COURSE TITLE: Differential Calculus

COURSE CODE: Math 2E

CREDIT UNITS: 3 (3 lecture-hours/week or 54 lecture hours/semester)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

Differential Calculus is an introductory course covering the core concepts of limit, continuity and
differentiability of functions involving one or more variables. This also includes the application of
differential calculations in solving problems on optimization, rates of change, related rates, tangents and
normal, curve tracing, and approximations.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

To understand the core concepts of limit, continuity and differentiability of functions involving one or more
variables, the differentiation process of algebraic and transcendental functions and apply derivatives of
functions in solving problems on rates of change, rectilinear motion, angle of intersection of curves,
optimization, time-rates, tangents and normal; and, limit evaluation using L’ Hospital’s Rule.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

After completing this course, the students must be able to:

1. Understand concept of function, its, domain, range, range of correspondence, graph and limit.
2. Evaluate limit of a function analytically and graphically.
3. Identify the point of discontinuity of a function.
4. Understand concept of increment and derivative
5. Solve problem on rate of change using derivative of a function.
6. Know the differentiation formulas for algebraic and transcendental functions and be able to apply
them on problems on rectilinear motion, angle of intersection of curves, optimization, time-rates,
tangents and normal; and, limit evaluation using L’ Hospital’s Rule.
7. Understand the concept of partial differentiation and apply to it in getting partial derivative of a
function in two or more variables.

COURSE STRUCTURE

The entire course consists of six (6) units divided into twenty (20) modules.

UNIT 1 - Function and Limit of a Function

Module 1. Relation and Function
Module 2. Function, its Continuity and Limit
UNIT 2 – Increment and Derivative of a Function
Module 3. Increment and Derivative
Module 4. Rate of Change
Unit 3 - Derivative of Algebraic Function
Module 5. Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function
Module 6. Slope of Tangent and Normal Line
Module 7. Angle of Intersection of Curves
Module 8. Rectilinear Motion
Module 9. Higher Order Derivative
Module 10. Implicit Differentiation
Module 11. Chain Rule of Differentiation
Module 12. Maximum and Minimum Value of Function
Module 13. Optimization Problems
Module 14. Time-Rates
UNIT 4 – Derivative of Transcendental Function
Module 15. Derivatives of Trigonometric Function and their Applications
Module 16. Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Function and their Applications
Module 17. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions and their Applications Module
18. Derivative of a Variable Raised to Another Variable
Unit 5 – Indeterminate Forms
Module 19. Concept of Indeterminate Forms
Unit 6 – Partial Differentiation
Module 20. Concept of Partial Differentiation

COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND GRADING SYSTEM:

To pass the course, the students should satisfactorily pass the following requirements according to the
existing University rules and regulations. These course requirements are to be taken/submitted using any
of the online platforms like messenger, e-mail, LMS (Learning Management System of the University).

CLASS STANDING .………………………………….. 60% ▪ Quizzes ……………………… 30%

▪ Projects (Activity Sheets) ……………………… 20%
▪ Recitation ……………………… 10%
MAJOR EXAMINATION …………………………………… 40% TOTAL 100%

ABOUT THE PROFESSOR

I, DR ELVIRA CUSTODIO CATOLOS, who had been in the teaching profession for 36 years,
will be your course facilitator and mentor in Differential Calculus this 1st Semester of
Academic Year 2020-2021. With the COVID-19 pandemic ravaging the globe and with the
necessity of observing physical distancing measures, the traditional schooling experience
that requires students to attend classes in person and on campus is prohibited. But, it is
truly important and is urgent indeed at this time of crisis to safeguard your generation of
students of the opportunity to learn and be educated. As
mandated by law amidst this pandemic situation, educational institutions have to go for online teaching
and learning even though its implementation posed different problems and challenges to both the teachers
and students. Educational institutions and this does not exclude University of Rizal System, were given the
academic freedom by the Commission on Higher Education to implement available distance learning, e
learning and other alternative modes of delivery to students. And this is said to be the new normal in
education, using blended and flexible learning modalities. Hence, this module in Differential Calculus is
developed for your consumption during our online teaching modality. I advise you all to observe and
practice hardwork, perseverance, patience and all other positive attitudes needed to facilitate
understanding of the modules. You are all encouraged to be independent learners, but I am always here to
accommodate your questions and inquiries by using various online platforms like FB Messenger, Zoom,
Google meet and email.

By the way, allow me to introduce myself, my educational qualifications and, because of my passion for
teaching and love for my students, my accomplishments as an educator. I am a chemical engineer by
profession; however, God calls me to become a teacher. I got my bachelor degree in Chemical Engineering
from the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, earned my Master of Engineering Education, major in
Chemical Engineering from the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City as an EDPITAF scholar;
and, my Doctorate Degree in Educational Management from the University of Rizal System (URS) where I
was an Academic Excellence and Best Research Award Recipient.

The GURONASYON Foundation , Inc. in the Province of Rizal gave me the recognition as the 2014 Most
Outstanding College Faculty; by the Local Government Unit of Tanay, Rizal as the Natatanging Anak ng
Tanay sa Larangan ng Edukasyon during the 2015 Parangal sa Natatanging Anak ng Tanay (PANATA); and,
the University of Rizal System, the Exemplary Behaviour Award during the September 2019 Program on
Awards and Incentives for Service Excellence (PRAISE) awarding ceremony. Furthermore, I was awarded
the Best Research Award (Developmental Category) during the URS 2012 PRAISE awarding ceremony and
had authored books in Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, Analytic Geometry, General Mathematics for
Senior High School, Mathematics in the Modern World; and had developed instructional materials, namely:
Worktext in Precalculus, Worktext in Basic Calculus, Worktext in Differential Calculus; and, Worktext in
Integral Calculus which are all copyrighted and with ISBN.

MODULE 1
RELATION AND FUNCTION

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the module, students must be able to:

1. Understand concept of function, its, domain, range,
 range of correspondence and graph.

2. Differentiate a relation from a function.

3. To determine the domain and range using analytical and

graphical method.

4. Evaluate a function at a given value of the independent

variable.
UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

INTRODUCTION
In our daily living, we often encounter quantities that do come in pair. For example, the
number of kilograms of rice and the amount of money needed to purchase.
Furthermore, the number of miles a car travelled and the liters of gasoline consumed.
Likewise, the plant growth in centimeters and the amount of rainfall it received. When
one quantity changed, the other also changed. These pairings are best represented as
ordered pairs.

RELATION

If we let the ordered pair be( ), we call a set of ordered pairs as a relation. The set of
all the first elements (the values of x) in the ordered pairs is referred to as the domain
of the relation while the set of all the second elements (the values of y) forms the
range. Thus, in a relation, there is a correspondence between the
domain and range, such that to each element of the domain there is assigned one or
more elements of the range.

The given mapping diagram better

explains the definition of relation, its
domain and range. This relation
consists of five ordered pairs, namely:
()()()()
and( ). Its domain is set
* + and its range is
set* +.

GRAPH OF A RELATION

There is a one-to-one correspondence between the ordered-pairs ( )and the points on

the rectangular or Cartesian plane. Each point on the plane corresponds to one and
only one ordered pair( ). While the domain of a relation is usually apparent from the
definition of the relation, the range is often determined from its graph. The graph of the
above relation consisting of points is shown at the right.
Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 1
UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

RULE OF CORRESPONDENCE

The rule of correspondence is any equation describing how the elements of the domain
and range of any relation are paired. It virtually gives the range of the relation. Let us
consider three relations described by the same rule of correspondence but having
different domains.

Example 1. Given: Relation *( )| +.

Relation is a set of ordered pairs

consisting of all the possible pairings of
the
elements of the domain and range that
are
formed according to the given rule of
correspondence. Hence, the elements of
relation are ordered
pairs( ) ( ) ( ). Thus, the domain
of relation is set* +, its range is
set* + and its graph consists of only
three
points.

Example 2. Relation *( )| +.

Relation which can simply be denoted as *( )⌋ + consists of an infinite number of

ordered pairs. It is a general rule that if the domain is not indicated, it means that it
consists of all real numbers without any exception. Any real number that is excluded in
the domain must be clearly indicated in the notation used. This matter is exhibited on
the graph of relation which is a line represented by linear equationy = x + 2extending
indefinitely up to the right and down to the left. The domain of relation is * | +, where
the real number set is and its range is* | +. Its graph is shown below.
Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 2
UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

Example 3. Relation *( )| +.

It is understood that the domain of consists of all real values except . Hence,
point ( )is not in set C. This fact is revealed on the graph by drawing an open
circle around the point. Therefore, domain * | +and range * | +belong to relation .

FUNCTION

Function is a special kind of relation. It is a set of ordered-pairs ( ) of real

numbers in which no two pairs have the same first element . Furthermore, it is a
relation in which each -element has only one -element associated with it.
Relations , and described on the above examples are all functions since for every
value of the first element , there is one and only one corresponding value of the
second elementy.

VERTICAL LINE TEST

The vertical line test tells whether a relation is a function. Given the graph
of the relation, if every vertical line drawn crosses the graph in only one point,
then, the relation is a function. On the contrary, if one can draw a vertical line that
goes through two points, is not a function of .
The graph of relations and shown below reveals that is a function since any
 vertical line drawn through its graph intersects it in one and only one point.
Moreover, is not a function since any vertical line drawn through its graph crosses
it in more than one point.

Graph of ��
Graph of ��

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 3

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

CONSTANT AND VARIABLE

In Mathematics, a constant is a quantity that maintains a fixed value

throughout a particular problem. Absolute constants such as √ retain the same
values in all problems. Arbitrary constants remain constant in a particular problem
but may assume different values in other problems.
A variable is a quantity that may assume various values in the course of a
problem. In equationy = 1− x, letter xwhose values would be freely assumed is
called the independent variable and letter ywhose value depends on the assumed
value of x is called the dependent variable.

