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Basic Fortran

The document provides an overview of FORTRAN 90, focusing on data types such as INTEGER, REAL, CHARACTER, and LOGICAL, as well as identifiers and variables. It covers variable initialization, operations, functions, and program structure, including the importance of using IMPLICIT NONE to avoid implicit naming issues. Additionally, it includes examples of input/output operations and encourages practice through simple programming exercises.

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24 views24 pages

Basic Fortran

The document provides an overview of FORTRAN 90, focusing on data types such as INTEGER, REAL, CHARACTER, and LOGICAL, as well as identifiers and variables. It covers variable initialization, operations, functions, and program structure, including the importance of using IMPLICIT NONE to avoid implicit naming issues. Additionally, it includes examples of input/output operations and encourages practice through simple programming exercises.

Uploaded by

Honey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FORTRAN 90: Basic FORTRAN

Meteorology 227
Fall 2018
FORTRAN Data Types
• INTEGER

• REAL

• COMPLEX

• CHARACTER

• LOGICAL
INTEGER
• Whole numbers (positive, negative, or zero)

• 0, 137, -2516, 17745

• 9,999, 16.0, --5, 7-


REAL
• Ordinary decimal notation or exponential notation.

• 1.234, -0.01636, +56473.

• 3.37456E2, 0.337456E3, 337.456E0,

• 33745.6E-2, 337456E-3

• 12,345 , 63
Character Strings or Strings
• Sequences of symbols from the FORTRAN
character set.
– ANSI standard character set (Table 2.1)
• Must be enclosed between double quotes or
between apostrophes (single quotes).
• Length = number of characters in string.
• “PDQ123-A” has a length=8
• “” has a length =
• ‘Don’t’ or “Don’t”
Identifiers
• Names used to IDENTIFY programs, constants,
and variables.
• Must begin with a letter, which may be followed
by up to 30 letters, digits, or underscores.
– R2-D2 ?
– 6Feet ?
• Use meaningful identifiers that suggest what
they represent.
• FORTRAN 90 is not case-sensitive
Variables
• Associated with memory locations.
• Variable names are identifiers and must follow the rules
for forming valid identifiers.
• Type statements
– The type of a FORTRAN variable determines the type of value
that may be assigned to the variable.
• Examples
– INTEGER :: Hours
– REAL :: Temp
– INTEGER :: Hour, Minute, Second
– REAL :: Temp, Dew_Point, Wet_Bulb
Variables cont.
• More examples
– CHARACTER(LEN=20) :: Name
– CHARACTER(20) :: Name
– CHARACTER :: First_Initial
• Naming Cautions
– Any variable whose type is not explicitly declared in a
type statement is subject to implicit naming
conventions.
• I,J,K,L,M,N → INTEGER
• All others → REAL
IMPLICIT NONE
• Implicit naming can cause problems!
– Mass = 12.345

• IMPLICIT NONE
– Should be used in every program (and module).
– All variables and constants must be specified
explicitly.
Variable Initialization/Parameters
• Initialization
– REAL :: Temp = 28.5, Dew_Point = 26.5
– REAL :: Temp = 28.5
– REAL :: Dew_Point = 26.5
• Parameters
– Type-specifier, PARAMETER :: List
– INTEGER, PARAMETER :: Base_Temp = 50
– REAL, PARAMETER :: Pi = 3.141593, TwoPi = 2.0*Pi
– CHARACTER(2), PARAMETER :: Units = “cm”
– CHARACTER, PARAMETER :: Units = “cm”
– How is this used? Examples
Operations and Functions
• Operators: +, -, *, /, **

• Numeric operations
– 3.0 + 4.0 = 7.0, 9.0/4.0 = 2.25
– 3 + 4 = 7, 9/4=2

• Mixed mode operations


– When an integer quantity is combined with a real one,
the integer quantity is converted to its real equivalent,
and the result is of that type real.
Mixed Modes of Operations
• 1.0/5 → 1.0/5.0 → 0.20

• 32.0 + 9/5 → 32.0 + 1 → 32.0 + 1.0 → 33.0

• 32 + 9.0/5 → 32 + 9.0/5.0 → 32 + 1.8 →


32.0+1.8 → 33.8

• Last two are algebraically equal, but not equal


due to difference between integer and real
arithemetic.
Priority Rules
1. Exponentiations (right to left)
2. Multiplication and division (left to right)
3. Additions and subtractions (left to right)

• Only expressions in which operands of different


types should be used are those in which a real
value is raised to an integer power.

