(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

Vol. 14, No. 4, 2023

Patient Health Monitoring System Development using

ESP8266 and Arduino with IoT Platform
Jamil Abedalrahim Jamil Alsayaydeh1*, Mohd Faizal bin Yusof2, Muhammad Zulhakim Bin Abdul Halim3,
Muhammad Noorazlan Shah Zainudin4. Safarudin Gazali Herawan5
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Technology-Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Elektrik & Elektronik (FTKEE),
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Melaka, Malaysia1, 3
Cetri-Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka,
Malaysia4
Department Homeland Security-Faculty of Resilience, Rabdan Academy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 2
Industrial Engineering Department-Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia 114805

Abstract—The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a can be accessed remotely via web connectivity. This not only
transformative technology that has revolutionized the field of enables real-time patient monitoring but also facilitates prompt
healthcare. One of the most promising applications of Internet of crisis response services. As such, Internet of Things (IoT)-
Things (IoT) in healthcare is patient health monitoring, which based gadgets provide both recognition and emergency
allows healthcare providers to remotely monitor patients' health response services, which are critical components in ensuring
and provide prompt medical attention when needed. This optimal patient care.
research work focuses on developing an Internet of Things (IoT)-
based patient health monitoring system aimed at providing a The traditional approach to patient monitoring in hospitals
solution for patients, particularly the elderly, who face the risk of and healthcare facilities can be tedious and often results in
unexpected death due to the lack of medical attention. The unequal treatment of patients. Medical staff is required to
proposed system utilizes a heartbeat sensor and an Infrared IR manually check multiple vital signs of patients, which can be
temperature sensor connected to Arduino UNO and Nodemcu, time-consuming and prone to errors. Furthermore, patients'
respectively, to monitor the patient's vital signs. The sensors families or relatives need to visit them for updates on their
collect the data, which is then sent to an Internet of Things (IoT) condition, which can be inconvenient and burdensome [2].
web platform via a Wi-Fi connection. The Internet of Things Additionally, many hospitals still rely on outdated paper-based
(IoT) platform displays the real-time data of the patient's health recording systems, which are prone to errors and can result in
status, including the temperature and heartbeat rate, which can missing or illegible data [3]. These issues can lead to a waste of
be monitored by doctors and nurses. The system is designed to
time and resources, as well as compromise patient care.
send alerts to healthcare providers in the event of any medical
emergency, ensuring that prompt medical attention can be
However, the implementation of an Internet of Things (IoT)-
provided to the patient. The significance of this research work based patient health monitoring system can revolutionize
lies in its potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry by healthcare by providing real-time remote monitoring of
providing a more efficient and effective means of patient health patients, digital storage of patient information, and immediate
monitoring. The system can be used to monitor a large number of check-ups for individuals to maintain optimal health [4]. The
patients simultaneously, which is particularly beneficial in proposed work presented in this study marks a new pathway
hospitals with a large patient load. Moreover, it can reduce the towards solving numerous problems that have been plaguing
workload of healthcare providers, allowing them to focus on the healthcare industry and society at large. The current system
other critical tasks. This innovative system has the potential to of healthcare services has been marred with inefficiencies and
improve the overall quality of healthcare services and lead to management issues, which necessitates the need for a more
better health outcomes for the society. effective and sophisticated approach to healthcare services. The
IoT system is the perfect match for this modern era, with its
Keywords—Patient health monitoring; Internet of Things real-time monitoring, sophisticated data collection and storage,
(IoT); Arduino UNO; Nodemcu ESP8266; thingspeak; wearable and alert systems that have proven to be highly effective. This
device; temperature value; heartbeat value; remotely proposed work represents a step ahead of the current healthcare
I. INTRODUCTION system, with its ability to solve numerous issues and monitor
patients accurately and in real-time. Despite the impressive
In today's digital age, the integration of the internet has results of previous studies and proposed projects, the medical
transformed various industries, including healthcare. The industry has been slow to adopt Internet of Things (IoT)-based
emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in health systems. This study seeks to create an updated, reliable, and
monitoring systems has revolutionized the way we approach innovative healthcare system that will meet the growing
healthcare [1]. With the widespread usage of the internet, expectations of society in terms of saving lives and advancing
coupled with the increasing efficiency of devices and gadgets, medical technology development [5][6].
we can now monitor patients around the clock using Internet of
Things (IoT)-based health monitoring systems. These devices To achieve the lofty goal of this endeavor, it is imperative
constantly examine factual data and produce vital signs that to concoct a novel and innovative approach to the management