FUNCTION NOTATION

To be able to discuss functions and their properties, we use a symbol,

usually a letter of the alphabet to stand for a function. The most often used are .
Sometimes, subscripts are employed so that, for example and would stand for four
different functions. To write a function, we enclose the independent variable in
parentheses preceded by a chosen letter. In symbol form, ( ), read “function of ”,
with the chosen letter indicating that there exists a relationship between variable
xand another variable.
In equation √ , ( ) is read is a function of , with the Greek letter indicating a
relationship between dependent variable and independent variable , hence, the
ordered pair ( )can be denoted by , ( )- or ( √ ). Function is single-valued function.
Moreover, in function ( ) √ , ( ) is a double-valued function. For example,
when ( ) .
A function that depends on two or more independent variables is
symbolically represented in a similar manner. Hence, a function of variables and
is written as ( ) and is read function of and . The function ( ) when and is denoted
by ( ).
 FUNCTION EVALUATION

This is the process of finding value of function, say ( ), given value of the
independent variable . The notation ( ) refers to the value of function when .
Likewise, in ( ), ( ) means the value of the function when and .

Example 4. Suppose that is a function defined by the equation ( ) . Evaluate ( ) (

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( )-. Draw the graph of for the portion of the domain .

Solution: Substituting the given value of the independent variable , we have

2

∙ (0) (0 2(0) 3 3
f=−−=−
2
∙ ( 1) ( 1) 2( 1) 3 1 2 3 0
f−=−−−−=+−=
Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 4
UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

2
∙ ( 2) ( 2) 2( 2) 3 4 4 3 5
f−=−−−−=+−=
2
∙ (1) (1) 2(1) 3 4
f=−−=−
2
∙ (2) (2) 2(2) 3 4 4 3 3
f=−−=−−=−
2
∙ (3) (3) 2(3) 3 9 6 3 0
f=−−=−−=
2
22

∙ [ ( )] ( 2 2) ( 2 3) 2( 2 3) 3
2
ffx=fx−x−=x−x−−x−x−−
42322
=x+x+−x−x+x−x+x+−
4 9 4 6 12 2 4 6 3
4 4 16 12 4 3 2
=x−x−x+x+

Tabulating the xvalues and the corresponding yorf (x)values,

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3

f (x) = y 5 0 −3 −4 −3 0
 (x, y) (− 2,5) (−1,0) (0,−3) (1,−4) (2,−3) (3,0)

The graph of ( ) is a parabola with vertex at ( )

fxhfx
, given function21
()()
≠
+−
h
Example 5. Find the value of, 0 h −
22
1
fxh fx=.
+ ()
x
()
xh
+=
Solution: Evaluate 2 22
()
()
xxh
−+

11
f x h f x2 2 ( ) ( ) +
+− xhx
()
Therefore, ( )
h + xxhh
= =
h
− −−−
()()fxhfx+ ()
222 x x hx h
22(2)−+
= hxh −+
= =
= hx
 2 2
2 2 22
h
() ( ) ( ) hx x h
hx x h +
xxh+
+

Example 6. Discuss the distinction between the given functions ( )and ( ) 2

defined
xx
Hx
+−
() x
, and,
=
39 G(x) = 3 −

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 5

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

Solution:
At the first glance, it appears that the functions are the same since 2
9 − xis
factorable. However, the domain of G(x)isx ∈ R, meaning, xis any real number.
However, for the functionH(x),the values of both numerator and denominator are zero
whenx = −3. Therefore, ( ) and ( ) are identical for all x -values except x = −3. The graph
of H(x)has an open circle drawn around the point ( ) since this point does not lie on its
graph.
 Graph of ��(��) �� Graph of
9− ��2
��(��)
+�� ��
and range of function Solution:
Example 7: Find the domain β(x) = x − 4 .
β(x) = x − 4is defined only at x-values
The function equal or greater than
4. That is, for the function to be a real number, the radicand x − 4 ≥ 0or x ≥ 4
Hence, the domain of the function is {x | x ≥ 4}.

The definition of the given function shows that at values of in the interval
corresponding value of the function is zero or more than zero. That is same as
saying the range of the function is* | +. The graph of function is the upper half of
the parabola with vertex at( ).
 Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 6
UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

2
Example 8. Find the domain and range for the function defined as( ) 2
fx=x+,
for .
Solution:
The domain of the function( ) 2
f x = x +is{x | −2 < x ≤1}. To find the range,
2

whenx = −2, f (−2) = 6.It could be observed from the graph that range is all real
numbers more than but less than In symbol form, range is{y | 2 ≤ y < 6}. The graph
has an open circle at (− 2,6)indicating that the domain excludes and the range
does not include .
The graph of the function is a portion of parabola ( ) having vertex at ( )
opening upward.

Note: If the rule of correspondence defining a given function does not explicitly point
=
out the domain, one should be sharp enough to identify it. Say for xx
example, 4
 2
f xis a function defined for all values of except , ( ) −

since division by zero is undefined. Similarly, if2

h(x) = 1− x , the domain

consists of values that satisfy the quadratic inequality . Solution of this

inequality and the domain of the function is the interval −1≤ x ≤1. The graph
of the function is the upper half of the circle having center at the origin and of
radius equal to one.

PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTION

This is a function whose domain is divided into parts and each part is
defined by a different function rule. It is defined on a series of intervals. The word
piecewise is used to describe any property of a piecewise-defined function that
holds for each piece but may not hold for the whole domain of the function.
A common piecewise-defined function is the absolute value.

||{

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 7

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

Example 9. Find the domain and range of given piecewise-defined function ( ). Draw its
graph and find value of when and .

()2

Solution: Based on the given parts of the domain, we say that the domain of the given
piecewise-defined function is {x | x ∈ R}.Let us draw the graph of the given function ( ).

The graph above shows the range of ( ) is * ⌋ + and when , ( ) . Furthermore, when , ( )
.
Example 10. Find the domain and range of function defined below and draw its graph.
2
⎪
⎪⎨ ⎧ ,1
Hx x () 1
-x1− > = ,0

x =
⎪ x + 2 ,1
⎪⎩ 2

x <−
The domain of the given function is * | +. Below is the graph of ( ). Based
on the graph of the function ( ) shown below, it is evident that the range is * | +.

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 8

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

Example 11: Find the domain and range of piecewise-defined function ( ) whose graph
is shown below. EvaluateH(2).

Solution: Domain * | + Range is * | +. From the given graph, the value of the function
when is ( ) .

Example 12. Find the domain and range of the function graphed below.
Solution: The domain is * | + while the range is * | +.

Example 13. Find the domain and range of2

y = − 25 − x .

Solution: The graph of the function is the lower half of circle having its center at the
origin ( ) and radius equal to 5. For the value of to be real, . This inequality has solution
−5 < x < 5. Hence, the domain of the function is * | +. The value are excluded on the
domain as indicated by the open circles at those values of . And from its graph below, it
is evident that the range of the function is * | +.

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 9

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

SAQ1

ACTIVITY 1.1 – A

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Identify which of the following representations is/are a function and not a function. Write F if a
function and NF if not a function on the space provided before each number.
 __________ 1. *( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+

__________ 2. *( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+

__________ 3. *( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+

__________ 4. {*( )| +}

__________ 5. {*( )| +}

__________ 6. 2{( )| √ }3

__________ 7. {2( )| 3}

__________ 8. {2( )| +
2
− 3}

__________ 9. {*( )| +}

__________ 10. 2{( )| √ }3

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 10

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

ASAQ1

ACTIVITY 1.1 – A
NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE: ______________

SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF: __________________________________

Identify which of the following representations is/are a function and not a ANSWER

function. Write F if a function and NF if not a function on the space

provided before each number.

__________ 1. *( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+ F

__________ 2. *( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+ __________ 3. *( ) ( ) ( ) ( F

)+ NF

__________ 4. {*( )| +} F

F
__________ 5. {*( )| +}
F
__________ 6. 2{( )| √ }3
F

__________ 7. {2( )| 3} F

F
__________ 8. {2( )| +
2
− 3} NF

__________ 9. {*( )| +} NF

__________ 10. 2{( )| √ }3

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 11

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

SAQ2

ACTIVITY 1.1 – B

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

 ______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Given the graph of a relation, determine its domain and range. Write answer on the space
provided under the given graph.
1. 2.

Domain:______________________________ Domain:____________________________
Range:________________________________Range: ______________________________
3 4.

Domain:______________________________Domain: ____________________________ Range:

_______________________________Range: ______________________________

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 12

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

ASAQ2

ACTIVITY 1.1 – B

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

 ______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Given the graph of a relation, determine its domain and range.

1. 2.

Domain: * |
+ Domain: : * | + Range: * | + Range: * | +
3 4.

Domain: *
| + Domain: * | + Range: * | + Range: * | +

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 13

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

ACTIVITY 1.1 – C

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________
 Given the following relations, identify the domain and range and draw their
graphs. 1. A = {(3,6),(0,3),(− 2,1),(− 4,−1)}

2. B = {(x, y) y = 2x − 4}

3. C = {(x, y) y = 2x − 4, x ≠ −1}

4. ( )⎭⎬⎫

⎩⎨⎧
D x y y1
==
x
,

5. E = {(x, y) y = x + 3}

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 14

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
6. *( )| + 7. G = {(x, y) y =

− 3 − 2x}

8. H = {(x, y) y = 4x +1}

9. {( , ) 4}
22
I=xyx+y=

10. {( ) } J = x, y y = 24+ 2x −
2
 x

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 15

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

ACTIVITY 1.1 – D

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________ Given the piecewise-defined functions, draw the

graph and identify the domain and range. 1. ( ) 2

2. ( ) {
 3. ( ) {

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 16

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

ACTIVITY 1.1 – E

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE: ______________

SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Given the graph of piecewise-defined functions, determine its domain and range.