– 2.0 **3 → 2.0 * 2.0 * 2.0 → 8.0


– (-4.0) **2 → (-4.0) * (-4.0) → 16.0
Examples
• 4+8**2 / 2 =
• Order of operation can be modified by used
parenthesis
– (4+8**2) / 2 =
– (2+3**2) / (8-2+1) =
– (2.0+3**2) / (8-2+1) =

• Intrinsic Numeric Functions


– Table 2-2
– Appendix A
Character Operations
• Concatenation Operator: //
– Example: “kilo” // “meter” = “kilometer”
– Example: Unit = “square_”
Unit // “kilo” // “meter” = “square kilometer”

• Substring
– Unit = “kilometer”
– Unit(5:7) = “met”
Assignment Statement
REAL :: XCoordinate, YCoordinate
INTEGER :: Number, Term
XCoordinate = 5.23
YCoordinate = SQRT(25.0)
Number = 17
Term = Number / 3+2
XCoordinate = 2.0 * XCoordinate

CHARACTER(5) :: Truncated, Padded*10


Padded = “Frost”
Truncated = “Temperature”
Output
• Output
– List-directed, formatted
– PRINT *, output-list
– WRITE(*,*) output-list

• Class example

• PRINT * and WRITE(*,*) produce blank lines


List-directed Input
• READ *, input-list
• READ(*,*) input-list

• A new line of data is processed each time a read


statement is executed.
• If there are fewer entries in a line of input data than there
are variables in the input list, successive lines of input
are processed until all variables in the list have been
obtained.
• If there are more entries in a line of input than there are
variables in the input list, the first data values are used.
• The entries in each line of input data must be constants
and of the same type as the variables to which they are
assigned.
– Auto-type conversion does take place.
Program Composition and Format
• Heading
– Program heading
– Opening documentation

• Specification

• Execution

• Subprogram

• END Program statement


Heading
• PROGRAM name
– Name is a legal FORTRAN identifier
– Marks the beginning of the program and gives it a name.

• Opening documentation
– Explains the purpose of the program
– Contains variable list
– Provides other information about the program

• Comments/documentation in FORTRAN 90 begin with a


exclamation mark (!)

– ! This is a line of comment. It will be ignored by the compiler.


– Use comments to clarify the purpose and structure of key parts of the
program.
Specification
• First line: IMPLICIT NONE

• Contains variable declarations (type statements)


– Should specify each variable and constant used in the
program.

• INTEGER :: Loop

• INTEGER :: Loop ! Loop variable


Execution/Subprogram/END
Program
• Execution
– Contains statements that specify actions to be performed during
execution of the program.
– Be sure to use correct syntax
• Syntax: grammatical rules of a language.
• Subprogram
– Contains internal Subprograms
– More on this later
• END PROGRAM statement
– END PROGRAM name
– Indicates the end of the program
– Halts execution of the program
Putting it all together
• Write program
– Done using your favorite editor.
– Comment, comment, comment!

• Compile program
– GNU FORTRAN compiler (gfortran).
– Fix compile time errors.

• Execute Program
– Fix run time errors.
– Evaluate results, fix errors.
Practice
• Read the ‘Program Style and Design’ section on page 40
and the ‘Potential Problems’ section on page 41.

• Write a FORTRAN 90 program that will print ‘Hello


World’ to standard output (screen).

• To write a program a that is a little more interesting,


build a simple temperature conversion program. Ask the
user to input a temperature in a specified unit. Convert
the temperature and output all of the data for the user to
read on the screen.

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