GEE 3: Philippine Pop Culture

Course Module
Prepared By:
Paul Alexander M. Magalong
Course Instructor
General Education Department
Study Guide for Module No. 1
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE
Module Overview
Understanding culture is of paramount importance for creating effective communication, conflict
resolution, and respectful interactions in an increasingly diverse world. It enables cross-cultural
collaboration, global business success, and diplomatic relations by promoting empathy, avoiding
stereotypes, and adhering to local customs. Cultural awareness underpins inclusivity, helps
preserve heritage, enriches education, and ensures sensitive healthcare and social services.
Moreover, it enhances travel experiences, nurtures social cohesion, and serves as a cornerstone for
advocating human rights and social justice. Ultimately, a deep understanding of culture not only
enriches personal experiences but also strengthens communities, professions, and global
connections through its power to bridge differences and promote harmonious interactions.

Module Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
Define and explain the concept of culture, highlighting its intricate role in shaping human
behaviors and societal norms;
Analyze real-world examples to illustrate how culture influences various aspects of human life

Learning Contents

Culture in General
Culture refers to the shared set of beliefs, values, norms, practices, symbols, traditions, and
behaviors that characterize a particular group of people. It encompasses the way individuals within
a society or community think, interact, communicate, and express themselves. Culture is learned
and passed down from one generation to the next, shaping the way people perceive the world,
make sense of their experiences, and engage with their surroundings.

One of the earliest definitions of culture was put forth by Tylor in 1871: “Culture, or civilization, is
that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” Culture is universal among all
human groups and even exists among some primates.

Subcultures are groups with distinct patterns of learned and shared behavior (ethnicities, races,
genders, age categories) within a larger culture. Despite these distinctive traits, members of
subcultures still share commonalities with the larger society. Subcultures exist in most state level
systems because those systems are pluralistic, they encompass more than one ethnic group or
culture.

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Key Components of Culture includes:

1. Beliefs and Values 5. Traditions

These are the fundamental ideas and Traditions are long standing customs or rituals
principles that guide a group's thoughts and that are passed down through generations.
actions. They often underpin ethical and They often have historical, social, or religious
moral codes, influencing decisions and significance and contribute to a sense of
behaviors. continuity within a culture.

2. Norms 6. Language
Norms are unwritten rules and expectations Language is a central aspect of culture as it
that govern behavior within a specific cultural enables communication and the transmission
context. They define what is considered of ideas, values, and knowledge. Different
acceptable or appropriate conduct in various languages often reflect unique ways of
situations. thinking and conceptualizing the world.

3. Practices 7, Arts and Creativity

Cultural practices encompass the day-to-day Artistic expressions, whether in the form of
activities, rituals, and routines that hold visual arts, music, literature, dance, or other
significance within a culture. These practices mediums, are important reflections of cultural
often reflect the values and beliefs of the identity and creativity
group.

4. Symbols 8. Social Structure

Symbols are tangible or abstract Cultural norms often shape the social
representations that hold specific meanings organization of a group, including aspects like
within a culture. They can include objects, family structures, gender roles, and
gestures, language, and even concepts that hierarchies.
carry cultural significance.

Learning Activity #1

Name: Score:
Course: Date:

My Culture on a Microscopic View

Directions: Think about the culture and subcultures you are a part of. Answer the following questions.

Your Culture:
a. Describe one key belief or value that is important in your culture.

Your Subculture:
a. Identify one subculture that you belong to (e.g., sports team, hobby group, or age
group). Describe how it is different from the larger culture.

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 Learning Contents

Key Characteristics of Culture

The key characteristics of culture play a crucial role in shaping the identity, behaviors, interactions,
and overall functioning of individuals and societies. Culture has five basic characteristics: It is
learned, shared, based on symbols, integrated, and dynamic. All cultures share these basic features.

Culture is learned. It is not biological; we do not inherit it. Much of learning culture is
unconscious. We learn culture from families, peers, institutions, and media. The process of
learning culture is known as enculturation. While all humans have basic biological needs such as
food, sleep, and sex, the way we fulfill those needs varies cross-culturally.

Culture is shared. Because we share culture with other members of our group, we are able to
act in socially appropriate ways as well as predict how others will act. Despite the shared nature
of culture, that doesn’t mean that culture is homogeneous (the same). The multiple cultural
worlds that exist in any society are discussed in detail below.