1. 2.
 Domain:
_______________________________ Domain: ________________________________ Range:
_________________________________ Range: _________________________________
3. 4.

Domain:
_______________________________ Domain: ________________________________
Range: _________________________________ Range: _________________________________

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 17

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

ACTIVITY 1.1 – F

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE: ______________

SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Evaluate the given functions at the indicated values of .

1. Given:2
f (x) = 2 − x, find:
 a. f (−3)= _____ c. f (−1)= _____ e. f (1)= _____ b. f (− 2)= _____ d. f (0)=
_______ f. f (2)= _____ Draw the graph off (x)for −3 ≤ x < 2.

2
2. Given:( ) 2 1
g x = x + x − , find:
a. g(−4)= _____ c. g(− 2)= _____e. g(0)= _____ g. g(2)= _____ i. g(4)= _______ b. g(−
3)= _____ d. g(−1)= _____ f. g(1)= _____h. g(3)= _____ j. g(a −1)= ____ Draw the graph
of g(x)for − 4 < x ≤ 4.

()
+−
=
xx
34
α x, find:
3. Given:
23
a. α(2)= _____ α(0) = _____ h. α(− 2)= _____ f.
α(−4)= _____ d. α(3)= _____ α(1) = _____ i.
b.
α(−1)= _____ g α(− 3)= _____ e. α(4)= _____
c.
Which value of xis not an element of the and additional values, if needed.
domain? Draw the graph of the values above α(x)for x on [− 4,4]using

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 18

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
ACTIVITY 1.1 – G

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

hx = x
−+ 11 ⎢ ⎡)
⎣ 23
1. Given the function 2
and⎥
( ), find h[g(x)] ⎦⎤
g(x) = x
and
x2 g h( .

2. Given: ( ) 4
f x = x − x +, find , ( )-.

hx
−+
 =
11
x
3. Given the function 2
( ), find , ( )- and 0 . /1.
and
g(x) = x x

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 19

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

ACTIVITY 1.1 – H

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________
2

=
xx 2

A. Prove: If( )16

f x, show thatf (−x) = f (x) .
4
+
B. If r(x) = x , show that ( )− ( )
−
( )+ ( ).

h x = x + x − , what is the domain of functionh? Plot the graph of hforxvalues

2
C. Given( ) 4 5
in the interval(− 2,6).

Differential Calculus Module 1-Relation and Function Page 20

MODULE 2
 FUNCTION, ITS
CONTINUITY AND LIMIT

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the module, students must be able to: 1.

Understand concept of continuity and limit of a function.

2. Evaluate limit of a function, given the rule of

correspondence.

3. Identify the limit of a function, given its graph.

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

In Calculus, the idea of limit is very important. The concept of limit is at the
foundation of almost all mathematical analysis, and an understanding of it is absolutely
essential. Deep understanding of limit is very rewarding since it facilitates a good grasp
of all the basic processes of Calculus.
2
Let us consider a particular function, say
12
xx
+−
f x. This function is
() = −
x
defined for all values of xexcept x =1since at x =1 both numerator and denominator take
zero value or00
f (x) =, which is a meaningless expression. We will study how the
functionfbehaves when we assume values of xgetting closer and closer to 1. There are
two ways by which value of xmay approach 1, one is by assuming values less than 1
and approaching 1; the other way is by taking values greater than 1, still approaching 1.

To get a better idea of what is happening asxtakes values approaching 1,

consider the constructed Table 1 at the right.
Table 1
By means of factoring, we can writef (x)in 0.25 2.25
the form ( )( )
xx 0.80 2.80
+−
2 0.90 2.90
x
xx
+− 0.99 2.99
2 0.999 2.999
fx
() 0.9999 2.9999
=
x
0.99999 2.99999
−
1 0.999999 2.999999

0 2

0.50 2.50
fx 21
() = 1
− x

Ifx ≠ 1, we are allowed to divide both numerator

and denominator by(x −1).Therefore,f (x) = x + 2 ,
provided x ≠1.

The value of this function as seen on the Table 1

approaches a value of 3 when the variablex
approaches 1 by assuming values of xless than 1.
That is, as

→ , → 3, provided,

In symbol form, . This is read “limit of f (x)as xapproaches 1 through

lim��→1−�� �� = 3
values less than 1 is equal to 3”. The value of the limit of the function, in particular, is
called the Left-Hand Limit.

We observe that as xgets closer and closer to 1, f (x)gets closer and closer to 3;
and the closer xis to 1, the closer f (x)is to 3. We can see that we can make the value of
f (x)as close to 3 as we please by taking xclose enough to 1. Another way of saying this
is that we can make the absolute value of the difference between f (x)and 3 as small as
we please by making the absolute value of the difference between xand 1 small enough.
That is, f (x) − 3can be made as small as we please by making x −1
small enough. But bear in mind that f(x) never takes on the value 3. It is apparent thatf
(x)can be made as close to 3 as we please by taking x sufficiently close to 1, and this
property of the functionfdoes not depend onfbeing
Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 21
UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

defined whenx =1. This fact gives the distinction between limit of f (x)as x approaches 1
and the function value atx =1; that is limit of f (x)as xapproaches 1 is 3, but f (1)does not
exist. Take note that the limit of the function as xapproaches a
certain value, say for examplex = amay not be the function value whenx = a . Similarly,
taking a look at Table 2, when xapproaches 1 through values greater than 1, the value
of the functionfgets closer and closer to 3 but not equal to 3. That is, when1 , → +
x f (x) → 3, provided in symbol lim
form,
+
��→1 �� �� = 3

This is read “the limit of f (x)as x approaches 1 through values greater than 1 is equal to
3”. This resulting value of the limit of f (x)as → +
x 1is specifically called the Right
Hand Limit of the function.

The graph of the function fappears to be a straight line with a “hole” (an open circle) at
the point(1,3), that is, at = , f (1) = 3. ()
=
x
−
1

2 4

1.5 3.5

1.25 3.25

1.10 3.10

1.01 3.01

1.001 3.001
DEFINITION OF LIMIT OF A
FUNCTION 1.0001 3.0001

1.00001 3.00001
Table 2
x 2 1.000001 3.000001
xx
+− 1.0000001 3.0000001
2
fx
Given a functionfand numbers and L, we say that f (x)approaches Las a limit as
approaches aif for each positive number (read “epsilon”) there is appositive
number f (x) − L < ε,
δ(read “delta”) such whenever0 < x − a < δ
thatf (x)is defined and , ε > 0and
δ > 0.

In abbreviated notation, for the definition of limit, we write f (x) → Lasx → a. (This

means “ xnears but is never lim��→���� �� = ��

equal toa.) In symbol form, .
The values of are arbitrarily chosen and can be as small as desired, and that
the value of pointed out that the smaller
δis dependent on the chosen. It should be
the value of the corresponding δ .
ε, the smaller will be value of

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 22

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

The above definition states that the function valuesf (x)approach a limit Las x approaches
a number if the absolute value of the difference betweenf (x)and Lcan be made as small
as we please by taking xsufficiently near abut not equal toa .

Moreover, it is important to realize that the above definition does not mention
about the value of the function whenx = a. That is, it is not essential that the function is
defined forx = ain order for the limit to exist.
In addition, even if the function is defined forx = a, it is possible for the limit of
f (x)to exist even without having the same value forf (a).

THEOREMS ON LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

If lim��→���� �� = �� and lim��→���� �� = ��

then
1. , where
lim��→���� = ��
lim��→���� = ��
2.

=
lim��→�� �� �� ± �� �� lim��→���� �� +
lim��→���� �� = �� ± ��
3.

lim��→�� �� �� ∙ �� �� = lim��→����
 �� ∙ lim��→���� �� = �� ∙ �� 4.

5. �� �� 0
lim��→���� lim��→����
��
�� = ��
�� �� �� = ��������

lim��→���� ��������
6. lim��→�� �� �� �� =
lim��→���� �� ��=
�� ��
��

�� =
lim��→���� ��
��
7. = ��
lim��→�� ��
��

+
Note: The symbols and are referred to as the One -Sided Limit ��→�� �� ��

lim �� ��
lim��→��−
of .
lim��→���� ��

However, is called the Two-Sided Limit of .

Theorem: The two-sided limit of the function as approaches say value exists if both the
one-sided limits of the function exist and are equal. That is,

��������→���� �� =
��������→��+�� �� = ��������→��−�� ��

Example 13. Evaluate the following limits.

lim��→ 2
a. 3�� −

lim
Use Theorem 1. ��→ 2 3�� − = lim��→ 23�� − lim��→ 2
Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 23
UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
 4. Use Theorems 1 lim��→ 2 3�� − =

and 2. lim��→ 23 ∙ lim��→ 2�� −

lim��→ 2 3�� − = 3 − −
lim��→3�� = −6 − = −7
b.
Use Theorems 1 and

3 − 5��
Use Theorem lim��→3�� lim��→3��
5. = lim��→3 3 −
3 − 5�� 5��
lim��→3��

lim��→1 4 − 3 − 5��=3
��2 3 − lim��→35 ∙ lim��→3��=3
+ ��3
3−

3 − 5 3 =3
=
c. 5�� 3
3 − 5 =3
Use Theorems 2 and 3. Use lim
��→33 − lim��→35��

Theorems 1 and 4.
lim��→3��
−=−4

3
+ �� = lim��→14 − ��2
Use Theorem 7. 3 3 lim��→1��2
+ �� + �� =
lim��→1 4 − ��2
lim��→1 4 − ��2

lim��→14 −
Use Theorem 5 and lim��→1 4 − ��2 lim��→1 + ��3 = 4 − lim��→1�� 2
3.

lim��→1 4 − ��2
lim��→1 +
lim��→1��3
 3 3 6
3 + = =
+ �� =
Use Theorems 1 and 6. 3
+ lim��→1�� =4−2

Take note that the answers to the examples presented above were obtained by directly
substituting the value approached by the variable. Consider now the following illustrative
examples.

d. lim��→23��2 −
lim��→23��2 −
�� − 0
�� − 0 ��2 − 4
Solution: By direct substitution 0
method, 4= 0

��2 −
0
However, the expression 0 is an indeterminate.
, which is an

Eliminate the indeterminate form by factoring both the numerator and denominator. The
purpose of which is to remove factor from the numerator and denominator that has zero
value at = .

