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Chapter 1 Algebraic Concepts

Chapter 1 covers fundamental algebraic concepts including solving equations and inequalities, functions, and graphing linear, quadratic, polynomial, and rational functions. It also introduces exponential and logarithmic functions, emphasizing their properties and applications. The chapter provides examples and practice problems to reinforce understanding of these mathematical principles.

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11 views38 pages

Chapter 1 Algebraic Concepts

Chapter 1 covers fundamental algebraic concepts including solving equations and inequalities, functions, and graphing linear, quadratic, polynomial, and rational functions. It also introduces exponential and logarithmic functions, emphasizing their properties and applications. The chapter provides examples and practice problems to reinforce understanding of these mathematical principles.

Uploaded by

Idk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1:

ALGEBRAIC CONCEPTS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1. Solving Equations and Inequalities


2. Function
3. Graphing Linear and Quadratic Functions
4. Polynomial and Rational Functions
5. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
ALGEBRA AND CALCULUS:

 Algebra focuses on the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for
manipulating these symbols to solve equations and analyze mathematical
structures.
 It covers topics such as solving equations, graphing functions, working with
polynomials, and understanding exponential and logarithmic functions.
 Calculus deals with the study of change and motion, providing tools and
methods for understanding and analyzing functions, rates of change, and the
accumulation of quantities.
 It includes concepts such as limits, derivatives, integrals, and their applications
in various fields like physics, engineering, economics, and more.
INEQUALITY
What can you observe from the diagram below ?
1.1 SOLVING EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Inequalities:
1.1 SOLVING EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Inequality Rules:
1.1 SOLVING EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Intervals:
1.1 SOLVING EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Intervals:
PRACTISE:

1) 3𝑥 − 1 < 𝑥 + 4 2) − 2𝑥 + 1 < 3𝑥 + 4 3) 3 ≥ 7(−2𝑥 − 1)


1.1 SOLVING EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Absolute Values:

𝑥, 𝑥 ≥0
𝑥 =ቊ
−𝑥, 𝑥<0
1.1 SOLVING EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Absolute Values:
1.1 SOLVING EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Absolute Values:
1.2 FUNCTION

Functions:
1.2 FUNCTION

Functions:
1.2 FUNCTION

Functions:
1.2 FUNCTION
Answer:
Question 1 Question 5
a) – 4 a) –1
b) – 25 b) –0
c) 7b – 4 c) – 1/2
d) 7x – 11 d) 1

TUTORIAL Question 2
a) 1
Question 6
a) 0

1.2
b) 4 b) −
2
c) 3 2
3
d) 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 5 c) 2
1

FUNCTION
d) − 2
Question 3
a) 5
Question 7
b) 0
c) 1
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥∆𝑥
d) 4 + 2𝑡 − 𝑡 2
+ (∆𝑥)2 , ∆𝑥
≠0
Question 4
a) 0
Question 8
b) -45/8
c) 𝑐 3 − 4𝑐 2
3, 𝑥 ≠ 1
d) 𝑡 3 + 8𝑡 2 +
16𝑡
1.3 GRAPHING LINEAR AND QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

1. Linear Function :
A function of the form 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏,
for constants 𝑚 and 𝑏, is called a linear
function. Figure 1.34 shows an array of
lines 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 where 𝑏 = 0, so these
lines pass through the origin. Constant
functions result when the slope 𝑚 = 0 as
shown in Figure 1.35.
1.3 GRAPHING LINEAR AND QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Example :

Construct a table of at least 4 ordered


pairs of points on the graph of the
following equation and use the
ordered pairs from the table to sketch
the graph of the equation.
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4
1.3 GRAPHING LINEAR AND QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

2. Quadratic Function :
A quadratic function is one of the form 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are numbers with a
not equal to zero. The graph of a quadratic function
is a curve called a parabola. Parabolas may open
upward or downward and vary in "width" or
"steepness", but they all have the same basic "U"
shape.
1.3 GRAPHING LINEAR AND QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Example :

Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 −4,


given that −2 < 𝑥 < 4.
TUTORIAL 1.3
A
Question 1 : N
S
W
E
R Q1.a Q1.b Q1.c

Question 2 : A
N
S
W
E
R
Q2.a Q2.b Q2.c
1.4 GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

3. Polynomial Function :
A polynomial function is a mathematical equation that involves only non-negative integer powers of a variable.
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 + ⋯

1. If 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑛 is even then the graph of 𝑃(𝑥) will increase without bound at both
endpoints. A good example of this is the graph pf 𝑥 2 .
1.4 GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
1.4 GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
1.4 GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Example :

Step 1 : Factorize the function

Step 2 : List all the factors

Step 3 : More function evaluation


1.4 GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

4. Rational Function :
A rational function is any function that can be defined
by a rational fraction, which is an algebraic fraction
such that both the numerator and the denominator
are polynomials.

Example :
1.4 GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Solution :
So, we’ll start off with the intercepts. The 𝑦-intercept
is,

The 𝑥-intercept will be,

Now, we need to determine the asymptotes. Let’s first find the vertical
asymptotes.
1.4 GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Solution :

So, we’ve got one vertical asymptote. This means that there are now two regions

of 𝑥′s. They are 𝑥 < 1 and 𝑥 > 1. Now, the largest exponent in the numerator and

denominator is 1 and so by the fact there will be a horizontal asymptote at the

line.
3
𝑦= =3
1
1.4 GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Solution :
Now, we just need points in each region of 𝑥’s. Since the 𝑦-intercept and 𝑥-intercept

are already in the left region we won’t need to get any points there. That means that

we’ll just need to get in the right region. It doesn’t really matter what value of 𝑥 we

pick here we just need to keep it fairly small so it will fit onto out graph.

3 2 + 6 12
𝑓 2 = = = 12 ⇒ (2,12)
2−1 1
TUTORIAL 1.4

Question 1
TUTORIAL 1.4

Answer:

Q1.a Q1.c

Q1.b Q1.d
TUTORIAL 1.4

Question 2
1.5 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

5. Exponential Function :

A Mathematical function in the form f (x) = ax, where “x” is a


variable and “a” is a constant which is called the base of the
function and it should be greater than 0. The commonly used
exponential function base is the transcendental number e,
which is approximately equal to 2.71828.
1.5 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Example :

Solution :
1.5 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

6. Logarithmic Function :

A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function.


The base in a log function and an exponential function are the
same. A logarithm is an exponent.
1.5 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Properties of Logarithms :
1.5 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Properties of Logarithms :
1.5 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Example :

Solution :

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