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of hospital and clinic system operations, with a thorough and employed to monitor health status. The authors devised a
effective methodology in place. The objectives of this work are plethora of sensors to keep a watchful eye on the real-time
to assist health staff in monitoring and recording patient data health of animals. Their study utilized an array of sensors,
frequently at specific times, which is especially important for including those that measured temperature, respiration rate,
hospitals with a large number of patients where unexpected heart rate, and humidity rate [9][10]. To control this project,
fluctuations can occur. Additionally, with the numerous data they employed the Raspberry Pi, complete with its built-in Wi-
collections that occur for each monitored patient, all recorded Fi module. Additionally, they created a cloud-based platform
data will be saved in one place - a cloud-based system - which to store and transmit sensor data, while an Android mobile
is more efficient than the current method used. Lastly, an alert application system was used to gather real-time data on the
system functions as an emergency detection tool that can send animal's health state. This project effectively underscores the
notifications via email to the administrator or health staff, feasibility of wearable devices, which may be a fitting solution
allowing immediate action to be taken based on the condition for our research endeavor.
of the patient during panic situations.
C. Real Time Health Monitoring Devices
This study has made several contributions to the field of A trustworthy patient monitoring system that allows
healthcare by developing an Internet of Things (IoT)-based medical professionals to keep track of patients in the hospital
patient health monitoring system that can remotely monitor or during their daily activities has been developed by A.
patients' vital signs and provide prompt medical attention in Abdullah, A. Ismael, A. Rashid, A. Abou-Elnour, and M.
case of any medical emergency. The system uses heartbeat and Tarique [11][12]. The system employs mobile devices for
temperature sensors connected to Arduino UNO and Nodemcu, wireless patient monitoring and enables real-time transmission
respectively, and sends data to an Internet of Things (IoT) web of data on the patient's physical condition. The project aims to
platform that displays real-time data of the patient's health collect and analyze vital physiological data from patients to
status. This innovative system has the potential to revolutionize accurately determine their health and fitness levels.
the healthcare industry by providing a more efficient and Additionally, the system can send text messages or email
effective means of patient health monitoring, which will reports with important health information to patients.
ultimately lead to a better quality of life and improved health Healthcare professionals can provide valuable medical advice
outcomes for the society. by utilizing the information in these messages. The authors
The remainder of this paper has been organized as follows: utilized multiple sensors, an Arduino microcontroller, and
Section II discusses the related works. The background of the LabVIEW software to develop the system [13][14].
study is described in Section III. Section IV describes the D. Focused Health Monitoring
system implementation methods. Section V describes the
results, Section VI describes the discussion and finally, the Masud, Muhammad and Alhumyani proposed a health
conclusion is described in Section VII. monitoring system that focuses on three vital signs of patients:
temperature, blood pressure, and heartbeat [15]. The system
II. RELATED WORK uses a microcontroller and several sensors to collect and
visualize the data on a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and store
To achieve the intended target, it is crucial to delve into the
it in cloud-based storage. This system is designed to assist
fundamentals and knowledge garnered from prior studies.
healthcare professionals in monitoring multiple patients
Previous works have delved into health monitoring systems
simultaneously. The authors employed microcontrollers such
that utilize wireless technology. As the health monitoring
as Arduino and Nodemcu, as well as Ubidots software, to
system is an integral part of the Internet of Things (IoT)
implement the project [16][17]. The system has been tested and
system, it is imperative to scrutinize past works that employ
has demonstrated good accuracy in monitoring patients' vital
comparable strategies and aspire to similar objectives as this
signs introducing a novel tree-based deep model for automatic
research endeavor.
face recognition in a cloud-based environment that strikes a
A. Classic Health Monitoring balance between computational efficiency and high accuracy.
The classic method of patient health monitoring has been a The model divides the input volume into multiple volumes and
stalwart in healthcare institutions such as hospitals and clinics creates a tree structure for each volume, where each branch of
since its inception in the early 2000s. Despite its extensive use the tree is represented by a residual function comprising of a
over the years, this approach falls short in terms of its ability to convolutional layer, batch normalization, and a non-linear
accurately monitor a large number of patients within a set time function. Rigorously evaluated on publicly available databases,
frame. Health staff, comprising doctors and nurses, is tasked the proposed model achieves remarkable accuracies, surpassing
with physically examining and recording patient data. Patients the current state-of-the-art deep models for face recognition.
are required to queue or wait their turn for checkups, while E. Smart Patient Monitoring using Databases and Physically
those confined to their beds require round-the-clock Sensors
monitoring. Patient data is painstakingly recorded by hand in a
patient booklet and stored in physical form on shelves [7]. Chee Yuan, L. and Kong have proposed a health
monitoring system that uses physical sensors [18]. The system
B. Wearable Smart Health Monitoring involves attaching sensors to the patient's body to monitor their
Pradhan, S., Zainuddin, A. A., and Sahak's research project health data, which is then stored in a database built using
[8] offers an intriguing insight into the myriad methods Personal Home Page (PHP). While this method is effective for
storing patient data remotely, it requires the use of contact