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 24

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

= lim��→2 �� −
3�� + 5 ��
− �� +

�� + =3 + 5
+ 5 lim��→3
lim��→3��4 −
e. 8
��4 − 8
��2 − 5�� − + = 4
3
= lim��→23��

Solution: .
��2 − 5�� −
 0
3= 0
The factor(x − 3)which is zero whenx = 3needs to be eliminated from the numerator and
denominator.
= lim��→3 ��2 − 9 ��2
+9
�� − 3 �� + = lim��→3 �� − 3 �� + 3 ��2 + 9
�� − 3 �� + = lim��→3 �� + 3 ��2 + 9
�� +
2
=3+33 +9
3 + =6 9 + 9

7=6 8
08
7= 7

�� − 4=00
f.

lim��→43 −
�� + 5
�� − 4

lim��→43 −
�� + 5
Solution:
Factor (x − 4)must be removed from the numerator and denominator. To do it, multiply
the members of the fraction by the conjugate of the numerator to eliminate the radical of
index two. Then, recall the product of a sum and difference of two terms: ( )( ) .
22
a +b a −b = a −b
�� + 5
= lim ��→43 − �� + 5
3 + �� + 5= lim��→49 −

�� − 4∙3 + �� + 5 + 5 = lim��→44 − �� �� − 4 3 + ��

= lim��→4− �� − 4 +5
�� − 4 3 + ��
= lim
�� − 4 3 + �� + 5 ��→4−
3 + �� +
=
5 −
 =−
3+3 6

lim��→0��3 − 7��
g.
��3
lim��→0��3 − 7��
Solution: 3 0
�� = 0

Eliminate since it is the cause of zero value on the numerator and denominator.
= lim��→0�� ��2 − 7
3
�� = lim��→0��2 − 7
2 −7 7
�� = 0= − 0= −∞

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 25

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

Note: The numerator approaches − 7and the denominator is a positive quantity

approaching 0. The quantity− ∞is NOT a real number and is NOT an
indeterminate form. Hence, the limit of the given function does not exist.
�����
�� −
h. Solution:

lim��→0cos
�� −
������
������
�� − 0
�� − = 0
lim��→0�
Recall the trigonometric identity: cos2 2cos 1
2
x=x−

Substitution into the given expression results

to: = lim��→0 ������2�� − −
2
�������� − = lim��→0 ������ �� −
�������� −
 = lim 2
→0 −
−

= lim
→0 + −
−

= lim��→0 �������� + = + = 4

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 26

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

SAQ3

ACTIVITY 1.1 – I

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________ Evaluate the limit of the given functions.

 3�� + 4
1. 2.

3.

lim��→34
�� − 5
5�� −

lim��→4
��2 −
lim��→ 1 3�� + 4

�� + ��2 − ��
−
��2 −
lim 3
3
��→ 2

4��2
−9
�� +
4.

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 27

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

ASAQ3

ACTIVITY 1.2 – I
NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________ Evaluate the limit of the given functions using the

direct substitution method.

lim��→34�� − 5

5�� − ������������:
1.

lim��→ 1 �� +
��2 − 3�� +

4������������: − 8 2.

lim��→4 ��2 − 3�� + 4

8
��2 − �� − ������������: 7
3.
lim
3 3�����
��→ 2

4��2 − 9 �����:
−6
�� +
4.
Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 28
UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

ACTIVITY 1.2 – J

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Evaluate the limit of the given functions.

+ 0 4��2 −
1.

lim��→43� 5�� + 36
�2 − 7��
lim
��→1

��3 −
�� −
2.

lim��→
1 ��−
�� −

3.
 lim
ℎ∙→ 1

ℎ+5
− ℎ+

4.

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 29

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
− ��2 − ��
+ 0 ��2 +
5. 6. 7. 3�� +

lim��→ 1 ��2
3
− − �� − 3
��3 + ��2 +
lim��→1 �� 6�� + 5
�� −

lim��→ 2��3
 lim ��→4

��3 −
��2 +
0�� + 8
3��3 −
7��2 +
8. 6�� + 6

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 30

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

LIMIT OF A FUNCTION INVOLVING INFINITY

f x1
( ) =, it is an observation that as x → 0through
If we consider the function
x
positive values, the corresponding values of the function get bigger and bigger. In case
like this, it indicates the behaviour of the function. We say that f (x)increases without
limit or f (x) → ∞as→ +
x 0 . In symbol form:

+
x→0 f x = +∞
lim

Likewise, as x → 0through negative values, the value of the function decreases

without limit. Thus, in lim��→0−�� �� = −∞
symbol from:

The introduction of the symbol ∞does not in any way justify its use as a number.
It is best to mention that the word “infinite” signifies only a state of being non-finite.
Division by zero is a meaningless operation and it is not intended that the symbol ∞
represents
01. Once again, it is to be stressed out that + ∞is not a symbol for a real
number.

When the limit of the function as approaches a certain value, saya, is positive
infinity, we say that the limit of the function does not exist. The symbol + ∞indicates the
behaviour of the function as gets closer and closer to value .

In the same manner, getting −∞for the limit of the function simply indicates that
the behaviour of the function whose function values decrease without bound. Getting
−∞once again tells us that the limit of the function does not exist.

f x1
( ) =is graphically shown below.
The behaviour of the function
x

lim��→0+ ��= +∞

lim��→0− ��= −∞

Example 14. lim��→0−41�� = 4 ∞ =

∞ + 1��
4 = ∞= 0 ��→0 4
Example 15.
= 4+∞ = +∞
lim

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 31

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

Theorems on Limit of a Function Involving Infinity

1. 2. 3. 4.
lim
��→+∞����
= −∞ �� < 0
lim
��→+∞����
= ∞ �� > 0 lim
 ��
��→±∞ ��
=0 5.
��
lim
��→0
+ ��
lim��→0−

��= −∞ ��
>0
��= +∞ ��
>0

Example 16. Evaluate the following:

��→+∞4
a. �� − 5
6�� +
7
lim

Solution: Substitution of +∞ for results to the indeterminate form ∞∞. In case like this,
we use a standard technique in working with infinite limits by dividing each term on the
numerator and denominator by the highest power of the variable . Then, use Theorem 3
on limit of function involving infinity. Thus,
5
6�� + 7= lim ��→+∞4 − ��
= lim ��→+∞4�� − 5 = lim 7
6 + �� provided �� 0 and ��
7
��→+∞4�� − 5 − 6

=3
lim
b. ��→ ∞4�� +3
3��2
+

6�� + 7=4 − 0
4
6 + 0= 6= 3

Solution: The limit takes the indeterminate form−∞∞. Use the technique described on
the previous illustrative example by dividing both numerator and denominator by 2 and
then using Theorem 3.
3 2
��+ ��
 = lim ��→ 0
4
∞4�� + 3

3��2 + = lim 2
3 + ��
��→ ∞

=0 + 0
0
3 + 0= 3= 0 =

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 32

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

lim ��→+∞6��3 + ��2 + �� −

c. : +

��2 + ��

Solution: Divide each term on the numerator and denominator by 3, the highest
power of and then use Theorem 3 since the evaluated limit of the given function
equals∞∞. Hence,
0
= lim ��→+∞6��3 + ��2 + �� = lim
− ��2 + �� + ��→∞

=6 =
0+0+0 0
+∞
2 3
6 + ��+ �� − ��

��+ ��2 + ��3=6 + 0 + 0 +

Note: In illustrative Example 15, a, b and c, you will observe that in evaluating limit
function of the form
of as x approaches ±∞, if:
 i. The degree of the numerator equals the degree of the denominator; the limit of
as approaches +∞ or − ∞ equals the ratio of the numerical coefficient of the
highest power of on the numerator to the numerical coefficient of the highest
power of on the denominator.
ii. The degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator; the limit
of
as approaches +∞ or − ∞ equals zero.
iii. The degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator, the

limit of as approaches +∞ or − ∞ equals either∞or − ∞as the case may be.

+
��→0 �� = 0
d. lim

Take note that in evaluating the limit of the given function as → 0+, the values taken by
are all greater than zero but approaching zero.
lim��→0− �� =
e. does not exist

The limit of the given function as → 0 does not exist since the values taken by are all
less than zero but approaching zero. Hence, the corresponding values of the given
function are imaginary or not real numbers.

f. �� −
lim 4= +∞
+
��→4

5
As takes values greater than 4 but approaching 4, the denominator (x − 4)is always
greater than zero but approaching zero.

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 33

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

�� − 4=
−∞
g.

lim��→4−5
However, when x assumes values less than 4 but approaching 4, the denominator (x −
4)takes values less than zero but approaching zero.

CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION
A functionf (x)is said to be continuous at = if and only if the following conditions
are satisfied by the given function:

1. exists;

lim��→���� ��
2. exists; and,
�� �� =
3. lim��→���
� ��

Consider the graph of functionf (x)shown below. Observe that atx =1the function is
discontinuous since the conditions for the continuity of a function is not satisfied. The
function when = , that is = �� =
while
lim��→1��
Therefore, = is the point of discontinuity of the given function since . ��

lim��→1�� ��

Remember: A rational function in x is a continuous function for all values of x except

those values for which the denominator is zero.

Example 17. Find the point/s of discontinuity of the following functions. State the
condition/s of continuity of a function, if any, which is/are not satisfied. a. 31
()
−+
=
xx
fx

The point of discontinuity off (x)is at x = 3since the denominator on the rule of
correspondence off (x)equals zero at = 3. Hence,f (3)does not exist or is undefined.
+
��→3 �� ��
 lim��→3−�� ��
lim��→3�� �� lim
To determine the evaluate and .

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 34

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

And to do this, how about assuming values of approaching 3 through values more than
3; and then, assume values of approaching 3 through values less than 3. Remember
the right-hand and the left-hand limit of a function?

As can be gleaned from the tables below, as → 3+ → +∞ and while → 3

→ −∞. Both limits do not exist, the function behaves differently both for
→ +∞ and → −∞ Hence, does not exist. Evidently, the conditions for
lim��→3�� ��
continuity of the function at x = 3are not satisfied.
x ()
x () −+
−+ =
= xx
xx 1
1 fx
fx 3
3
2.9 - 39
3.1 41
2.99 - 399
3.01 401
2.999 - 3999
3.001 4001
2.9999 - 39999
3.0001 40001
2.99999 - 399999
3.00001 400001
2.999999 - 3999999
3.000001 4000001
2.9999999 - 39999999
3.0000001 40000001

x 2
− 25
c. ( )5 6
2
φx
= −−
xx
 The factors of the denominator are(x − 6)(x +1). Equating these factors to zero
will give x = 6andx = −1.These values are the points of discontinuity of the given

x
b. x
gx
tan
()=

To determine the point of discontinuity, we look for value of the variable that will
make the denominator equal to zero. We set tan x = 0and then, solve for x. This is a
trigonometric equation whose solutions in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2πarex = 0,πand2π .

Therefore, the points of discontinuity are at = 0

2
−
25
x
c.( )5 6
2
φx
= −−
xx
The factors of the denominator are(x − 6)(x +1). Equating these factors to zero
will give x = 6andx = −1.These values are the points of discontinuity of the given
function function values are not defined.
φ(x)since at these values the

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 35

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

Example 17. Graph of h(x)is shown below.

From the graph, the following properties of the given function can be
 extracted: 1. ℎ =

+
��→1 ℎ �� =
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.
lim��→0−ℎ ��
=0

lim
lim��→0ℎ �� =
lim��→1−ℎ �� does not exist
=3
lim ��→+∞ℎ
�� =

lim��→1ℎ ��
does not exist lim ��→ ∞ℎ ��
+ = +∞
��→0 ℎ �� =

lim
10.Points of discontinuity:

lim��→1ℎ ��
(a) = since ℎ ; and,
lim��→0ℎ ��
(b) = 0 since ℎ 0

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 36

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

SAQ4

ACTIVITY 1.2 – K
 NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Evaluate the limit of the following functions:

1.

3�� + 5
2. 3.

lim��→∞
��2 + 7��
+ 3 ��3 +
4.
3�� +

lim
4
��→+∞��
2
5. + �� + 5
��3 −
6�� +
lim��→∞��
2

− ��2

lim
2
��→+∞ ��
lim ��→+∞ + 4
�� + 3
�� +

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 37

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

ASAQ4

ACTIVITY 1.2 – K

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________
Evaluate the limit of the following functions:

lim��→∞��2
1. : −
− ��2

lim��→∞ �� + 3
2.
5����������
��: 3

3�� +
− 6�� + �����: ∞

3. 4.

�������
5.
lim

�����: 0 2
��→+∞ �� +
4 �� +
2
lim��→∞ ��
+ 7�� + 3
�������
��3 + 3��
�����:
+

�������
lim
4
��→+∞�� +
2 3
�� + 5 ��

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 38

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
SAQ5

ACTIVITY 1.2 – L

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Evaluate the following limits of function. The graph of the given function may be useful on limit
evaluation.

__________ �� lim��→5−��
5 − ��2
5
−
__________ ����2
lim ��→5+
��
5−
��2
__________ �� lim��→∞��
5 − ��2

Graph of = 25

__________ �� lim ��→ ∞��

−
__________ ��→0

�� lim �� + ��
+
��→0

__________ �� + ��
�� lim
__________ ��
lim��→∞ �� + ��

Graph of = +1
 3��2
+ ��
__________3 �� 2
− 5 �� + 4
lim ��→ ∞

__________3 �� lim ��→ ∞

__________3 �� lim ��→ 0−

__________3 �� lim ��→ 0+

3��2 +
�� − 5
��2 + 4
3
Graph of = +2 5 +4

3��2 +
�� − 5
��2 + 4

3��2 + �� − 5
��2 + 4

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 39

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

ASAQ5
ACTIVITY 1.2 – L

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Evaluate the following limits of function. The graph of the given function may be useful on limit
evaluation.

__________ �� lim��→5−��
25 �� ������������: −∞
25 ��
__________ �� lim
���������
��→
+ ���: ∞
5

��
 __________ �� lim��→∞��
25 �� ������������: 0

__________ �� lim ��→ ∞�� Graph of = 25

2
5 − �� ������������: 0

�� +
__________ �� lim
+
��→0

__________ �� lim
−
��→0

�� +

���������� ����������
����: ∞ ����: − ∞

Graph of = +1

__________ �� lim��→∞ �� +

��������������: 0

__________3 �� lim
��→ ∞
3��2 + �� − 5
__________3 �� lim ��2 +
��→ ∞
 −
��→ 0
4�����������
�: 3 3��2 + �� − 5

3��2 + �� − 5

��2 +
��2 +
4�����������
5
4����������� �: − 4
�: 3

__________3 �� lim
3��2 + : −54 3��
= +2�� 5 �� +4
�� − 5
__________3 �� lim Graph
+ ��2 + 4
��→ 0 of ��

Differential Calculus Module 2-Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 40

UNIT 1-FUNCTION AND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

ACTIVITY 1.2 – M

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Based on the given graphs of , extract the indicated properties of the function and write answer on the
space provided..
1. 3.

b. − = ____________________ �� lim ��→ 1−�� �� =

________________

a. �� −
 = ___________________ b. �� = �� = ________________ �� lim
_____________________

+
��→ 2 ��

+ = ________________
��→ 1 �� �� ��
lim��→ 2−�� �� = _______________
�� lim

�� lim��→2�� �� = ___________________
2.
+
��→1 �� �� = __________________
�� lim

�� lim��→1−�� �� =
__________________
ℎ lim��→1�� �� = ___________________

�� lim ��→+∞�� �� = _________________

____________
a. 0 = __________________
+ ��
��→0�� �� = lim ��→ ∞�� �� = _________________
�� = ____________
b. c.
d.
lim��→0�� ��
= ______________
e. f
lim ��→+∞��
��
=
lim ____________

lim ��→ ∞��

��
=

lim��→0−�� ____________

Differential Calculus Module 2 – Continuity and Limit of a Function Page 21

 MODULE 3
INCREMENT AND
DERIVATIVE

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the module, students must be able to:

1. Understand concept of increment and derivative

2. Apply the increment method to find derivative of a given

function.
UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

INCREMENT

An increment is a small, unspecified, nonzero change in the value of a quantity.

The symbol most commonly used is the uppercase Greek letter delta (Δ). Consider the
case of the graph of a function y = f (x) in Cartesian (rectangular) coordinates, as shown
defined as the limit of m =
in the figure. The slope of this curve at a specific point P is xy
Δ, asΔx(read “delta x”) approaches zero, provided the
Δ
function is continuous (the curve is not “broken”). The value
xy
Δdepends on defining
Δ
two points in the vicinity of P. In the illustration, one of the points is P itself, defined as x
 , yand the other is Q( ) qq
( ) PP areq p Δy = y − y
x , y, which is near P. The increments here
andq p Δx = x − x. As point Q approaches point P, both of these increments approach
zero, and the ratio of increments
xy
Δapproaches the slope of the curve at point P.
Δ
When the increment is positive, it means “increase in the value of the quantity” while a
negative increment signifies a “decrease”.

The term increment is occasionally used in physics and engineering to represent

a small change in a parameter such as temperature T(ΔT), electric current I (ΔI)or timet
(Δt).

