Coordinate

Geometry
 Team Members
Indra Das Kombor Uddin
Rayhan Kamal Rahin Islam
Abdullah Al Mashrafi Shahazad Reza
Arman Hossain Shahedur Rahman
Fardin Tushar Tareq Aziz
 Presentation Outline
1. Coordinates System.
2.Distance, Midpoint Formula.
3.Origin Shifting.
4.Axis Rotating.
5.Equations of Line.
6.Parallel Equation, Perpendicular Equation.
7.Angle Between Intersecting Lines.
8.Distance Between Two Lines / Line and Point.
9.Natures of Second Degree Equation.
10.Homogenous Equation of 2nd Degree.
Coordinates System
Cartesian
The Cartesian system uses two mutually perpendicular axes, labeled x
and y to define any point in space. Every point has a unique
coordinate (x, y) that represents its position relative to the origin.
Y
(x,y)
y
X' X
x

Y'
Coordinates System
Polar
The Polar coordinate system employs a distance (r) from the origin
and an angle (θ) relative to a reference axis to define a point. Points
are represented by (r, θ) coordinates.
Y (r, θ)

r
θ
X' X

Y'
Coordinates System
Relation Between Cartesian and Polar Coordinates

Y (r, θ) (x,y)
N
r
α y
θ
X' X
x M
θ = 90 - α

Y'
Distance & MidPoint Formula
What are Distance and Midpoint
Formulas?
Tools in geometry used to measure distance between two points
and find the exact center between them. Derived from
coordinate geometry principles.
Distance
The distance formula calculates the straight-line distance
between two points and on a Cartesian plane.
Distance & MidPoint Formula
Polar Distance

Midpoint Formula
The midpoint formula finds the point
Midpoint Formula
exactly halfway between two points
and on a Cartesian plane.
Origin Shifting
What is origin shifting ?
Origin shifting refers to the process of moving the origin (0,0) of
the coordinate plane to a new point, typically denoted as (h, k).

Mathematical Transformation
Old Coordinates: (x, y)
New Coordinates: (x', y') after shifting the origin.

x = x' + h y = y' + k
Here, (h, k) is the new origin.
Origin Shifting
Effect on Geometrical Figures
P

Point: The new coordinates of a point

Figure1: Before Origin Shifting
P(x, y) become P'(x', y').

h P'
Equation of a Line: A line Ax + By + C k k
h
= 0 shifts to A(x' + h) + B(y' + k) + C = 0 P
.

Figure2: After Origin Shifting

Axis Rotation
What is axis rotation ?
The transformation obtained by rotating both the coordinate
axes in a plane by an equal angle while keeping the fixed and
the position of points unchanged in the new coordinate system
is called rotation of axes.
Mathematical Transformation
Old Coordinates: (x, y)
New Coordinates: (x', y') after shifting the origin.
Axis Rotation Y P(x,y)

Effect on Geometrical Figures

X' X
Y'
Point: The new coordinates of a point
Figure1: Before Axis Rotation
P(x, y) become P'(x', y').
Y P'(x',y')

Equation of a Line: A line Ax + By + C θ

= 0 shifts to A(xcosθ-ysinθ) + X' θ

X
B(xsinθ+ycosθ) + C = 0 . Y'
Figure2: After Axis Rotation
Equations of line
General Equation of a Line

The general equation of a line in two variables of the first degree is

represented as

Where a, b ≠ 0. If a=0, the line is horizontal (y= constant). If b=0, the

line is vertical (x= constant).
Equations of line
Equations of horizontal and vertical lines
Horizontal line equation

where b is constant, y remains the same for all points on the line.
Horizontal lines have a slope 0.

Vertical line equation

where b is constant, y remains the same for all points on the line.
Vertical lines have undefined slope.
Equations of line
Point-slope form equation of a line

Here, point (x1, y1) is a specific point through which the line passes.
Slope m is the rate at which y changes with respect to x.