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sensors that must physically touch the patient's body. Despite systems provide a more accessible and cost-effective
this limitation, the system is functional and can be alternative to the traditional clinical conduct, allowing for
implemented in health departments [19]. improved access to healthcare facilities.
F. Internet of Things IoT Health Monitoring The goal of this proposed research is to develop a patient
V. Akhila, Y. Vasavi, K. Nissie, and P. V. Rao have health monitoring system based on the Internet of Things
utilized IoT and sensor technologies to develop a system that (IoT). By minimizing doctor visits, hospital stays, and daily
can monitor a patient's health condition in real-time [20]. The diagnostic tests, this system aims to reduce healthcare costs
authors tested the system by monitoring the health condition of [28]. The sensors are connected to an Arduino Uno
a real individual. The project involved the use of Internet of microprocessor that tracks and transmits the data collected to
Things (IoT) and microcontroller like Arduino to gather data ThingSpeak, which can generate alerts. Health staff can
from analogue sensors. In the healthcare industry, the monitor patients' health using IoT technology and identify any
combination of IoT with Arduino microcontroller has proven unusual readings in terms of temperature and heartbeat.
to be effective in monitoring and collecting current patient ThingSpeak can display patient data in real-time. This system
health condition data [21]. This work describes the use of can save a lot of time in measuring and monitoring a patient's
Arduino UNO as a sensor node and gateway in a remote health health at a specific time, making IoT technology reliable and
monitoring system. The system utilizes GSM for efficient. The use of IoT-based patient monitoring systems has
communication between doctors and patients, and Wi-Fi for enormous potential for healthcare professionals to observe tiny
transmitting sensor data to a web-based IoT platform. The aspects of a patient's well-being [29]. Therefore, the system
ATMEGA 328p microprocessor, installed within the sensor must check and analyze the data in detail, with ThingSpeak
nodes, measures temperature, pulse rate, and blood pressure serving as an IoT platform.
readings using the temperature sensor and HP/BP sensor. The Medical facilities in remote areas are often inaccessible to
data is displayed on an LCD attached to the Arduino and local communities [20]. As a result, many people ignore minor
transmitted to the cloud server via the Wi-Fi module. This health issues that could indicate larger problems, such as
technology allows for continuous monitoring of the health of changes in body temperature or heart rate. When these issues
severely ill patients and seniors suffering from heart and blood progress to the point of being life-threatening, medical
pressure disorders. attention is sought, resulting in unnecessary expenses. This is
G. Contactless Internet of Things IoT Patient Health especially important to consider in the event of an epidemic
Monitoring spreading to an area without easy access to doctors. Providing
patients with smart sensors that can be remotely monitored
The framework suggested by Dipti S. Gandhamwar and could save many lives and help prevent the spread of illness
Sunil Kuntawaris [22] is used to remotely monitor patients' [30].
wellbeing. Sensors such as the heartbeat sensor, temperature
sensor, and SpO2 sensor are used to estimate important The main goal of this proposed work is to develop a
parameters. The suggested model enables medical practical and effective system for Internet of Things (IoT)-
professionals to check on patient wellbeing from any location based patient health monitoring, and to study its wellness,
and helps people consult experts anywhere in the world. The operation methods, theoretical framework, and impacts [31].
system combines the Internet of Things (IoT) and remote The recommended system is depicted in Fig. 1, and it uses two
sensor technology for effective health monitoring, and sensor sensors to detect the patient's body temperature and heartbeat.
data must be available consistently. The data is archived and The sensors are connected to a microcontroller unit that
viewable on the web server [23]. The system is set up to send a processes the input data from both sensors. The collected data
message to the specialist if the sensor data exceeds the is then sent to or stored in an IoT database. This database
threshold values. The main benefit is a reduction in the amount allows doctors or health staff to retrieve the data and monitor
of time specialists and patients need to intervene in times of the patient's current health condition from anywhere via the
crisis. By recommending a minimally expensive framework for base station.
saving lives, with the hope that individuals will be amenable,
the goal is achieved. The limitation of the specialist's
accessibility is considered, and the proposed model does not
include the pulse-checking framework [24].
III. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Smart technology is a combination of sensor-based, data-
Fig. 1. Smart health monitoring system process flow.
driven, and programmable technologies that also incorporate
artificial intelligence. The integration of traditional medical The flowchart of the object recognition process is shown in
scaling with advanced technology has resulted in patient health Fig. 2.
monitoring, which offers numerous benefits, such as
monitoring vital signs like heartbeat rate, temperature rate, and
respiration rate, which can help facilitate faster medical
intervention. Currently, the Internet of Things (IoT) is
considered the leading solution for developing innovative
health monitoring systems [27]. Patient health monitoring