DERIVATIVE

We will extend our discussion of limits and examine the idea of the derivative, the
basis of differential calculus. We will assume a particular function of x, such that ( )2
y=fx=x

Differential Calculus Module 3 – Increment and Derivative of a Function 42

UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

If x is assigned the value 5, the corresponding value of y will be ( )2

5or 25. Now, if
we increase the value of x by 3, making it 8, we have incrementΔx = 3. This results in
an increase in the value of y, and we call this increase an increment orΔy. From this we
write
( )2
y + Δy = x + Δx= ( )2
5 + 3= 64.
 2

Thus,( )
Δ=+Δ−
yxxy
(5 ) 25 2
Δ=+Δ−
yx

We are interested in the ratio

xy
Δbecause the limit of this ratio asΔx
Δ
approaches zero is the derivative of function with respect to
smaller
As we recall from the discussion of limits, asΔxis made smaller,Δygets
also. In our example, the ratio
xy
Δapproaches 10 as shown on the table
Δ
below. Let x = 5, correspondingly, y = 25, then assume values of Δxthat tend to Δ
y.
approach zero. Take note that asΔx → 0 , →10
Δ
x
Variable Δx 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 1x10-5

( )2 2 Δy = x + Δx 11 1.01 0.1001 0.010001 0.001 1x10-4

−x

Δ 11 10.1 10.01 10.001 10.000 10.00001

y 1
Δ
x

The symbol
xy
Δgives the average rate of change of ywith respect tox, that is, Δ
with xchanging from xtox + Δx, and withycorrespondingly changing fromytoy + Δy . In
effect, the value of the functionf (x)becomesy = f (x + Δx). Furthermore, if for a fixed
, the quotient
value ofx xy

Δapproaches a limit as the increment Δxapproaches zero,

 Δ
this limit is called the derivative of ywith respect toxfor the given value ofx. This is
denoted by symbol
dxdyorf (x) y f (x) D y D f (x)
d ,',', , . x x
dx
∆��→0

Thus, by ���� = lim

definition, ∆��→0

���� ∆�� �� �� + ∆��

∆��= lim − �� �� ∆��

Differentiation is the process of finding

dxdywheny = f (x). If the derivative of f
(x)exists, then, f (x)is said to be a differentiable function of
Differential Calculus Module 3 – Increment and Derivative of a Function 43
UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

Note: Ify = f (x), the instantaneous rate of change of y per unit change in x at 1
x
x, if it exists.
is , or, equivalently, the derivative of y with respect to x at 1

THE FOUR-STEP RULE OR THE INCREMENT METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION

This is the long process of finding the derivative of a given function using the
increment of a variable and it may be formulated as follows:

1. Replace + ∆ for and + ∆ for

2. To getΔy, subtract the original function of ,that isf (x), from the new function of (x +
Δx), which isf (x + Δx). Thus, Δy = f (x + Δx)− f (x).

to define
3. Divide both sides of the resulting equation in Step 2 byΔx xy
Δ.
Δ

4.Take the limit asΔxapproaches zero of all the terms in the equation from Step 3.The
resulting equation is the derivative of f(x) with respect to x or simply
dxdy.
Example 1. Using the 4-Step Rule or the Increment Method, find the derivative of with
respect to or
dxdy.
 2
a.2 3
y = x + x − ---------------------------------------------------(1)
Step 1: ( ) 2( ) 3
2
y + Δy = x + Δx + x + Δx − -----------------------(2)
Step 2: Subtracting (2) to (1) will giveΔy .
2
2

()()()
Δ=+Δ++Δ−−+−
yxxxxxx
2323
2
2 2

[()]
Δ=+Δ+Δ++Δ−−−+
yxxxxxxxx
222323
2

()
Δ=Δ+Δ+Δ
yxxxx
22
(2 2)
Δ=Δ+Δ+
yxxx
to define
Step 3: Divide the resulting equation in Step 2 by Δx xy
Δ.
Δ
Δ
xx
y =2+Δ
Δ +2
x
Step 4. Take the limit of all the terms in the resulting equation in Step 3as approaches
zero. =2
�� +
lim 1
∆��→0 ∆��

∆��= 2�� + 2

Differential Calculus Module 3 – Increment and Derivative of a Function 44

UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

1
 =
y, when x = 2. x

b.
( )2
− +Δ=
1

2
1
yy
()xx
Δ= + Δ − 11
1
y ()()xxx
−
22
+Δ− Recall: Square of
1 a Trinomial of a
− Trinomial
1

y
22

()()xxx
−−+Δ−
11
Δ=
xxx
22

()()
+Δ−−
11
222

( ) ( ()) xxxxxxxx−+−+Δ++Δ−−
Δ
Δ= ()()
2 1 1 2 2 2 22

Δ =+ Δ − − 2 21 1

y ()
2 xxx
y x x x x 22
−Δ−Δ+
()()
Δ
 Δ =+ Δ − −
xxx
11
()
Δ−Δ−+
xxx
22
y
22 ()()

Δ+ Δ − − yx x x

11
−Δ−+
xx
= 22
22
Δ
x ()()

Δ+ Δ − − yx x x

11
−Δ−+
xx
11

∆��
Therefore,
22 −∆�� − 2��
22 +2
=
Δ ()()xxx
x
+Δ−−
lim �� − 1 2
∆��→0
2
∆��= lim ∆��→0 �� + ∆�� − 1
+ −+22 () x
dy −− −
022− x x 21 2
=
xx
= = =
22443
dx +−−
()()()xx ()()
011 x − 1 − 1 − 1
− 2 − 2
dy
When = 2: 2
()()
= 21− =
dx 1
3 3= −

Differential Calculus Module 3 – Increment and Derivative of a Function 45

UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

Example 2. At what point on the curve y = xis the derivative of y with respect to x equal

to 4.
Solution: We use the Increment Method to define
dxdy.
+Δ=+Δ
yyxx
Δ=+Δ−
yxxx

∆�� = √�� + ∆�� − √�� ∙√�� + ∆�� + √��

√�� + ∆�� + √��

∆�� = √�� + ∆�� − �� √�� + ∆�� + ��

√�� + ∆�� + ��
xxx Difference of Two Squares
+Δ+ Terms
Δ=y
xxx
22 +Δ− Δ
( ) ( ) xxx
+Δ−
Recall: Product of Sum and
Δ=y x
=
xxx
+Δ+ xxx+Δ+
∆

∆ =1
 √+∆+√
1
lim
√+∆+√ ∆ →0 ∆ = lim ∆ →0
∆
But by definition,

∆ =1
√ + + √ =1
= lim ∆ →0
2√
∆
To determine the unknown point on the curve, we use the given condition

.Thus,
that = 4 41

1
=x
2

Cross-multiply and simplify. 4 = 2√ 2 = √

Square both sides of the above equation to solve for . = 4

Hence, the unknown point on the curve y = xwhere the derivative of with respect to
equals
41is(4,2).

Differential Calculus Module 3 – Increment and Derivative of a Function 46

UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

SAQ6
ACTIVITY 2.3 – A

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Find
using the Increment Method of Differentiation.
2
1. 3 2 5
y=x−x+
 3
2. y x 4x
=−

=
25
y
−
3.
x

Differential Calculus Module 3 – Increment and Derivative of a Function 47

UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
1

y=
4. 2
7
x
 =
xx
23
−

y
5.
1+

6. y = 4 − x

Differential Calculus Module 3 – Increment and Derivative of a Function 48

UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

ASAQ6
ACTIVITY 2.3 – A
NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Find
using the Increment Method of Differentiation.
2
1. 3 2 5
y=x−x+ y
−
3.
����������� x
�: 2 3�� − 1
�����������
�: 3��2 − 4

3
2. y x 4x = −

�����������
2
�:5 2 − ��

=
25
Differential Calculus Module 3 – Increment and Derivative of a Function 49
UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

��:
2 3
y= − 7��
1 �����
�����
4. 2
7 x
=
xx
23
−
�����
�����
��:5

y
5.
1+

�� + 1 2

6. y = 4 − x
 ��: −√4
− �� 2 4
− ��

����������

Differential Calculus Module 3 – Increment and Derivative of a Function 50

UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

ACTIVITY 2.3 – B

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

In each of the following, find

__________________________________ at the indicated value of

using the Increment Method. 1. = + 1 ; = 3

 4
y; = 5
=
x
2.
1
−

1
y =; �� = 2
3. 3
4 x

Differential Calculus Module 3 – Increment and Derivative of a Function 51

MODULE 4
 RATE OF CHANGE

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the module, students must be able to:

1. Understand concept of rate of change.

2. Solve rate of change problems using derivative of a

function.
UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

RATE OF CHANGE
Recall that the symbol
xy
Δgives the average rate of change of ywith respect to
Δ
x. That is withxchanging from xtox + Δx , ycorrespondingly changes from to . If a
to represented by
quantity say changes with quantity , the rate of change of with respect
at a particular instant, say when is called the instantaneous rate of change of with
respect to

y1
=, at what value of is the rate of change of with
Example 1. For the function
x
respect to equal to
Solution: The instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x is represented by
dxdy
at the unknown value of
=
yy+Δ
1
 xx+Δ

Δ=y
+Δ
Δ=y −Δ

Δ=y

Δ
11
x
−
xxx
()
xxx
+Δ

()
xxx
−+Δ
x(x x) + Δ
y = − 1
x x(x x)
Δ
����
+Δ ���� lim
�� �� �� ��→0
1 1
��2

Using the given condition that the rate of change of y with respect to x equals − 4will
result to the unknown value of
1
dy dx 2= − 4
=−
4

−x
2 1
x=x=4

1
± 2
Differential Calculus Module 4 – Rate of Change Page 52
UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

Example 2. Find the rate at which the volume of the cube changes with respect to its
edge when the edge measures 2 cm.

Here, we like to find the instantaneous rate of change of the volume with respect
to the edge of cube when the edge measures 2 cm, that is,
when . Recall the formula to
find volume Vof a cube having edgee, that is, 3 V = e.Using the Increment Method of
differentiation,
3

()
VVee
+Δ=+Δ
3
3

()
Δ=+Δ−
Veee
23
32 3

()()
Δ=+Δ+Δ+Δ−
Veeeeeee
33
223

()()
Δ=Δ+Δ+Δ
Veeeee
33
22

[()]
Δ=Δ+Δ+Δ
Veeeee
Δ Δ33
V dV
33 Δ =
lim ��→0
22 () e �� 2

�� ��
= + Δ + �� 2
e e e e ��

dV
��→0
 lim de cm3 3e
�� 2

When e = 2cm, 3(2) 12 2

de == cm

Example 3. Boyle’s Law for the expansion of a gas isPV = 4, where Pis the number of
pounds per square unit of pressure, Vis the number of cubic units in the
volume of the gas, and kis a constant. Find the instantaneous rate of change
of the volume with respect to the pressure whenV = 8 .

