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OSBORNE --

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The Most Successful and Proven Method for Learning C++

• Master Standard C++ - Including its new features! •.
Essential for C Programmers moving on to C++
Build your skills with hundreds of examples and exercises.
Covers the Standard Template Library (STL).

/I
./Herbert Schildt
CIC+-i- Author with More Than 1.5 Million Books Sold 2'
 Teach
Yourself C++,
Third Edition

Herbert Schildt

Osborne McGraw-Hill
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INDEXER
mechanical error b y our sources, Osborne/McGraw-1 Ii11, or others,
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 Contents at a Glance

1 An Overview of C++ I
2 Introducing Classes 41
3 A Closer Look at Classes 87
4 Arrays, Pointers, and References 117
5 Function Overloading 159
6 Introducing Operator Overloading 195
7 Inheritance 231
8 Introducing the C++ 1 /0 System 269
9 Advanced C++ I/O 307
10 Virtual Functions 345
11 Templates and Exception Handling 371
12 Run-nine Type Identification and the Casting Operators 407
13 Nanespaces, ConversiOn Functions, and
Miscellaneous Topics 435
14 Introducing the Standard Template Library 473
A A Few More Differences Between C and C++ 531
B Answers 533

Index 739
 1.

bout the Author.

A

Hcrhcrt Schildt is the world's leading programming

author. He is an authority on the C and C++
languages, a master Wiiidows programmer, and an
expert on Java. His prc:amming books have sold
nearly two million copies worldwide and have
been translated into all major foreign languages.
He is the author of numerous best-sellers,
including C The Conplcte Reference, C++: The
Complete Reference, C++ from the Ground Up,
Expert C++, MFCfrogramming from the Ground Up,
Windows 95 Programming in C and C++, Windows
NT Programvrungfi-om the Ground Up and many
others. Schildt is thcprcsident of Universal
Computing Laboratories, a software consulting firm
in Mahornet, Illinois. He is also member of both
the ANSI C and C++ standardation committees.
He hds a master's degru in computer sciene
from the University oi, Illinois.
 Contents
Acknowledgments, ,'c tIE
Introduction, xv
For Further Study, xix

An Overview of C++ 1
1.1 WHAT IS OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING?, 3
1.2 TWO VERSIONS OF C++, 7
1.3 C++ CONSOLE 1/0, 13
1.4 C++ COMMENTS, 19
1.5 CLASSES: A FIRST LOOK 21
1.6 SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN C AND C++, 28
1.7 INTRODUCING FUNCTION OVERLOADING, 33
1.8 C++ KEYWORDS, 39
SKILLS CHECK, 39

2 Introducing Classes 41
2.1 CONSTRUCTOR AND DESTRUCTOR
FUNCTIONS, 43
2.2 CONSTRUCTORS THAT TAKE
PARAMETERS, 52
2.3 INTRODUCING INHERITANCE, 59
2.4 OBJECT POINTERS, 66
2.5 CLASSES, STRUCTURES, AND UNIONS ARE
RELATED, 68
2.6 IN-LINE FUNCTIONS, 75
2.7 AUTOMATIC IN-LINING, 80
SKILLS CHECK, 83

3 A Closer Look at Classes 87

3.1 ASSIGNING OBJECTS, 89
3.2 PASSING OBJECTS TO FUNCTIONS, 96
 3.3 RETURNING OBJECTS FROM FUNCTIONS 102
3.4 AN INTRODUCTION TO FRIEND
FUNCTIONS 107
SKILLS CHECK, 114

4 Arrays, Pointers, and References . 117

4.1 ARRAYS OF OBJECTS, 119
4.2 USING POINTERS TO OBJECTS, 124
4.3 THE this POINTER 126
4.4 USING new AND delete, 130
4.5 MORE ABOUT new AND delete, 134
4.6 REFERENCES, 140
4.7 PASSING REFERENCES TO OBJECTS, 146
4.8 RETURNING REFERENCES, 149
4.9 INDEPENDENT REFERENCES AND
RESTRICTIONS, 154
SKILLS CHECK, 156

5 Function Overloading 159

5.1 OVERLOADING CONSTRUCTOR
FUNCTIONS 161
5.2 CREATING AND USING A COPY
CONSTRUCTOR,. 167
5.3 THE overload ANACHPONISM, 177
5.4 USING DEFAULT ARGUMENTS, 177
5.5 OVERLOADING AND AMBIGUITY, 185
5.6 FINDING THE ADDRESS OF AN OVERLOADED
FUNCTION, 189
SKILLS CHECK, 191