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A. Hardware Development
This section provides an explanation of the hardware
components used in the system. The Arduino UNO is used as
the microcontroller and receives and sends data from the pulse
sensor to Nodemcu through UART serial communication. The
pulse sensor is not compatible with Nodemcu and needs to be
connected to Arduino UNO instead. The Arduino UNO is
powered by a 9V battery which is also used to power up the
pulse sensor. The connections between the pulse sensor and
Arduino UNO are established by connecting the VCC pin to
3.3V of Arduino, GND pin to GND of Arduino, and analog pin
to A0 of Arduino. The paragraph also mentions that the
hardware components are functioning properly as they indicate
light when turned on.
Nodemcu is a microcontroller with a built-in Wi-Fi module
that is well-suited for this Internet of Things (IoT) system as it
can transmit data via the internet to the desired IoT platform.
ThingSpeak platform is used in this system. Nodemcu is
powered by a 9V battery. Serial communication with Arduino
is established via the Receive RX and Transmit TX pins on
each microcontroller, allowing pulse sensor data from Arduino
to be read. Infrared (IR) temperature sensor is connected to
Nodemcu to read temperature data. The IR temperature sensor
requires a voltage of 3.3V, which is provided by connecting
VCC to 3.3V of Nodemcu and GND to Ground GND of
Nodemcu. The Serial Clock (SCL) and Serial Data (SDA) pins
are connected to D1 and D2 of Nodemcu, respectively.
B. Software Development
This section describes the coding and data transmission
process for the IoT-based patient health monitoring system.
The coding is necessary for the pulse sensor to read the heart
beat data, which is then transmitted to the Nodemcu
microcontroller via serial communication. The pulse sensor
library is included in the coding, and the data is read using the
library's provided read data value. The data is then sent from
Fig. 2. Flowchart of the system.
Arduino UNO to Nodemcu, where it is received and combined
with the temperature data from the Infrared IR temperature
sensor. The combined data is then transmitted to the
IV. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION METHODS ThingSpeak platform for monitoring. The system settings
provide the ThingSpeak host and Application Programming
Fig. 2 illustrates the steps involved in developing this Interface API key necessary for obtaining the data. Fig. 3
system. Firstly, the hardware components necessary for the shows how to access this information. ThingSpeak is a useful
project were carefully selected. The Arduino Integrated technology for IoT applications as it allows for remote
Development Environment (IDE) was chosen as the software monitoring and management of data processing. It collects,
platform for coding due to its user-friendly interface and ability analyzes, and visualizes sensor data, and can also initiate
to process input signals and generate corresponding output responses.
signals. The project involves placing sensors on the patient's
body to record vital signs. The MLX90614 sensor will be used ThingSpeak in this work is platform to visualize data
to measure the patient's body temperature, while the Heartbeat receives from Nodemcu which are temperature value and
module or pulse sensor will monitor the patient's pulse rate. heartbeat value for monitoring purpose in real time using
The microcontroller will process the data obtained from both internet. IFTTT is also used in this work by connecting it to
sensors, checking the condition of the patient against pre-set ThingSpeak as it acts for alert message via email when there is
parameters. All data collected will be converted to a list and misreading over the value or threshold that have been set when
notification of any abnormal readings will be sent to the reading data from Nodemcu such as for temperature value
administrator. This feature is particularly useful in cases where when exceeding 37.5 and for heart beat when exceeding 120
the patient's health is at risk, and prompt action is required. BPM.

