Operating system lab manual

1. Install & test different types of Operating

System & compare its features.

Here’s a comparison of three major operating systems (OS): Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Feature Windows macOS Linux

Open Source (e.g.,
Developer Microsoft Apple
Ubuntu, Fedora)
Paid (bundled with Paid (bundled with
Cost Free
devices) Apple devices)
Graphical, highly Sleek and uniform Varies by distribution
User Interface
customizable graphical UI (e.g., GNOME, KDE)
System Optimized for Apple Low to high (depending
Moderate to high
Requirements hardware on distribution)
Hardware Broad, supports a Exclusive to Apple Broad, but requires
Compatibility wide range devices configuration
Moderate (requires High (due to closed Very high (fewer viruses,
Security
third-party tools) ecosystem) open-source transparency)
Good with proper Excellent on Apple Excellent, especially on
Performance
hardware hardware lightweight distros
Customization High Low Very high
Extensive (wide Extensive (Apple App Good, but fewer
Software Support
range of apps) Store) proprietary apps
Excellent (broad Moderate (limited Moderate (Steam, Proton
Gaming
game library) gaming support) for compatibility)
Moderate to advanced
Ease of Use Beginner-friendly Beginner-friendly
(depends on distribution)
Frequent, sometimes Depends on distribution
Updates Regular and seamless
disruptive (rolling or scheduled)
General users, Creative professionals, Developers, tech
Target Audience
gamers, businesses Apple ecosystem users enthusiasts, servers
Examples of Use Office work, Video editing, design, Programming, servers,
Cases gaming, education music production embedded systems
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2. Compare various process scheduling algorithms.

Best Use
Algorithm Description Advantages Disadvantages
Case
Batch
First-Come, Processes are executed Long average wait
Simple to systems with
First-Served in the order they arrive time; suffers from
implement. long-running
(FCFS) (FIFO queue). the "convoy effect."
jobs.
Jobs where
Selects the process Minimizes Can lead to
Shortest Job execution
with the shortest CPU average wait starvation for longer
Next (SJN) time is
burst time. time. processes.
known.
Each process gets a
Fair to all
fixed time slice
Round Robin processes; High context Time-sharing
(quantum) to execute,
(RR) reduces response switching overhead. systems.
cycling through the
time.
queue.
Operating system lab manual

3. Test and run basic Unix commands.

1] Command: Pwd

Description: Print working directory.

Output:

2] Command: mkdir

Description: Create a directory

3] Command: ls

Description: List directory contents.

Output:

4] Command: cd

Description: Change the working directory.

Output:
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5] Command: rmdir

Description: Remove directories.

Output:

6] Command: touch

Description: Create empty file.

Output:

6] Command: rm
Description: Remove file.
Output:
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7] Command: cat

Description: Display the contents of a file.

Output:

8] Command: mv

Description: rename files.

Output:

9] Command: date

Description: Display Current Date and Time.

Output:
Operating system lab manual

10] Command: echo

Description: Display a String.

Output:
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4. Test and run Advanced Unix commands.

1] Command: find

Description: The find command is used to search for files or directories

within a specified path

Output:

2] Command: awk

Description: This command will print the columns of files.

Output:

3] Command: sed

Description: sed is a stream editor used to perform basic text

transformations on input stream (a file or input from a pipeline).

Output:

4] Command: chmod

Description: The chmod command changes the permissions of a file or

directory.
Operating system lab manual

Output:
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5] Command: lsof

Description: The lsof command lists information about files opened by

processes

Output:
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5. Test commands related with File editing with

Vi, Vim, gedit, gcc.

1. Vi and Vim Commands

Vi and Vim are terminal-based text editors. Vim is an improved version of Vi.

Command Description
vi filename Open a file in Vi editor.
vim filename Open a file in Vim editor.
i Enter insert mode to edit text.
Esc Exit insert mode.
:w Save changes to the file.
:q Quit the editor.
:wq Save and exit.
:q! Quit without saving changes.

2. gedit Commands
gedit is a graphical text editor available for Linux systems (GNOME-based).

Command Description

gedit filename Open a file in gedit.

Ctrl+S Save the file.

Ctrl+Q Quit gedit.

Ctrl+F Search for a specific word or pattern.

Ctrl+H Find and replace text in the file.

Ctrl+Z Undo the last action.

Ctrl+Y Redo the last undone action.

3. gcc Commands
gcc is a compiler for C and C++ programming languages.
Operating system lab manual

Command Description

gcc filename.c -o output Compile a C file into an executable named output.

./output Run the compiled executable.

gcc -Wall filename.c Compile the file with all warnings enabled.

gcc -g filename.c -o output Compile the file with debugging symbols.

gcc -O2 filename.c -o output Compile the file with optimization level 2.

gcc -c filename.c Compile only, generating an object file (filename.o).

gcc file1.c file2.c -o output Compile multiple C files into one executable.
Operating system lab manual

6. Create a shell script to print”Hello”.

Script:

Output:
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7. Create a Shell script to read and display

content of a file.

Script:

Output:
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8. Create a Shell script to read from command

line.

Script:

Output:
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9. Create a Shell script to append content of one

file to another

Script:

Output:
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10. Create a Shell script to accept a string in lower case

letters from a user & convert to upper case letters.

Script:

Output:
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11. Create a Shell script to find numbers of characters,

words & lines of a given input file
Script:

Output:

12. Create a Script to reverse a string and

display it.

13. Create a Script to check a string is

palindrome.
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14. Create a Shell script to add two numbers.

15. Create a shell script to reverse the digits of a given 5-

digit number. (For eg. if the no. is 57429 then answer is
92475).