MODULE/UNIT – IV

DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL
SURFACES
Development of Surfaces. A development is the unfold / unrolled flat /
plane figure of a 3-D object. In other words, the development of a solid
is the shape of a plain sheet that by proper folding could be converted
into the shape of the concerned solid as shown in figure.
It is also called a pattern where the plane may show the true size of
each area of the object. When the pattern is cut, it can be rolled or
folded back into the original object.

“If the surface of a solid is laid out on a plain surface, the shape
thus obtained is called the development of that solid.”
Surface development is the process of mapping a given 3D
surface into a 2D shape
Applications: Knowledge of development is very essential in
sheet metal industries

➢ Piping industry
➢ Storage tanks :Oil refineries

➢ Boilers ➢ Ship building

Other applications: Chimneys, Hopper, Automobile Industry

 PRINCIPLES OF SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
Every line on the development should show the true length of the
corresponding line on the surface which is developed.
METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT
1.PARALLEL LINE DEVELOPMENT 2.RADIAL LINE DEVELOPMENT
Applies for developing Prisms and Employed for Pyramids and single
single curved surfaces like curved surfaces like Cones in
Cylinders, in which all the which the apex is taken as centre
edges/generation of lateral and the slant edge or generator as
surfaces are parallel in each other. radius of its development.

Square
Pyramid
Square Prism

Cylinder
Cone
 METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT

3.TRIANGULATION DEVELOPMENT 4.APPROXIMATE DEVELOPMENT

Used in developing Transition pieces Employed for Doubly curved surfaces
Which are employed to connect two like Sphere
different forms such as square to Theoretically not possible to develop,
round etc. hence approximate
Development is done by assuming the
surface to be made from a series of
triangular surfaces laid side by side.i.e
Triangulation

Zones

Square to round: development of one half

 SECTION OF SOLIDS
➢ In some cases ,objects are cut based on designer requirement. These cutting planes
are called section planes

➢ Section views are very important to reveal interior features of parts which are not
otherwise not visible. Section of solids are based on the use of Imaginary cutting
plane .

➢ Trace of a section plane is a line in which the section plane meets the reference
plane. The projection of the section on the reference plane to which the section
plane is perpendicular will be straight line coinciding with the trace of the section
plane on it.
Frustum: When the cutting plane is parallel to the base
plane of a prism, pyramid or cone, The cut portion is called the
frustum of the solid. The portion between the observer and the
cutting plane is assumed to be removed and the portion which is
left is called the Frustum of a solid

Frustum of cone & pyramids

( top & base parallel to each other)
 Truncated Solids:
• When the section plane is inclined to the base of a solid, the cut portion
is called truncated solid. The portion between the observer and the
cutting plane is assumed to be removed and the portion which is left is
called the truncated solid.

Sections of solids
(top & base not parallel)
1. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of a right square
prism of edge of base 30 mm and axis 50 mm long.

a’(d’) b’(c’) A B C D A

50

a’1 (d’1) b’1 (c’1) A1 C1 A1

B1 D1
d (d1) c (c1) 30*4 = 120

a (a1) b (b1)
30
2. A hexagonal prism of base edge 20mm and axis 50mm long is resting with its base
on HP such that one of the rectangular faces is parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to VP and inclined at 450 to HP and passing through the right corner
of the top face of the Prism. Draw the lateral surfaces of the truncated prism

a’ b’(f’) c’(e’) d’ A B C D E F A
45 4’ 4
(5’) 3 5
3’

50 2 6
(6’)
2’
1’ 1 1

45
a’1 b’1(f’1) c’1(e’1) d’1 A1 B1 F1
C1 D1 E1 A1
f(f1) e(e1) 20
6 5
20*6=120
a(a1) d(d1)
1 4

b(b1) c(c1)
2 20 3
ASSIGNMENT 3. A square prism of base 35mm and height 60mm is resting on its
base, such that one of the base edges is inclined at 20° to VP. It is cut by a section
plane, which is perpendicular to VP, inclined at 40° to HP and passes through the
axis at a height of 20mm from base. The section plane leans upward right. Draw
the development of the base portion of the lateral surface.
a’ b’ (d’) c’ A B C D A