Culture is symbolic. A symbol is something that stands for something else. Symbols vary cross-
culturally and are arbitrary. They only have meaning when people in a culture agree on their use.
Language, money and art are all symbols. Language is the most important symbolic component
of culture.

Culture is integrated. This is known as holism, or the various parts of a culture being
interconnected. All aspects of a culture are related to one another and to truly understand a
culture, one must learn about all of its parts, not only a few.

Culture is dynamic. This simply means that cultures interact and change. Because most
cultures are in contact with other cultures, they exchange ideas and symbols. All cultures
change, otherwise, they would have problems adapting to changing environments. And because
cultures are integrated, if one component in the system changes, it is likely that the entire
system must adjust.

These key characteristics of culture interplay to shape the ways people think, interact, and live
within their societies. They provide a framework for understanding human behavior, building a
sense of belonging, and transmitting knowledge across generations. Culture is a dynamic and
influential force that significantly impacts individual and collective identities, relationships, and
worldviews.

Learning Activity #2
Name: Score:
Course: Date:

A Real-Life View of a Foreign Culture

Directions: Read the following example, then answer the question that follows to analyze how the key
characteristics of culture shape human life.

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 Gastronomic Experience: Japan Edition
In Japan, food is not just a basic necessity; it is an integral part of cultural identity and social life.
From the practice of eating sushi to the rituals surrounding tea ceremonies, food in Japan reflects
centuries of cultural tradition, values, and symbolic meaning. The Japanese approach to food is
guided by key cultural principles such as respect for nature, aesthetics, and harmony. Rice, fish, and
seasonal ingredients are staples that have been part of Japanese cuisine for generations, and meals
are carefully prepared to reflect the balance of taste, texture, and presentation.

The Japanese tea ceremony, for example, is not simply about drinking tea; it is a highly ritualized
practice symbolizing respect, mindfulness, and the appreciation of simplicity. The utensils, gestures,
and environment used in the ceremony are deeply rooted in Japanese culture, and participants are
expected to follow specific social norms.

As Japan interacts with other global cultures, its cuisine has also evolved. Modern Japanese cuisine
now incorporates elements from Western and other Asian culinary traditions, yet remains uniquely
Japanese through the integration of these new influences with traditional values.

Write a short paragraph reflecting on the importance of understanding the role of culture in
shaping everyday practices. How does studying the characteristics of culture help you
appreciate the diversity of human life and interactions?

Learning Contents
Culture and Related Terms
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism are two contrasting approaches to understanding and
evaluating cultures. They highlight different perspectives on cultural diversity and have varying
implications for intercultural interactions.

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one’s own
culture. Part of ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own race, ethnic or cultural group is the most
important or that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups. Some
people will simply call it cultural ignorance. It often leads to incorrect assumptions about others’
behavior based on your own norms, values, and beliefs. 4
While ethnocentrism can reinforce cultural identity and cohesion within a group, it can also hinder
intercultural communication and cooperation. It may lead to cultural misunderstandings, conflicts,
and an inability to appreciate the richness of diverse perspectives.

Cultural relativism is the principle of regarding and valuing the practices of a culture from the point
of view of that culture and to avoid making hasty judgments. Cultural relativism tries to counter
ethnocentrism by promoting the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other
cultures such as eating insects, genocides or genital cutting. Cultural relativism encourages cross-
cultural dialogue, tolerance, and the recognition of cultural rights. It helps prevent cultural
imperialism and supports the idea that every culture has intrinsic value and deserves respect.

On the other hand, Enculturation and Acculturation are both processes that involve learning and
adapting to cultural norms, but they occur in different contexts and have distinct implications.

Enculturation is the ingrained way individuals learn and adopt the social rules of their culture. It’s an
internalization process that shapes people’s behavior within a certain cultural framework, allowing
for assimilation into society. From an early age and into adulthood, people are exposed to
enculturation. As individuals grow up within a certain culture, they develop the values and beliefs of
this cultural environment as their own. Enculturation is crucial for the continuity of cultural
traditions, values, and knowledge across generations. It provides a sense of belonging and shared
identity within a cultural group.

