+ 0) — AGB) symmetric and aor transitive | a we 5% BAM) =z, 9a Z, ye 2) FR ance & Man mu(anc) (C0, 0), Cede Dewey range : aaa 713) 8 anto function, iri seine ars Geren 8) 2) =cosx and g(x) = 322 vt 10) 11,2.3,.-100)) Range of R= (Me 12-2] Or ; 210254 5101.23, .20) z 5 (= e100, (23... 19)=4 | 15. (6) Given, R= (abla R be Rand co) 7. (8 Shaded part represents A~ (BUC) af) Sco a ‘ ae SP) Ba, () Welnow that 1s cos2rs1 8. (Let H and E represent the st of a) Ror aka ee People whose speak Hindfandl So, Riguetiexive episioon 31 English respectively. Mo = bSiakh, then baw oR > nH) =35, EH) = 25 $6, is | s es Hence ange of f(s) 5-2, 4) Trigonometric Function ‘ntalsae of an Angle Angle (0) formed by any arc to rotate on circular pat ‘Angle When a ray OA starting fom its inital postion OA rotates about its end point Oand takes the final position 0% THE Unit of angle is radian, ‘we say that angle AQBhas been formed. As, adie 1 radian = 180" ow radia