6 Introducing Operator Overloading . 195

6.1 THE BASICS OF OPERATOR OVERLOADING,
197
6.2 OVERLOADING BINARY OPERATORS 199
6.3 OVERLOADING THE RELATIONAL AND
LOGICAL OPERATORS, 207
6.4 OVERLOADING A UNARY OPERATOR, 209
6.5 USING FRIEND OPERATOR FUNCTIONS, 213
6.6 A CLOSER LOOK AT THE ASSIGNMENT
OPERATOR, 21.8
6.7 OVERLOADING THE t I SUBSCRIPT
OPERATOR, 222
SKILLS CHECK, 227
7 Inheritance 231
7.1 BASE CLASS ACCESS CONTROL, 234
7.2 USING PROTECTED MEMBERS, 240
7.3 CONSTRUCTORS, DESTRUCTORS, AND
INHERITANCE 244
7.4 MULTIPLE INHERITANCE, 252
7.5 VIRTUAL BASE CLASSES, 259
SKILLS CHECK, 262

a Introducing the C++ I /0 System . . 289

8.1 SOME C++ I/O BASICS, 273
8.2 FORMATTED 1/0, 275
8.3 USING width(, precision(, AND fill('), 283
8.4 USING I/O MANIPULATORS, 287
8.5 CREATING YOUR OWN INSERTERS, 292
8.6 CREATING EXTRACTORS, 299
SKILLS CHECK, 303

9 Advanced C++ I/O . . 307

9.1 CREATING YOUR OWN MANIPULATORS, 309
9.2 FILE I/O BASICS, 313
9.3 UNFORMATTED, BINARY I/O, 320
9.4 MORE UNFORMATTED I/O FUNCTIONS, 327
9.5 RANDOM ACCESS, 331
9.6 CHECKING THE I/O STATUS, 334
9.7 CUSTOMIZED I/O AND FILES, 338
SKILLS CHECK, 341

10 Virtual Functions . . 345

lO j POINTERS TO DERIVED CLASSES, 347
10.2 INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS,
349
10.3 MORE ABOUT VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS, 357
10.4 APPLYING POLYMORPHISM, 362
SKILLS CHECK, 368

Ii Templates and Exception Handling . 371

11.1 GENERIC FUNCTIONS, 373
11.2 GENERIC CLASSES, 380
11.3 EXCEPTION HANDLING, 386
11.4 MORE ABOUT EXCEPTION HANDLING, 394
 11.5 HANDLING EXCEPTIONS THROWN
BY new, 401
SKILLS CHECK, 404

12 Run-lime Type Identification and the Casting

Operators . . 407
12.1 UNDERSTANDING RUN-TIME TYPE
IDENTIFICATION (RTTI), 409
12.2 USING dynamic—Cast, 420
12.3 USING const_cast, reinterpret—cast, AND
static — cast, 429
SKILLS CHECK, 432

13 Namespaces, Conversion Functions, and

Miscellaneous Topics . 435
13.1 NAMESPACES, 437
13.2 CREATING A CONVERSION FUNCTION, 446
13.3 STATIC CLASS MEMBERS, 449
13.4 const MEMBER FUNCTIONS AND mutable, 455
13.5 A FINAL LOOK AT CONSTRUCTORS, 459
13.6 USING LINKAGE SPECIFIERS AND THE asm
KEYWORD, 463
13.7 ARRAY-BASED 1/0, 466
SKILLS CHECK, 471

14 Introducing the Standard Template Library . . 473

14.1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE STANDARD TEMPLATE
LIBRARY, 476
14.2 THE CONTAINER CLASSES, 479
14.3 VECTORS, 480
14.4 LISTS, 490
14.5 MAPS, 502
14.6 ALGORITHMS, 509
14.7 THE string CLASS, 519
SKILLS CHECK, 529