Acculturation enables members of one culture to embrace and assimilate elements from a different
culture, resulting in subtle transformations for both societies. Acculturation is essential in diverse
societies and globalized contexts. It promotes understanding, collaboration, and mutual respect
among different cultural groups. However, it can also lead to challenges and conflicts as individuals
negotiate their identity and values in the face of new cultural influences.

Other related terms to Culture are Cultural Appreciation and Cultural Appropriation. These are
terms used to describe different ways of engaging with and responding to elements of different
cultures. While appreciation involves respect and understanding, appropriation can involve
insensitivity and exploitation.

Cultural Appreciation involves genuinely recognizing, understanding, and respecting aspects of a

different culture without trying to claim them as one's own or exploiting them. Cultural appreciation
is rooted in curiosity, learning, and admiration for the beauty and significance of cultural practices,
traditions, clothing, art, and more. Cultural appreciation promotes intercultural understanding,
dialogue, and respect. It fosters positive cross-cultural interactions and can lead to mutual
enrichment and exchange of ideas. Cultural Appropriation occurs when elements of a marginalized
culture are borrowed, often without understanding or respect for their significance, and are used for
personal gain or entertainment by members of a dominant or privileged culture.

Cultural appropriation is often characterized by exploitation, lack of understanding, and

commodification of cultural practices. It can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and contribute to the
erasure of a culture's history and meaning. Recognizing and addressing cultural appropriation is
important for promoting social justice, equality, and respect for diverse cultures. It raises awareness
about the impact of using another culture's elements without understanding or permission.

Summary
Culture consists of shared beliefs, values, practices, and behaviors that define a group of people,
shaping how they perceive and interact with the world.
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 Culture is learned, passed down, and universal across human groups. According to Tylor (1871),
culture is a "complex whole" that includes knowledge, beliefs, and customs. Subcultures exist
within larger cultures, possessing distinct patterns of behavior, yet sharing commonalities with
the broader society. Subcultures arise in diverse systems that encompass multiple ethnicities,
races, and social groups.

Culture has five defining characteristics: it is learned, shared, symbolic, integrated, and dynamic.
Culture is learned through family, peers, and institutions, not inherited biologically. It is shared
within a group, allowing for social coordination, though it is not homogenous. Symbols, such as
language, play a central role in culture. Culture is integrated, meaning its parts are
interconnected and influence one another. Finally, culture is dynamic, evolving through
interaction with other cultures. These characteristics together shape human behavior, identity,
and societal functioning.

Ethnocentrism involves viewing the world through one's own cultural lens, often leading to a
belief in the superiority of one’s culture. In contrast, cultural relativism promotes understanding
and valuing practices from the perspective of other cultures, fostering tolerance. Enculturation
is the process by which individuals learn their culture, while acculturation involves adapting to a
new culture through interaction. Cultural appreciation involves respectful engagement with
another culture, while cultural appropriation entails exploiting cultural elements without
understanding or respect, often perpetuating stereotypes and erasing cultural significance.

References
1. Maricopa Open Educational Resources. (n.d.). Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. Culture and
Psychology. https://open.maricopa.edu/culturepsychology/chapter/ethnocentrism-and-cultural-
relativism/

2. University of British Columbia VPFO Communications. (2021, October 25). What does it mean to
appreciate vs. appropriate culture? https://vpfo.ubc.ca/2021/10/what-does-it-mean-to-
appreciate-vs-appropriate-culture/

3. Fitzgerald, M. (2023). Enculturation vs. acculturation: What’s the difference? Helpful Professor.
https://helpfulprofessor.com/enculturation-vs-acculturation/

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Study Guide for Module No. 2

CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Module Overview
Understanding culture and society better enables us to negotiate the complex web of interpersonal
relationships with understanding and insight. Understanding the nuances of social dynamics,
cultural practices, and traditions helps us build healthy relationships across cultural boundaries.
With this understanding, we can interact with other cultures in a meaningful manner, work together
to address global issues, and appreciate the variety of identities that together make our world.

Module Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
Describe the concept of socio-cultural evolution, demonstrating an awareness of how societies
evolve over time due to cultural and technological changes; and
Evaluate the challenges and benefits associated with socio-cultural evolution, considering both
the positive and negative implications of societal change.