3
3'
4
60

(4')

2' 2

1' 1
20

1
400
a1' b1' (d1') c 1' A1 B1 C1 D1 A1
(d1) d
35
4
a
(a1) 35*4 = 140
1
c
(c 1)

3
b (b1)
2
4. Draw the developments of the truncated portion of the lateral faces of a pentagonal prism of
20mm sides of base and 50mm height standing vertically with one of its rectangular faces
parallel to VP and nearer to it so as to produce a one piece development. The inclined face of
the truncated prism is 300 to its axis and passes through the right extreme corner of the
top face of the prism

( )

( )
( ‘)( ) ( )
5. A hexagonal prism of base side 20 mm and height 45 mm is resting on HP
with two of its lateral faces parallel to the VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular
to the VP and inclined at 30° to the HP. The plane meets the axis at a distance
of 20 mm above the base. The section plane leans upward left. Draw the
development of the lateral surfaces of the lower portion or retained portion
of the prism.

a’ b’(f’) c’(e’) d’ A B C D E F A

f(u) e(t)
6 5

a(p) d(s)
1 4

b(q) c(r)
2 3
6) A square prism of base side 40mm and axis length 65mm resting on HP on its
base with all the vertical face being equally inclined to VP. It is cut by an
inclined plane 600 to HP and perpendicular to VP and is passing through a
point on the axis at a distance 15mm from the top face. Draw the
development of the lower or retained portion of the prism

p’ q’(s’) ( ) r’ P Q R S P
15

( )
( )5
s

1
p( ) ( )r

q( )
7. A square prism of 30mm side of the base and height 50mm is resting with its base
on HP such that one of its vertical faces is inclined at 400 to VP. It is cut as shown in
the following front view fig. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the prism

q’ x
p’ (s’) r’ R S 5 P Q2 R
4
1

3 3
C D B
A C
s
( ) Note: Development should be started about RC and not
AP, else It will not be a single piece development
p
1( ) r
( )3

( )q
2
2 piece
development
8. A cube of side 40 mm is resting on HP with its base on HP such that one of its
vertical aces is inclined at 300 to VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to
VP, inclined to HP at an angle 450 and passes through midpoint of the axis. Draw
the development of the lower lateral surface of cube

( )

( ) ( ) c’
Assignment 9. A pentagonal prism of 30mm side of base and height 50mm lies with
its base on HP such that one of the rectangular faces is inclined at 400 to VP. It is
cut by a section plane inclined at 300 to the axis so as to pass through a point
on it 30mm above the base. Develop the truncated portion of the prism so as to
produce a one piece development.

( )

( )
( )

( )
( )
10) A pentagonal prism of base sides 20mm and height 40mm is resting with its
base on HP and base edge parallel to the VP. The prism is cut as shown in the
following front view. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the prism

‘
‘ ( ‘)

( ‘) ( ‘)

Note: When two section planes intersect, two

section points ,one at front and another at
back will be formed. In this problem section
points are 2 and 5
Assignment 11) A hexagonal prism of base side 20mm and height 50mm is resting
on HP on its base, such that one of its base edge is parallel to VP, The prism is cut
in this position as shown in the following front view, Draw the development of the
lateral surface of the prism
 12. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of a right cylinder
of diameter 40 mm and height 60 mm long
p’ q’(w’) r’(v’) s’(u’) t’ P Q R S T U V W P

60

c’(g’) e’
a’ b’(h’) d’(f’) A B C D E F G H A
v(g)
w(h) u(f) 125.6

40p(a) t(e)

q(b) πd = 3.14*40 = 125.6

s(d)
r(c)
13) Draw the development of the lateral surface of a truncated vertical
cylinder, 40mm diameter of base and height 50mm, the truncated flat
surface of the cylinder bisects the axis at 600 to it.

πD=3.14x40=125.6mm
14) A vertical cylinder of base diameter 45mm and axis length 60mm is cut by a
plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 500 to HP, is passing through the
centre point of the top face. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the
cylinder.