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Fig. 3. Coding for setup IoT data transmission.

V. RESULTS
Upon completing the hardware and software development
for this work, it is imperative to conduct testing to determine if
the desired goals have been achieved. To this end, an Infrared
IR temperature sensor is connected through ESP8266, while
the pulse sensor is connected through Arduino UNO, as Fig. 5. ThingSpeak channel created.
depicted in Fig. 4. Both microcontrollers are powered by a 9V
battery to initiate the circuit and system. Serial communication,
By finishing hardware and software development of this project, it is necessary to test 1
To set up the IFTTT account, login is required followed by
specifically the outcome
universalof the project if itasynchronous receiver/transmitter
achieved the goal wanted. In the project test development, 2 creating a new applet with two actions for triggering. The first
IR temperature sensor is connected through ESP8266 while the pulse sensor is connected 3
(UART) communication, facilitatesis setinteraction
through Arduino UNO. Both microcontroller between
to connect with 9V battery to be turn the
4 action, "Patient_info," involves sending patient data, such as
on so that it can start the circuit and system. Interaction between both microcontroller is 5
two microcontrollers.
via serial communication Inor UART thiscommunication
transmission
[23]. So basicallyof serial
there are few serial data,
6 heartbeat and temperature, to a spreadsheet row via email. The
various serial protocols are employed and adhered to.
protocols happen and followed in transmission of serial data that use UART
communication.
7
8 second action, "Panic," alerts via email if needed (see Fig. 7).
The actions should then be reviewed to ensure proper
functioning. To connect the data from ThingSpeak to email,
ThingHTTP and React must be configured, and the actions
created in IFTTT must be triggered. Finally, save all the data
and test the system.