Learning Contents

Socio-Cultural Evolution
Socio-cultural evolution, also known as social evolution or cultural evolution, refers to the process of
development and change in societies and cultures over time. It's the study of how societies and
cultures progress, adapt, and transform in terms of their social structures, technology, beliefs,
values, institutions, and other aspects. This concept draws from the idea that human societies and
cultures evolve in a manner somewhat analogous to biological evolution, although the mechanisms
are quite different. There are four main indicators that whenever Socio-Cultural Evolution is taking
place into a socio-cultural level:

1. Progressive Development
The concept suggests that societies tend to evolve and progress over time, moving from simpler
forms to more complex ones. This progression is often associated with advancements in
technology, social organization, and cultural sophistication.

2. Adaptation
Societies and cultures evolve in response to changing environmental, technological, and social
conditions. As circumstances change, societies adapt their practices, beliefs, and institutions to
better suit their needs and challenges.

3. Innovation and Diffusion

Socio-cultural evolution involves the creation of new ideas, technologies, and practices
(innovation), as well as the spread of these innovations from one society to another (cultural
diffusion). Innovations can lead to significant shifts in how societies function. 1
 4. Cultural Change
Cultural elements, such as beliefs, values, norms, and traditions, also change over time. New
generations often reinterpret or modify existing cultural elements to align with their evolving needs
and perspectives.

The idea of socio-cultural evolution is intricate and multidimensional, having been seen in a variety
of contexts throughout human history. The following are examples of Socio-Cultural Evolution:

The transition from hunting and gathering societies to

agrarian societies marked a significant shift in human
Technological Evolution history. The development of agriculture allowed for settled
communities, surplus food production, and the growth of
population.

The development of democratic forms of government over

Political Evolution time, from ancient Greek city-states to modern
representative democracies.

Language evolution is a notable cultural aspect. Over time,

Cultural Evolution languages evolve, change, and even give rise to new
languages due to interactions, migrations, and adaptations.

In today's interconnected world, cultural exchange and

globalization have led to the diffusion of ideas, technologies,
Globalization and
and cultural practices across the globe. This has contributed
Cultural Exchange
to the evolution of hybrid cultures and the blending of
traditions from different parts of the world

Learning Activity #1

Name: Score:
Course: Date:

Socio-Cultural Evolution in the 21st Century

Directions: With an understanding of how the process of socio-cultural evolution, read the scenario
below, then answer the questions that follow.

In the early 21st century, the rapid advancement of technology drastically transformed human
societies. From smartphones to social media, people became more connected than ever before, but
this connectivity also brought challenges. Traditional ways of communicating, such as face-to-face
interactions, gave way to digital conversations. Social norms evolved as online communities emerged,
and people began to form relationships and identities through virtual platforms.
In addition, many industries shifted due to technological innovations. Manual labor was replaced by
automation, and entire economies began focusing on digital services, e-commerce, and information
technology. Education systems also adapted, with online learning becoming more accessible and
mainstream. While these advancements offered convenience and new opportunities, they also
created a digital divide between those who had access to technology and those who did not.

As societies adapted to these changes, debates arose regarding the effects of technology on human
connection, culture, and values. Some argued that technology allowed for greater social progress,
while others worried about its impact on mental health, relationships, and traditional cultural
practices.

1. What are some examples of socio-cultural evolution evident in the scenario? List at least
two changes in social behavior or institutions caused by technology.

2. How did the rise of technology affect traditional social structures like family, education, and
employment? Do you think these changes were positive or negative for society? Why?

3. Based on the scenario, discuss the potential long-term consequences of technology on

human social life. Do you think technology will lead to further socio-cultural evolution? How
might future societies look different from today?

Learning Contents

Social Groups and Organizations

A social group consists of two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual
expectations and who share a common identity. A social group refers to a collection of individuals
who interact with each other, share common interests, goals, and norms, and have a sense of
belonging and identity as members of the group. Social groups can vary in size, from small gatherings
like families and friendship circles to larger entities like communities, organizations, and even entire
societies. These groups provide a framework for individuals to connect, cooperate, and establish
social roles and relationships. Social groups often contribute to the formation of personal identities,
influence behavior, and play a crucial role in shaping the broader fabric of society. It is important to
distinguish social groups from two related concepts: social categories and social aggregates
A social category is a collection of individuals who have at least one attribute in common but
otherwise do not necessarily interact. Women are an example of a social category. All women have at
least one thing in common, their biological sex, even though they do not interact. Asian Americans are
another example of a social category, as all Asian Americans have two things in common, their ethnic
background and their residence in the United States, even if they do not interact or share any other
similarities. As these examples suggest, gender, race, and ethnicity are the basis for several social
categories. Other common social categories are based on our religious preference, geographical
residence, and social class.