πD=3.14x45=141.36mm
15) A vertical cylinder of base diameter 50mm and axis length 60mm is cut
by a two planes which are perpendicular to VP and inclined at 450 to
HP and passing through either side the centre point of the top face.
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cylinder

πD=3.14x50=157mm
16)A square pyramid of side of base45mm, altitude 70mm is resting with its base on HP with two sides of the
base parallel to VP. The pyramid is cut by a section plane which is perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 400
to the HP. The cutting plane bisects the axis of the pyramid. Obtain the development of the lateral surfaces the
truncated pyramid
17) A square pyramid base 40mm side and axis 65mm long has its base on HP and all the edges of the base
are equally inclined to VP. It is cut to with an inclined section plane so as the truncated surface at 450 to its
axis bisecting it. Draw the development of the truncated pyramid
18) A frustum of a square pyramid has its base 40mm sides, top 16mm sides and height 60mm, its axis is
vertical and a side of its base is parallel to VP. Draw the projections of the frustum and show the development
of the lateral surface of it.
19)A square pyramid of 25mm base edge and 50mm height rests with its base on HP with all of its base
edges equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP at 600, passing
through the extreme right corner of base. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the pyramid.

Note: development should be started about OC

and not about OA. Else it will not be a single piece
development
20)A pentagonal pyramid, 30mm sides, with a side of base perpendicular to VP. Draw the development of the
lateral surfaces of the retained portion of the pyramid shown by the dark lines in the following figure.

Note:When two section planes intersect,

Two section points ,one at front and another at
back Will be formed(2,6)
21)A hexagonal pyramid, base sides 25mm and height 60mm, is resting with its base on HP and an edge of
base inclined at 400 to VP. It is cut to the shape of a truncated pyramid with the truncated surface indicated in
the front view at a point on the axis 20mm from the apex and inclined at 400 to XY. Draw the projections and
show the development of the lateral surface of the remaining portion of the pyramid.
22)A right cone of 55mm diameter of base and 75mm height stands on its base on HP. It is cut to the shape of
a truncated cone with its truncated surface inclined at 450 to the axis lying at a distance of 40mm from the
apex of the cone. Obtain the development of the lateral surface of the truncated cone.

Ө = 3600 *r / R
= 3600 * 27.5/79.88=135.20

Note:Development should be preferably started about OE

and not OA.
23)A cone of base diameter 60mm and 70mm is resting on its base on HP. It is cut as shown in the following
figure. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the remaining portion of the cone.

Ө = 3600 *r / R
= 3600 * 30/76.16=141.80
24) Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cone, whose front view is as shown in the following
figure.

Ө = 3600 *r / R
= 3600 * 25/65=138.460
25. A cone 40 mm diameter of base and height 50 mm rests with its base on HP. An isosceles triangular
through slot having its axis perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP is cut through the cone such that the
base of the slot is parallel to the base of the cone and 10 mm above it, and one of the sides of the slot is
parallel to one of the end generators of the cone and the other side coincides with the other end
generator of the cone, with the apex of the slot 15 mm from the apex of the cone. front views, and
development.
A
L

K
15

5
6
4
J
7
3
50

I This is a curve
8
2

9
1
H
10

k j F
i
l E
h D
B C
A
g
a
f
Fig 2A
b
c
e =(r/R)*360=133.70
d
=(20/53.85) X360=133.70
26) Draw the developments of the lateral surface of a funnel consisting of a cylinder and a frustum of a cone.
The diameter of the cylinder is 20mm and top face diameter of the funnel is 80mm. The height of frustum and
cylinder are equal to 60mm and 40mm respectively.
Ө = 3600 *r / R
= 3600 * 40/89.44=1610

πD=3.14x20=62.83mm
27)A funnel is to be made of sheet metal. The funnel tapers from 40mm to 20mm diameter to a height of
20mm and from 20mm to 15mm diameter, for the next 20mm height. The bottom of the funnel is bevelled off
to a plane inclined at 450 to the axis, Draw the development of the funnel.