Solution: To find the instantaneous rate of change of the volume with respect to the

pressure , first, we express the volume as a function of pressure. Thus, . Then, dV.
using the Increment Method, we derive expression for
dP
44
V V + Δ−
PPP+
=
Δ
4
PP+Δ
Δ =4 4
Δ=V ()

PPP
−+Δ
V
+ Δ P(P P)

Differential Calculus Module 4 – Rate of Change Page 53

UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

−Δ
4 P
Δ=
V P+Δ
()PP
Δ V = − 4
P P(P P)
Δ
���� ���� lim
 ��→0 ��→0
+Δ
�� 2
�� �� �� ��
�� lim

1 2
When 2. Substitution on the above equation will yield: ����

1
∙ 16

����

Differential Calculus Module 4 – Rate of Change Page 54

UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
SAQ7
ACTIVITY 2.3 – C

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________ Use the Increment Method of differentiation to solve

for the unknown.

= y
21, at what values of will the rate of change of with respect to be −
1. For the function
x
equal to
?

2. Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its diameter when the radius is 4

cm. Area of a circle 2 2

.

3. Find the rate of change of the volume of a right circular cone of constant altitude of 15 cm with
respect to its base radius when the radius measures 2 cm. Volume of a right circular cylinder 2 .
Differential Calculus Module 4 – Rate of Change Page 55
UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

4. Find the rate of change of the hypotenuse of a right triangle having a constant base of 2cm with
respect to its altitude when the altitude measures 21cm. Hint: Use Pythagorean Theorem.

5. Find the rate of change of the area of an equilateral triangle when the side measures 16 cm.

Area of an equilateral triangle √ 2.

Differential Calculus Module 4 – Rate of Change Page 56
UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

ASAQ7
ACTIVITY 2.3 – C

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________ Use the Increment Method of differentiation to solve

for the unknown.

= y
21, at what values of will the rate of change of with respect to be −
1. For the function
x
equal to
?6
2. Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its diameter when the radius is 4

cm. Area of a circle 2 2

.

3. Find the rate of change of the volume of a right circular cone of constant altitude of 15 cm with
respect to its base radius when the radius measures 2 cm. Volume of a right circular cylinder 2 . 6

Differential Calculus Module 4 – Rate of Change Page 57

UNIT 2 – INCREMENT AND DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

4. Find the rate of change of the hypotenuse of a right triangle having a constant base of 2cm with
√2
respect to its altitude when the altitude measures 21cm. Hint: Use Pythagorean Theorem.
5. Find the rate of change of the area of an equilateral triangle when the side measures 16 cm.

Area of an equilateral triangle √ 2. √

Differential Calculus Module 4 – Rate of Change Page 58

 MODULE 5
DIFFERENTIATION
FORMULAS FOR
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the module, students must be able to: 1.

Know the differentiation formulas for algebraic function.

2. How to use correctly the differentiation formulas for

algebraic function.
UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

An algebraic function is one formed by a finite number of algebraic operations on

constants and/or variables. These algebraic operations include addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, raising to powers, and extracting roots. Polynomial and rational
functions are particular kinds of algebraic functions.
Polynomial function is defined by ( ) 10
n n − 1 n − 2
f x a x a x a x ... a x a =n + + + + +
−
n
1
 n
−
2

Wheren a ,a ,...,a 0 1are real numbers( ≠ 0)

n
aand is a non-negative integer. Functionfis
a polynomial function of degreen .

Rational function is a function that can be expressed as a quotient of two

polynomial functions.

f x Example 2. ( )325 2+−

Example 1.( )41

=
xx
= −
xx hx
2
−

DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

The following differentiation formulas were derived using the Increment Method
of differentiation. On the list below, let and be functions of ; while and are constants.
1. Derivative of a Constant 6. Derivative of Square Root of a
d Function d
(c) = 0 1
dx d
(u)
u
=
dx
dx
2
u

2. Derivative of x with respect to 7. Derivative of a Product of Two

xd d
Factors = +
(x) = 1
d
dx
d
( ) ( ) (u)
uv u
vv
dx
dx
dx

3. Derivative of a Power of x 8. Derivative of a Product of Three

d d
Factors = + +
 ( )−1 d
nn d
cx cnx d
= ()u
dx uvw uv
w uw
v vw
dx
dx
dx
dx

4. Derivative of a Sum/Difference of 9. Derivative of a Quotient

d d
Terms ± = ±
d
d
d ()()
( ) ( ) (v) d−
uv v
u uu
dx v
dx
u
dx
⎜
⎝⎛
⎞
dx
dx
⎟=
2
dx
v
v
⎠

5. Derivative of a General Power 10. Derivative of a Constant Over a

d n n−1 Function d
d c
( ) (u) −
cu cnu c
= d
dx ⎜
dx ⎝⎛
⎞
(u)
⎟=
2
dx
u
u
 dx
⎠

Let me illustrate how to use the listed differentiation formulas. Most people find
the differentiation process hard. Students failed to arrive at the correct derivative
because of inadequate knowledge of trigonometry, geometry and algebra. But do not be
threatened, illustrative examples have steps presented in detailed way.

Differential Calculus Module 5 – Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function Page 59

UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

Example 1. Find the derivative

dxdyor f '(x)of the given algebraic functions.
32
a. 4 6 8
y=x−x+x−

d
The given function is a sum of terms. To differentiate, we use Formula 4: ± = ± ,
followed with the use of Formula 3:( )−1
d d
as well as
d
( ) ( ) (v) nn

uv u cx cnx =
dx dx dx dx

dand Formula 1:(c) = 0

Formula 2: (x) = 1 dx d. dx

( )

() ()

(Recall: )

b. ( )2 2
y = 2x − 3

There are two possible ways of finding the derivative of the given function which
is a general power of .
Method 1. First, we transform the given function to a sum of terms by expanding the
right side of the given equation above using the special product called square of a
binomial:( )2 2 2
a ±b = a ± 2ab+b. Hence,

y=x−x+=x−x+
2
42

(4 12 9) 4 12 9
42

d d d
424121
−−
dy
()()
= − + = − + 4 12 9 4 4 12 2 0
dx dx x x xx
dx dx
dy dx
32 d n n−1
16 24 8 (2 3)
=−=− u=x−n=2
xxxx
d
Method 2. We use directly the Formula 5:( ) (u) 2
= , with 2 3,
21 ⎜ ⎟
⎝⎛ ⎠⎞
2−
dx dx
cu cnu d d
d
222
dy
()()()
=−−=−−2232322323

dx dy x x x dy x dx
dx dx
22122−

2(2 3)[2(2) 0] 2(2 3)(4 ) 8 (2 3) = − − = = − = −

dx xx xxxx
dx

Observe that both methods of finding the derivative give to same result.

Differential Calculus Module 5 – Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function Page 60

UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION
 c. ( )23 y−

41
= x
x

This time, the given function is a quotient having the numerator a special product called
a cube of binomial.

Method 1. First, we expand the special product( ) 3 3 ,

3
3223

a −b = a − a b + ab −bthe result of
x . Doing so results to:
which, then divided by 2

3223
−

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
43413411
xxx
= −+−
2
y 32
x
y
64 48 12 64 48 12 1 =
xxx −−12

−+−
x xxx
=−+− 2

The simplified form is now a sum of terms and we differentiate using Formula 4:
d
±=±
d d
( ) ( ) (v).
−−12
u d
dx dx
uv
dx dy d d d
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = − + − 64 48 12
dx x x x
dx dx dx dx
dy dx dy 1 0 12 1 2
023−−
x x x 12 2
( ) ( ) ( ) = − + − − − 64 = − +
 Recall: ���� �� ��. Hence: �� ��3
23
64
dx x x d
()()

d−
u v uu v
⎜
⎝⎛, with:
⎞
dx
dx
⎟=
Method 2. We use directly the quotient Formula 9:
2
dx
v
v
⎠
. We need and
( ) and for substitution on the formula.
3 d
() 22
0 �� ����
ux
=− ��
41
du
()()()() =−−=−

−3414134140
dx xxx
dx
x ���� ��
du dx = − 3 4 1 4 12
22

()()()=− 41xx

Substitution on the quotient formula gives [ ( ) ]()

()
223

y− − −
xxxx
12 4 1 4 1 2
 '
x
=
( )2 2

Differential Calculus Module 5 – Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function Page 61

UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

Simplify the numerator by bringing-out the common monomial factor ( ) .

2
2
=
( ) [ ( )] ( ) ( ) y− − +

241641241641xxxx
−−− xxxx
'
x
x = 2
4
2 4

( ) ( ) ( )( ) 2 4 1 2 1 2 16 8 1 2 1 x x x
y ' xxxx−+ +
−+
=
3 2 24
4
= x x
y () 2 32 16 x x x
'
2 16 8 1 x x − + + − +
=
3 3

x 3

64 12 2 64 12 2 x x
y ' = −+ x x
=−+
3

y ' 64 xx
x x
12 2 333 xx
= − + 23

Note: The derivative was expanded to show that the result of Method 2 is right.
However, it is always best to express the derivative of a function in its factored
form.
 d. (3 2 4 1)( 4 2)
425
y=x−x+x−x−x+

Method 1. Get the product of the factors on the right side of the given equation to bring
d
±=±.
d d
the product to a sum of terms, then, use the Formula 4:( ) ( ) (v)
y x x x x x x x x+ − dx
dx dx
9765432 =−+−++− uv u

3 2 4 13 6 8 20 12 2 dy
d d d d d d d d d
9765432
= − + − + + − + − 3 2 4 13 6 8 20 12 2
dx
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x
dx
dy
865432

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = − + − + + − + 3 9 2 7 4 6 13 5 6 4 8
3 20 2 12 x x x x x x x dx
dy
865432
=−+−++−+
27 14 24 65 24 24 40 12
xxxxxxx
dx
 d
= +with:
d d
Method 2. Use the product Formula 9:( ) ( ) (u)
uxxx =−+ − uv u vv
42
dx dx
dx
3
=−+
du dx 12 4 4
3241 xx

Substitute now the above on Formula 9.