A A Few More Differences Between C and C++ . 531

B Answers • 533
1.3 EXERCISES, 534
1.4 EXERCISES, 535
 1.5 EXERCISES, 535
1.6 EXERCISES, 538
1.7 EXERCISES, 538
MASTERY SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 1, 541
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 2, 543
2.1 EXERCISES, 545
2.2 EXERCISES, 548
2.3 EXERCISE, 551
2.5 EXERCISES, 553
2.6 EXERCISES, 555
2.7 EXERCISES, 556
MASTERY SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 2, 558
CUMULATIVE SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 2, 560
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 3, 562
3.1 EXERCISES, 563
3.2 EXERCISES, 565
3.3 EXERCISES, 567
3.4 EXERCISE, 567
MASTERY SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 3, 569
CUMULATIVE SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 3, 57]
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 4, 576
4.1 EXERCISES, 578
4.2 EXERCISES 580
4.3 EXERCISE, 582
4.4 EXERCISES, 583
4.5 EXERCISES, 584
4.6 EXERCISES, 585
4.7 EXERCISE 586
4.8 EXERCISES 587
'vIJj IkY I'ULL UHECK; CHAPTER 4, 589
CUMULATIVE SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 4, 592
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 5, 593
5.1 EXERCISES, 595
5.2 EXERCISES 598
5.4 EXERCISES, 600
5.6 EXERCISE, 601
MASTERY SKILLS ChECK; Chapter 5, 602
CUMULATIVE SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 5, 605
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 6, 607
6.2 EXERCISES, 608
6.3 EXERCISE, 609
6.4 EXERCISES, 610
6.5 EXERCISES, 612
6.6 EXERCISE, 616
6.7 EXERCISES, 618
MASTERY SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 6, 621
CUMULATIVE SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 6, 629
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 7, 631
7.1 EXERCISES 637
7.2 EXERCISES, 637
7.3 EXERCISES, 638
7.4 EXERCISES, 640
7.5 EXERCISES, 641
MASTERY SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 7, 641
CUMULATIVE SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 7, 643
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 8, 644
8.2 EXERCISES, 646
8.3 EXERCISES, 647
8.4 EXERCISES, 649
8.5 EXERCISES, 650
8.6 EXERCISES, 652
MASTERY SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 8, 655
CUMULATIVE SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 8, 659
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 9, 662
9.1 EXERCISES, 664
9.2 EXERCISES, 666
9.3 EXERCISES, 668
9.4 EXERCISES, 671
9.5 EXERCISES, 673
9.6 EXERCISE, 674
MASTERY SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 9, 677
CUMULATIVE SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 9, 682
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 10, 684
10.2 EXERCISES, 687
10.3 EXERCISES, 688
10.4 EXERCISE, 689
MASTERY SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 10, 69
CUMULATIVE SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 10, 694
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 11, 698
11.1 EXERCISES, 698
11.2 EXERCISES, 699
11.3 EXERCISES, 701
11.4 EXERCISES, 702
11.5 EXERCISES, 702
MASTERY SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 11, 703
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 12, 710
12.1 EXERCISES, 712
12.2 EXERCISES, 712
12.3 EXERCISES, 713
MASTERY SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 12, 714
CUMULATIVE SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 12, 715
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 13, 717
13.1 EXERCISES, 717
13.2 EXERCISES, 719
13.3 EXERCISES, 720
13.4 EXERCISES, 723
13.5 EXERCISES, 724
13.7 EXERCISES, 724
MASTERY SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 13, 726
CUMULATIVE SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 13, 727
REVIEW SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 14, 727
14.1 EXERCISES, 728
14.3 EXERCISES, 728
14.4 EXERCISES 729
14.5 EXERCISES, 732
14.6 EXERCISES, 733
14.7 EXERCISES, 735
MASTERY SKILLS CHECK: Chapter 14, 737

Index . 739
Acknowledgments

I wish to say special thanks to

Bjarne Stroustrup
Steve Clamage
P J. Plauger
Al Stevens

for sharing their knowledge, advice, and expertise during the

preparation of this hook. It was iiiuch appreciated.
Introduction
If you already know C and are moving up to C++, this book is for you.
C++ is the C programmer's answer to Object-Oriented Programming
(OOP). Built upon the solid foundation of C, C++ adds support for
OOP (and many other new features) without sacrificing any of C's
power, elegance, or flexibility. C++ has become the universal language
of programmers around the world and is the language that will create
the next generation of high-performance software. It is the single most
important language that a professional programmer must know.
C++ was invqtcd in 1979 by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Laboratories
in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Initially it was called "C with classes." The
name was changed to C++ in 1933. Since then, C++ has undergone
three major revisions, the first in 1985 and the second in 1990. The
third occurred during the C++ standardization process. Several years
ago, work began on a standard for C++. Towards that end, a joint ANSI
(American National Standards Institute) and ISO (International
Standards Organization) standardization committee was formed. The
first draft of the proposed standard was created on January 25, 1994.
In that draft, the ANSI/ISO C++ ommittee (of which .1 am a member)
kept the features first defined by Stroustrup and added some new ones
as well. But, in general, this initial draft reflected the state of C++ at
the time.
Soon after the completion of the first draft of the standard an event
occurred that caused the standard to be greatly expanded: the creation
of the Standard Template Library (STL) by Alexander Stepanov. As
you will learn, the STL is a set of generic routines that you can use to
manipulate data. It is both powerful and elegant. But it is also quite
large. Subsequent to the first draft, the committee voted to include the
STL in the specification for C++. The addition of the STL expanded the
scope of C++ well beyond its original definition. While important, the
inclusion of the STL, among other things, slowed the standardization
of C++.
It is fur to sa y that the standardization of C++ took far longer than
any one had expected when it began. However, it is now nearly
complete. The final draft has been ;rpared and passed out of
xv
V
xvi TEACH YOURSELF C++
V
committee. It now awaits only formal approval. In a practical sense, a
standard for C++ is now a reality. Compilers already are beginning to
support all of the new features.
The material in this book describes Standard C++. This is the
version of C++ created by the ANSI/ISO standardization committee
and it is the one that is currently accepted by all major compilers.
Therefore, using this book, you cair he confident that what you learn
today will also apply tomorrow.
What is New In the Third Edition