Two-point form equation of line

Here, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are two points on the line. The slope m =
(y2-y1)/(x2-x1) and (x, y) is a variable point on the line.
Equations of line
Slope-intercept form equation of line

The equation is written as

Here, (x, y) is any point on the line, and c is the y-intercept, which is
the point where it crosses the y-axis (x=0).
Equations of line
Intercept form

The equation is written as

Here, a is the x-intercept of the line (a, 0). b is the y-intercept of the
line (0, b) and (x, y) is a variable point on the line.
The main characteristic of the equation is the line passes through
both x and y axis. And neither a nor b is zero.
Parallel Equation,
Perpendicular Equation
Parallel Line
Parallel line are lines in the same plane that never intersect or
meet , no matter how far they are extended in either direction.

In real life two rails of a railway track run

A||B
parallel to each other, maintaining the
same distance throughout.

A B
The slope is m1=m2
 Parallel Equation,
Perpendicular Equation
Perpendicular line
A perpendicular line is a line that intersects another line at a 90
degree angle. When two lines are perpendicular they form a 'T'
shape at the point of intersection.

B A⊥B
In real life the walls and the floor of a room
are perpendicular to each other.
A
The slope is m1.m2 = -1
Angle between
Intersecting lines
Lines in the Cartesian Plane
If two lines have slopes 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 the angle θ
between them can be calculated using the formula
Angle between
Intersecting lines
m2
Y
θ
m1
X' X

Y'
Where: 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are the slopes of the two
lines and θ is the acute angle between the lines.
Angle between
Intersecting lines
Special Cases
Perpendicular Lines: If 𝑚1. 𝑚2 = −1, the lines are
perpendicular, and θ=90∘.
Parallel Lines: If 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 , the lines are parallel
and angle between the lines is θ=0.
Vertical or Horizontal Lines: If one line is vertical
(m = ∞), and the other is horizontal (m = 0), θ=90∘.
Angle between
Intersecting lines
Key Points
The angle is always measured as the acute
angle between the lines.
Slopes are undefined for vertical lines; handle
these cases separately.
For real-world problems, visualize the lines for
better intuition.
Distance between two
lines / line and point
Distance Between Two Parallel Lines
For two parallel lines:

0
1=
+c
by
+
ax

0
D
Here numerator is absolute difference of the

=
2
+c
by
constant terms. Denominator is normalization

+
ax
factor for the line’s slope.
Distance between two
lines / line and point
Distance Between a Point and a Line
For a line: For a point:

D
Here numerator is the perpendicular distance
from the point to the line. Denominator is
accounts for the slope of the line.
Nature OF Second Degree
Equations
General Equation

Pair of straight lines

Nature OF Second Degree
Equations
Conics

Circle

Parabola

Hyperbola

Ellipse
Homogenous Equation of
2nd Degree
What is homogenous equation ?
A homogeneous equation in coordinate geometry is an
equation where all terms have the same total degree, the
sum of the powers of x and y in each term is equal.

2 2 1+1=2 1 1
 Homogenous Equation of
2nd Degree
Lets look at a homogenous theorem
Prove that a homogenous equation of the second degree
always represents a pair of straight lines through the origin.
Solve: Let the equation,
................. 1
Homogenous Equation of
2nd Degree
................. 2
General equation,

Let, m1 & m2 be the root of 2,

Homogenous Equation of
2nd Degree
or or

or

Hence the theorem is proved.

 Application
Computer Graphics Robotics
Rendering Shapes: Models 2D/3D objects Trajectory Calculation: Plans robot paths
using coordinate geometry. in 2D/3D space.

Transformations: Uses matrices for Object Detection: Ensures safe distances

translation, rotation, scaling, and reflection. using geometry.

Collision Detection: Identifies Kinematics: Solves geometric equations

intersections between geometric shapes. for robot arm movements.
Conclusion
 Reference
A Text-book Of Coordinate Geometry by R. N. Jain.

A textbook on coordinate geometry and vector analysis

by Rahman and Bhattacharjee.

Chat GPT & Other online resources.

Thank You !