Falling between a social category and a social group is the social aggregate, which is a collection of
people who are in the same place at the same time but who otherwise do not necessarily interact,
except in the most superficial of ways, or have anything else in common. The crowd at a sporting
event and the audience at a movie or play are common examples of social aggregates. These
collections of people are not a social category, because the people are together physically, and they
are also not a group, because they do not really interact and do not have a common identity
unrelated to being in the crowd or audience at that moment.

Sociologists differentiate between two categories of social groups: Primary Groups and Secondary
Groups.

A primary group refers to a small, intimate, and close-knit social group characterized by strong
personal and emotional connections among its members. These groups typically involve face-to-face
interactions, mutual understanding, and a deep sense of trust. Primary groups play a crucial role in
shaping an individual's identity, values, and socialization. Relationships within primary groups are
often long-lasting and have a significant impact on a person's well-being and self-esteem. Family
units, close friendships, and certain work teams can be examples of primary groups.

A secondary group, on the other hand, is a larger and more formal social group with a specific focus
or goal. While personal relationships within secondary groups may be less intimate than in primary
groups, they are often task-oriented and aimed at achieving specific objectives. Secondary groups
are formed for practical purposes, such as accomplishing projects, reaching business goals, or
achieving specific missions. They are often characterized by a degree of impersonality and a clear
division of labor. Examples of secondary groups include academic classes, professional organizations,
and work colleagues who collaborate to achieve work-related tasks.

The following are examples of a Primary and Secondary group:

Primary Group Secondary Group

Family: Immediate family members Workplace Team: The focus is on

often share strong emotional bonds, achieving a common goal, and while
engage in face-to-face interactions, relationships may be professional, they
and play integral roles in each other's might not be as emotionally intimate as in
lives. primary groups.
Social organization is a concept that applies to all types of social units, from communities and
companies to societies. It aims to maintain stability, predictability, and productivity in social systems.
For instance, in a workforce , there exist relationships between managers (who direct work) and
employees (who perform tasks) which establish an organized structure for productivity. The following
are critical concepts that are emergent out of social organization:

1. Social Hierarchy 4. Social Institutions

All social organizations form hierarchies over Emile Durkheim, the founder of sociology,
time, which are demonstrations of what the spent a lot of time focusing on social
society's value or see as the nodes of power institutions. Durkheim argued that societies
(Kerbo, 2012). established institutions within a society, such
as schools, police, and governments, are
2. Social Status established to maintain norms, structure, and
This describes the position you occupy within social order within the broader social
a group hierarchy. For example, in capitalist organization (Durkheim, 1915; Miller, 2010).
societies, social status is often determined by
your wealth (Bourdieu, 1979; Fiske, 2010). 5. Social Change
A key concern of sociologists is how societies
3. Social Roles change over time – with conflict theorists
Social roles refer to the behaviors and seeing change occurring through rapid
attitudes expected from an individual transformation while functionalists see it as
occupying a certain status. In a classroom, for occurring through gradual change (Little,
example, a teacher is expected to impart McGivern, & Kerins, 2016). Social change often
knowledge while the student learns. occurs following points of friction where
adaptation is necessary, such as whenever
4. Social Institutions there is a social, economic or technological
Emile Durkheim, the founder of sociology, change in society.
spent a lot of time focusing on social
institutions. Durkheim argued that societies
established institutions within a society, such
as schools, police, and governments, are
established to maintain norms, structure, and
social order within the broader social
organization (Durkheim, 1915; Miller, 2010).

Learning Activity #2
Name: Score:
Course: Date:

My Circles: Primary or Secondary?