This is the third edition of Teach Yourself C++. It includes all of the
material contained in the first two editions and adds two new chapters
and many new topics. The first new chapter covers Run-Time Type ID
(RTTI) and the new casting operators. The second covers the Standard
Template Library (STL). Both of these topics are major features added
to the C++ language since the previous edition was published. New
topics include namcspaces, the new-style headers, and coverage of the
modern-style I/O system, In all, the third edition of Teach Yourself
C++ is suhstJntially larger than its preceding two editions.
If You!re Using, Windows

If your computer uses Windows and your goal is to write Windows-

based programs, thr'n you have chosen the right language to learn.
C++ is completely at home with Windows programmipg. However,
none of the programs in this book are Windows progrr!1s. Instead,
they are console-based programs. The reason for this is easy to
understand: Windows programs are, by their nature, large and
complex. The overhead required to create even a minimal Windows
skeletal progratn is 50 to 70 lines of code. To write Windows programs
that demonstrate the features of C++ would require hundreds of lines
of code each. Put simply, Windows is not an appropriate environment
in which to learn programming. However, you can still use a Windows-
based compiler to compile the programs in this book because the
compiler will automatically create a console session in which to
execute your program.
Once you have mastered C++, you will be able to apply your
knowledge to Windows programming. In fact, Windows programming
 INTR0UUcTmN xvii
V

using C++ allows the use of class libraries such as MFC, that can
greatly simplify the development of a Windows program.

Now This Book Is Oapanized

This book is unique because it teaches you the C++ language by

applying mastery learning. It presents one idea at a time, followed
by numerous examples and exercises to help you master earn toic.
This approach ensures that you fully understand each topic before
moving on.
The material is presented sequentially. Therefore, be sure to work
carefully through the chapters. Each one assumes that you know the
material presented in all preceding chapters At the start of every
chapter (except Chapter 1) there is a Review Skills Check that tests
your knowledge of the preceding chapter. At the end of each chapter
you will find a Mastery Skills Check that checks your knowledge of the
material present in the chapter. Finally, each chapter concludes with a
Cumulative Skills Check which tests how well you are integrating new
material with that presented in earlier chapters. The answers to the
book's many exercises are found in Appendix B. -
This book assumes that you are already an accomplished C
programmer. Put simply, you can't learn to program in C++ until you
can program in C. If you can't program in C, take some time to learn it
before attempting to use this book. A good way to learn C is to read my
book Teach Yourself C, Third Edition (Osborne/McGraw-Hill, Berkeley
CA, 1997). It uses the same presentation style as this book.

Don't Forg.t Code on the Web

Remember, the source code for all of the programs in this book is
available free-of-charge on the Web at http://www.osborne.com .
Downloading this code prevents you from having to type in
the examples.
For Further Study

your gateway into the 'Herb

Teach Yourself C++, Third Edition is
ShiIdt" series of programming books. Here is a partial list of Schildt's
other books.
If you want to learn more about C++, then you will find thes. books -
especially helpful.
• C++: The Complete Reference
C++ From the Ground Up
Expert C++
If you want to learn more about C, the foundation of C++,
we recommend
Teach Yourself C
C: The Complete Reference
The Annotated ANSI C Standard

If you will be developing programs for the Web, you will want
to read
Java: The Complete Reference

co-authored by Hrbert Schildt and Patrick Naughton.

Finally, if you want to program for Windows, we recommend
Schildt's Windows 95 Programming in C and C++
Schildt's Advanced Windows 95 Programming in C and C++
Windows NT 4 From the Ground Up
MFC Programming From the Ground Up

When you need solid answers, fast, turn to

Herbert Schildt, the recognized authority
on programming.
xix
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