Ө = 3600 *r / R Ө = 3600 *r / R
= 3600 * 20/44.72=1610 = 3600 * 10/ 80.62=44.650
Fig 1B

Fig 2B
28 A Square prism of 36 mm edge of base and 64 mm height stands on HP with
two of its base edges equally inclined to VP. It has a square hole of 24 mm side
centrally cut right through the prism such that its faces are equally inclined to HP. Axis
of the hole is parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw the development of the
lateral surfaces of the prism showing the true shape of the square cutout formed it.
 4’(41’) 4 41
24
1 3 31 11
3’(31’)
64 1’(11’)

32 2’(21’) 2 21
b’(d’) c’
a’ d A M B N C N1 D M1 A
36 X 4

m1 n1

c AM=am CN = cn
a AM1 = am1 CN1 = cn1
n
m 36

b
29. A hexagonal prism of side of base 24 mm and axis 64 mm is on HP
on one of its ends with a base edge parallel to VP. A square hole of
side 26 mm is drilled such that the axis of the hole is perpendicular
to VP an bisects the axis of the prism with all the faces equally inclined
to HP.Develop lateral surfaces.
30. A Pentagonal prism of side of base 25 mm and axis 60mm is on HP
on one of its ends with a base edge parallel to VP and nearer to it. A
square hole of side 25 mm is drilled such that axis of the hole is
perpendicular to VP and bisects axis of the prism with all the faces
equally inclined to HP. Draw the development of lateral surfaces of the
prism showing true shape of the hole on it.
31. A hexagonal prism of side of base 25 mm and altitude 65 mm rests
on its base on HP, having a rectangular face of the prism parallel to VP.
A horizontal hole of 35 mm diameter is centrally drilled in it, such that
the axis of the hole is normal to VP. Develop the lateral surfaces of the
prism with the shape of hole.
 35
a’ b’(f’) c’(e’) d’ A B C D E F A

5’
6 5 61 51
6’
1’ 1 11
4’
65 O 4 O1 41
2’ 3’
32.5 2 3 21 31

a’1 b’1(f’1) c’1(e’1) d’1 A1 P B1 C1 Q D 1 E1 F1 A1

f(f1) e(e1) 25
ap = A1P CN = cn
a(a1) d(d1) Since the hole portion 65 and 23 are on the face BCB1C1 which
q has true shape in the front view also, they will appear in the
p development as they appear in the front view.
b(b1) c(c1)
25
The curves 65 and 23 are circular and can be drawn with O as
centre and 17.5 mm as radius.
 32. A vertical hexagonal prism of 30 mm side of base and axis 65 mm long has one
of its rectangular faces parallel to VP and nearer to it. A circular hole of 40 mm
diameter is drilled through the prism completely such that the axis of the hole
bisects the axis of the prism at right angles and is perpendicular to VP. Draw the
development of the prism showing the shape of the hole on it.

10' 10

1' 1 1
65

9' 9 9

2' 8' 2
7' 3 78 2
3' 4'
6' 4 6
5' 5

a' b' (f') (o') c' (e') d' A B C D E F A

5

f e
10 5

30 15
180

a d

b c

15
33. A pentagonal pyramid of side of base 24 mm and axis 60 mm long
stands on its base on HP with a side of base parallel to VP and nearer to
it. A square cutout of 15 mm side is drilled through it such that its axis is
parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP. Axis of cutout meets the axis of
the pyramid 15 mm from base. Faces of the cutout are equally inclined
to HP.Develop the lateral surfaces.
 AP = ap ; AP1 = ap1
o’ O
True length
of slant edge

60 3’ 3’1
(2’) (4’) 2’1, 4’1
1’ 1’1, 5’1 3 2
5’ 3 1 A
(8’)
(6’)
8’1, 6’1
15 7’ 7’1 1 4
8
a’ p’ (b’) e’ (c’) q’ d’ a’1 5 5
b c A 6 7
P1
p1 7
q1
a1 P B
a o
d
p q
24 E Q1 C
Q D
e Join the apex to the extreme points of the square hole to meet
the base, i.e.,join o’1’. Extend it to meet the base of the pyramid
at p’. Similarly mark q’.
 8B’ 9B’
9Q’ 6B’ 5B’
5X’ 7B’ 4A’ 5A’