Differential Calculus Module 5 – Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function Page 62

UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

42453

( )( ) ( )( ) = − + − − + − + − + 3 2 4 1 5 4 4 2 12 4 4 x
xxxxxxx
dy
dx
dy
865442
= − + − − + − + 15 10 20 5 12 8 16 4
xxxxxxx
dx
843625

( ) + − + − + − + − + 12 48 24 4 16 8 4 16 8
dy = − + − + + − + 27 14 24 65 24
dx
dy 24 40 12
dx x x x x x x x 865432
= − + − + + − + 27 14 24 65 24

32 24 40 12 x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x 865432

e. 4 6 7
y=x−x−x+

d
1
 d
Solution: To differentiate, we use the Formula 6: (u)
dx u =with:
2 u dx
results to 2
32
du
. Substitution of these on Formula 6

u=x−x−x+,386
467 =x−x−
dx 1 d
32
y 32 xxx 1 ( ) xx −−+
' 2467 467
= dx
−−+ x 2

yy 2467386 xxx ( ) 38
xx
'' xxx −− 6xx
32
== 2467
−−+ −−
32 2 −−+

232

Rationalize the fraction. ( )

386467
xxxxx
y − − − − + '3 2
=
xxx
4
2( 4 6 7)
f. 25 −−+
= y 2
−
x
The differentiation of the given function can be dome in three ways.
d ()()
d

d−
u v uu v
⎜
⎝⎛, with:
Method 1. Formula 9: ⎞ dx dx
We apply the dx ⎟= v
Quotient v ⎠ 2
 = vx
u 4 25 2
du ,x
=− ,
dx 02 dv dx 2
= =

'
Substitution yields ( )( ) ( ) −−

=
xx
xx
−−
y 2 8
=
25 0 4
( ) ( )2 2
2
x 2

− 25 25
Differential Calculus Module 5 – Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function Page 63
UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION
c c
− d
d
⎜
⎝⎛,with:
⎞
Method 2. We use the special Quotient Formula 10:(u)
⎠ 2
2 dx u u dx
du ⎟=

==−=.
c 4,u x 25, 2
x
dx
4 d 2
− 4
( ) ( x)
() ()
2
y2' 2

=− − = 25
x
22
−
x − 25 dx x 25
'
−−
y ==
xx
 8
( )2 225

Method 3. We may rewrite the given function to( )1 2

4 25 −
y = x − , then, use the general
d n n−1 d 2 du
power Formula 5: ( ) (u)
=, with ( )x
cu cnu dx = = − − = − = − = dx
dx c 4,n 1,n 1 2,u x 25 , 2

' 4 1 25 2
−−
2
2− 8 x

( )( ) ( )
( )2 2 y x x

=−−=x 25

Observe that all methods of differentiation presented yield same

=
result. xx

2
g. 4 5
y −

The given function can be differentiated in two different ways.

Method 1: Rewrite the given function to( ) 21
2 4 5−
y = x x − , then, apply Product Formula 7:
d
=+
d d
( ) ( ) (u).
12
dx
uv u dx dx
vv
−

()
ux ()()
vx
=−
−−2
= 451
1
2 dv d
1
 =−−−4545
32
du dx 2
21 dx
=
dx dv x − x 2
()()
( )23
=−−=−
454
dx x
2 45
x
−

Therefore, after doing the necessary substitutions, we got

⎥
⎢⎡ ⎥ ⎦⎤
⎢ ⎣ −−
' 2 21
yx 2 (4 5) (2)
−
=x
3
+−
()45
2
' 4 = x 2
x x
− − 4
y + 2 +
=
x x x ( )( ) 4 5
3
−45
45 x − 4545−−
2

x −

Differential Calculus Module 5 – Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function Page 64

UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION
− + − 4 2 4 5 x − + − 4 8 10 x x
() x 4 10
y ' = x −
= =
()()()4545
xx
−−() 4545xx 4545xx
225
−− −−
y ' = x −
(4 5) 4 5 xx
 −− d
()()

d−
⎜ u ⎞ v dx uu v
⎝⎛ dx
Method 2. We Formula 9: dx v x ⎠
use the =− v
Quotient v 2
⎟=
= ()4
451 2
dv =
dx x x 2 4 5
− xx−− ⎜⎛
() ⎝−
45
4522
− ⎟
2 ⎠⎞
ux
4 54 5 x

' = = du 2
y x −
2454xx−−
2=
()
4 10
y ' = x −
= dx
()()4545
xx
−−() −−
225
4545xx

y ' = x −
xx
−−

⎜⎛
⎜ ⎝ −+
4

(4 5) 4 5
y = 3
8⎟
h. 3 xx ⎟ ⎠⎞
21
Solution: To differentiate the given function, apply the general power Formula 5:
d n n−1 d
=, with: 3

() (u) 3
.
dx cu cnu dx
Using the quotient formula to find
3232
2

( )( ) ( )( )
=
du. xx

21386
xxxx
−−+ − 51
=
2
dx 3

( ) ( )2 3 21
x − −

3 3 2 3
23
21
Therefore, using Formula 5 yields:
( )( )
⎜⎛ ⎟ ⎢⎡ =⎥
⎜ ⎝ −+ ⎟ ⎠⎞ ⎢⎣− ⎥ ⎦⎤
dy 8 51 −+ 204 8 x x
x − x
= 4
xx −−

3
dx 21x 21x 3
3
2
2121
3 ( ) ( )2 3
3
23

()
3
dydx
=
xx x 21
−+ −
204 8 ( )5

Differential Calculus Module 5 – Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function Page 65

UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION
SAQ8
ACTIVITY 3.5 – A

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Find the derivative of the following functions. If ever possible, express final answer in factored
form.
5432
4.
1.3 3 7 5 8 xx
y=x−x+x−x+x− 49
−
y
49
=
+

3
5
y=x−x−
53
⎜⎛
⎜ ⎝ +−
34 2⎟
x
⎟ ⎠⎞
2.2 3
=
xx
y
5.
3
1

3. ( )
1
6. 3
x
y=x−
3
5
Differential Calculus Module 5 – Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function Page 66
UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

ASAQ8
ACTIVITY 3.5 – A

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Find the derivative of the following functions. If ever possible, express final answer in factored
form.
5432
4.
1.3 3 7 5 8 xx
y=x−x+x−x+x− 49
−
y
49
=
+

()

3
5
⎜⎛
53
y=x−x− ⎜ ⎝ +−
24 2⎟
x
⎟ ⎠⎞
2.2 3
=
xx
y
5.
3
1

( )
( )
 3. ( )
6.y = 3x − 5x
3
( )( )
√

√
3

Differential Calculus Module 5 – Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function Page 67

UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

ACTIVITY 3.5 – B

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE:

______________ SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF:

__________________________________

Find the derivative of the following functions. If ever possible, express final answer in factored
form.
2
1. 3 5 1 ()
57
y=x−x+ 4.y = x 1+ 2x
 32
( )2 4 2 5.y = 2x − 4x + 3
2.y = 3x − 2x + 4

2
( )( ) =
33
xx x
3.y = x − 6x 2 − 4x 232
−−
6.
y
+
3

Differential Calculus Module 5 – Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function Page 68

UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

3 =
7. xx
+ 10.
+
y
= y
x 21
() 32
4
 −
2
11. ( 2) 3 4
32
y1 y=x−x+
x
8.
=
x

4
5 12. ( 2) 3 4
x 32

9. y=x−x+
x
y=+
4
5

Differential Calculus Module 5 – Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function Page 69

UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION
Differential Calculus Module 5 – Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Function Page 70
 MODULE 6
SLOPE OF TANGENT
AND NORMAL LINE

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the module, students must be able to: 1.

Know the relation of derivative of a function to slope of
tangent and normal line to the graph of a function.

2. Find equation of the tangent and normal line to a curve

at a given value of the independent variable.
UNIT 3 – DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

THE SLOPE OF THE TANGENT AND THE DERIVATIVE

Consider two points ( ), a fixed point and a variable point ( ) on the graph of function ( ).
Line is a secant line and line the tangent line to the curve at point . Let pointQapproach
QR
point Palong the curve. From the figure, we =xy
Δ
see the slope of the secant line PQ= PR . AsQ → P, that is, asΔx → 0, the slope Δ
of PQtakes the slope of the tangent line at Pas its limit. Thus, by definition,
��
Slope of tangent line at P(x, y)= = at point ( )
lim ��
��→0
Note: The slope of the tangent line defines the slope of the curve at the point of
tangency. Thus,

Slope of the curve at

point equals ��′(��1)

Recall that a normal line to the curve of y = f (x)at point of tangency ( ) 1 1

x , yis
perpendicular to the tangent at the point of tangency. Therefore, in Analytic Geometry,
recall that the slope of the normal line is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the
1
tangent. In symbol form, slope of
− at ( ) 1 1
normal line at ( ) 1 1 x , y=

dy dx the
x , y. To get

equation of the tangent and normal to the curve at the point of tangency( ) 1 1
x , y, we use
the point-slope form of the equation of the line, that is( ) 1 1 y − y = m x −

x.

Equation of tangent line at (��1 ��1):

Equation of the normal line at (��1 ��1)

Differential Calculus Module 6 – Slope of Tangent and Normal Line Page 70