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ADBMS Detailed Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on Advanced Database Management Systems (ADBMS), covering database fundamentals, relational algebra, SQL, schema normalization, advanced topics, and transaction management. Key concepts include database architecture, functional dependencies, normalization forms, and ACID properties of transactions. It also discusses various database connectivity methods and concurrency control mechanisms.

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22 views3 pages

ADBMS Detailed Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on Advanced Database Management Systems (ADBMS), covering database fundamentals, relational algebra, SQL, schema normalization, advanced topics, and transaction management. Key concepts include database architecture, functional dependencies, normalization forms, and ACID properties of transactions. It also discusses various database connectivity methods and concurrency control mechanisms.

Uploaded by

komalshinde0110110
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced Database Management System (ADBMS) Notes

1. Database Fundamentals

- Database Architecture:

The architecture includes components like storage manager, query processor, and transaction

manager. The query processor handles query parsing, optimization, and execution, playing a vital

role in ensuring efficient query execution.

- File Processing Systems:

A file processing system lacks integration and data independence. Disadvantages include

redundancy, inconsistency, difficulty in accessing data, and lack of concurrent access.

- Keys in Databases:

Superkey: A set of attributes uniquely identifying a record.

Primary key: A minimal superkey, unique and non-null.

Candidate key: A key that could potentially be chosen as the primary key.

2. Relational Algebra & SQL

- Relational Algebra Operations:

Select: Filters rows based on conditions.

Project: Selects specific columns.

Rename: Renames a relation or attribute.

Union: Combines tuples from two relations.

Intersection: Common tuples in two relations.

Difference: Tuples in one relation but not in another.

Cartesian Product: Combines tuples from two relations.

- SQL Queries:

- Aggregate Functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN.

- Example Query: Calculate total sales per region using GROUP BY.

- Advanced queries using subqueries, joins, and complex conditions.


3. Schema and Normalization

- Functional Dependency:

A relationship where one attribute uniquely determines another. Essential for database design.

- Second Normal Form (2NF):

Achieved by eliminating partial dependencies, ensuring all attributes depend on the entire

primary key.

- Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF):

A stricter version of 3NF, eliminating redundancy caused by functional dependencies.

- Multivalued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form (4NF):

Eliminates issues of multivalued dependencies for better data integrity.

4. Advanced Topics in Database Systems

- Parallel vs Distributed Systems:

Parallel systems involve tightly coupled processors for high performance, while distributed

systems are loosely coupled, focusing on scalability and fault tolerance.

- Data Warehousing:

A centralized repository storing integrated data from multiple sources, supporting

decision-making processes. Properties include subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and

non-volatile data.

- Database Connectivity:

- JDBC: Java-based API for database connectivity.

- ODBC: Standard API for accessing databases.

- Embedded SQL: Embedding SQL commands in programming languages.

5. Transactions and Concurrency

- Transaction Concepts:

- ACID Properties:

Atomicity: Ensures a transaction is all-or-nothing.


Consistency: Guarantees database consistency.

Isolation: Concurrent transactions do not interfere.

Durability: Results persist after a transaction completes.

- Transaction States: Active, Partially Committed, Committed, Failed, and Aborted states.

- Concurrency Control:

- Shared Lock: Allows read operations by multiple transactions.

- Exclusive Lock: Restricts access to a single transaction.

- Two-phase Locking Protocol: Ensures serializability using a growing and shrinking phase.

- Anomalies:

- Dirty Read: Reading uncommitted data.

- Lost Update: Overwriting updates from other transactions.

- Conflict Equivalent: Ensures schedules yield the same outcome.

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