Fig. 4. Complete hardware circuit communication.

To collect data from the patient, the sensors are positioned

in a way that aligns with the patient's position on the bed. The
pulse sensor is placed on the fingertip while the Infrared IR
temperature sensor is placed on the patient's forehead. The
sensors are placed in these locations due to their compatibility Fig. 6. Google spreadsheet showing data collected.
with the patient's environment and the specifications required
for data collection. In Fig. 5, the collected data is uploaded When the data uploaded to ThingSpeak meeting the
from the Nodemcu to ThingSpeak, with the temperature value condition set in ThingHTTP the alert message will be send
on field 1 and the patient's heartbeat value on field 2. The through email saying it is panic condition for the patient as
uploaded data is then sent to a pre-set email on IFTTT and well as sending the data values of temperatures and also
uploaded to a Google spreadsheet. heartbeat as can see in Fig. 6. The condition set for temperature
is when value of data is exceeding 37.5 Celsius while for
heartbeat is when value of data is exceeding 120 Beat Per
Minute BPM.

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Based on the detailed results and implementation of this

work, it can be concluded that it holds promising potential for
future development in the medical sector. Comparing it to
other related works listed in Table I, this system shows good
accuracy in collecting data through sensors and efficiency
when implemented in the medical sector. However, there are a
few areas for improvement to ensure the sustainability of this
work. For instance, incorporating additional sensors can enable
tracking of more health conditions, while high-quality sensors
can stabilize the readings of data for longer periods.
Fig. 7. Alert notification send via email. Additionally, using MySQL and Personal Home Page PHP as
the database can cover a lot of patient data.
TABLE I. COMPARISON BETWEEN CURRENT AND RESEARCHED SYSTEM

NUMBER OF DATA
NUMBER OF
PATIENT CAN PERCENTAGE OF RECORDED
PATIENT TEST FOR
YEAR METHOD COVERED/ COVERED ACCURACY REFERENCE
MONITORING PER
MONITORED PER PATIENT COMPARED TO
HOUR
HOUR ACTUAL DATA

CURRENT SYSTEM THAT

USED WRITING METHOD
2009 FOR COLLECTING 14 28% 85% [7]
50
PATIENT DATA WHEN
CHECK UP
HEALTH MONITORING
2015
USING MOBILE DEVICE 50 36 72% 90% [11]
MONITORED THREE
BASIC HEALTH
2020 CONDITION WITH
50 33 66% 89% [15]
DIFFERENT
MODES
USING PHYSICALLY
SENSORS USING ARDUINO
UNO AND NODEMCU
WHICH THEN BE
2019
UPLOADED TO MYSQL
50 44 88% 93% [18]
AND
PERSONAL HOME PAGE
PHP
IOT SMART HEALTH
MONITORING USING
2018 ARDUINO UNO
50 40 82% 94% [20]
ATTACHED TO PERSONAL
COMPUTER
DATA FROM SENSORS IS
ATTACHED TO ARDUINO
UNO AND SEND TO 84% 91%
2019 50 42 [25]
CLOUDS BY RASPBERRY
PI 3.
CONTACTLESS SENSORS
DATA TRANSMITTED BY
ARDUINO UNO
2021 50 46 92% 94% [26]
TO NODEMCU WHICH
THEN BE UPLOADED
ONLINE TO CLOUD
PROPOSED RESEARCH
PROPOSED SYSTEM
OF IOT PATIENT
HEALTH
THIS WORK
MONITORING USING 50 47 93% 96% N/A
NODEMCU AND
ARDUINO UNO

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VI. DISCUSSION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Patient Health Monitoring System, developed with the The authors would like to thank Centre for Research and
objective of utilizing ESP8266 and Arduino with an Internet of Innovation Management (CRIM) for the support given to this
Things (IoT) platform, has been successfully implemented and research by Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM).
tested through various iterations. As indicated in the results REFERENCES
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