Directions: Tick the box whether the group identified in the number is either primary or secondary
and provide an explanation to support your answer.
1. Friends Primary Group Secondary Group
2. Basketball Team Primary Group Secondary Group

3. Sangguniang Primary Group Secondary Group

Kabataan Council

Learning Contents

Socialization
Socialization is the process through which individuals become members of society. It includes the
processes of acquiring knowledge, skills, attitudes, beliefs, values and behaviors necessary to function
within society. Socialization begins at birth and continues throughout life. It serves as the mechanism
through which cultural heritage is transmitted from one generation to the next. By instilling cultural
norms and values, socialization ensures the continuity of traditions and practices that form the
foundation of a society's identity. Moreover, socialization helps individuals understand their roles and
responsibilities within their cultural context, fostering a sense of belonging and connection. Without
effective socialization, the cohesion and stability of societies would be compromised, as there would
be a lack of shared understanding and cooperation.

Socialization is the driving force that ensures the transmission of cultural heritage, shapes individual
and collective identities, and maintains the fabric of societies. It embodies the interplay between
individuals and their cultural surroundings, underscoring the inseparable link between the two.

Basic Social Institutions

Social institutions are the standardized patterns of behavior and organization in a society that fulfill
basic social needs. Social institutions are established systems that regulate and guide behavior, often
with the aim of promoting social stability and order. Social institutions have several key
characteristics:

1. They are enduring and stable.

2. They serve a purpose, ideally providing better chances for human survival and flourishing.
3. They have roles that need to be filled.
4. Governing the behavior and expectations of sets of individuals within a given community.
5. The rules that govern them are usually ingrained in the basic cultural values of a society, as each
institution consists of a complex cluster of social norms.
5 Major Institutions in Sociology
The family is one of the most important social institutions. It is
considered a “building block” of society because it is the primary
unit through which socialization occurs. It is a social unit created by
blood, marriage, or adoption, and can be described as nuclear,
consisting of two parents and their children, or extended,
encompassing other relatives. Although families differ widely around
the world, families across cultures share certain common concerns in
their everyday lives (Little & McGivern, 2020).

As a social institution, education helps to socialize children and

young adults by teaching them the norms, values, and beliefs of
their culture. It also transmits cultural heritage from one
generation to the next. Education also provides people with the
skills and knowledge they need to function in society. Education
may also help to reduce crime rates by providing people with
alternatives to criminal activity. These are the “manifest” or
openly stated functions and intended goals of education as a
social institution (Meyer, 1977)

Religion is another social institution that plays a significant role

in society. It is an organized system of beliefs and practices
designed to fill the human need for meaning and purpose
(Durkheim, 1915). According to Durkheim, “Religion is a unified
system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is
to say, things set apart and forbidden.” According to Ogburn,
“Religion is an attitude towards superhuman powers.” Religion
can be used to instill moral values and socialize individuals into a
community. Religion plays a significant role in shaping the way
people view themselves and the world around them.

The government is another social institution that plays a vital

role in society. It is responsible for maintaining order, protecting
citizens from harm, and providing for the common good. The
government does this through various sub-institutions and
agencies, such as the police, the military, and the courts. These
legal institutions regulate society and prevent crime by enforcing
law and policy.

The economy is a social institution that is responsible for the production and distribution of
goods and services. It is also responsible for the exchange of money and other resources. The
economy is often divided into three sectors: the primary sector, the secondary sector, and the
tertiary sector (Little & McGivern, 2016). The primary sector includes all industries that are
concerned with the extraction and production of natural resources, such as agriculture,
forestry, fishing, and mining. The secondary sector includes all industries that are concerned
with the processing of raw materials into finished products, such as manufacturing and
construction. The tertiary sector includes all industries that provide services to individuals and
businesses, such as education, healthcare, and tourism (Little & McGivern, 2016).
 Summary
Socio-cultural evolution describes the development and transformation of societies and
cultures over time. It suggests that societies evolve from simpler to more complex structures
through adaptation to changing environments, innovations, and cultural diffusion. Cultural
elements such as beliefs, values, norms, and traditions also shift across generations.

Social groups consist of individuals who interact regularly and share a sense of common
identity. These groups range from small, intimate primary groups (e.g., families) to larger, more
formal secondary groups (e.g., workplaces). Social groups contribute to the formation of
personal identities and influence behavior within societies. Social organizations, on the other
hand, are larger structures that maintain stability, predictability, and productivity in social
systems.

Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values,
beliefs, and behaviors necessary to function within a society. It begins at birth and continues
throughout life, ensuring the continuity of cultural traditions and societal norms. Socialization
plays a crucial role in shaping cultural identity, instilling moral values, and maintaining social
cohesion.

Social institutions are organized systems of norms and structures that regulate behavior within
a society, serving fundamental human needs. These institutions include family, education,
religion, government, and the economy. They provide stability and order by shaping social
behavior, maintaining cultural continuity, and ensuring the smooth functioning of society.

Learning Activity #3
Name: Score:
Course: Date:

The lies our culture tells us about what matters:

A Socio-Cultural Evaluation
Directions: Watch the TEDTalk video, “The lies our culture tells us about what matters -- and a
better way to live” by David Brooks, and reflect upon the challenges and benefits associated with
socio-cultural evolution and its implications to societal change. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=iB4MS1hsWXU)

My Reflection:
References
1. OpenStax. (n.d.). Social groups. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing.
https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/6-1-social-groups/
2. McLeod, S. (2023). Socialization. Simply Psychology.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/socialization.html#What-is-Socialization
3. McLeod, S. (2023). Social institutions. Simply Psychology.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/social-institution.html
Study Guide for Module No. 3

Popular Culture
Module Overview
Pop culture, short for "popular culture," includes the ideas, practices, beliefs, and trends that are
widely embraced within society. It reflects the current tastes and values of a time, shaping how
people live and interact. Pop culture is seen in music, fashion, movies, internet memes, slang, and
social media, bringing people together through shared experiences in a fast-paced, evolving world.

Module Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
Define popular culture and articulate its significance within modern society;
Analyze the cultural significance and impact of selected examples of popular culture; and
Discuss the impact of popular culture on individual identity and collective values.

Learning Contents

Overview of Pop Culture

Pop culture refers to popular culture which is aimed at the younger generation and transmitted
via the mass media. Popular culture is essentially a set of beliefs, values, actions, objects, or goods
and practices that are popular at any given time and space in society. It can refer to things like art,
literature, fashion, dance, film, television, magazines and ways of living to name a few. It is generally
recognized as the vernacular or people’s culture that predominates in a society at a point in time.

As Brummett explains in Rhetorical Dimensions of Popular Culture, pop culture involves the
aspects of social life most actively involved in by the public. As the ‘culture of the people’, popular
culture is determined by the interactions between people in their everyday activities: styles of dress,
the use of slang, greeting rituals and the foods that people eat are all examples of popular culture.
Popular culture is also informed by the mass media.

Popular culture allows large heterogeneous masses of people to identify collectively. It serves an
inclusionary role in society as it unites the masses on ideals of acceptable forms of behavior. Along
with forging a sense of identity which binds individuals to the greater society, consuming pop culture
items often enhances an individual’s prestige in their peer group. Further, popular culture, unlike folk
or high culture, provides individuals with a chance to change the prevailing sentiments and norms of
behavior. So popular culture appeals to people because it provides opportunities for both individual
happiness and communal bonding.

Popular culture covers a wide range of genres, such as music, print media, online culture, sports,
entertainment, leisure activities, fads, advertising, and television. Among these, sports and television
stand out as two of the most widely consumed forms of popular culture, both known for their lasting
impact and widespread appeal.
 Learning Activity #1

Identifying Pop Culture Genres

Directions: Match Column A with Column B to determine what specific examples belong to a specific
area of pop culture.

Answers Column A Column B

A. “Four Sisters and a Wedding” is a movie that centers

1. Pop Culture in Music around four sisters who reunite to prevent their younger
brother from rushing into marriage.

B. Hashtags like #ThrowbackThursday and #SelfieSunday

2. Pop Culture in Film have become popular trends, encouraging users to share
nostalgic photos or selfies on specific days of the week.

C. “BINI“ is Filipino girl group known for their energetic

3. Pop Culture in Fashion performances and hits like “Salamin, Salamin, Karera, and
Pantropiko.”

D. The resurgence of 1990s fashion trends, such as high-

waisted jeans, crop tops, and chunky sneakers. Many
4. Pop Culture in Memes people, particularly younger generations, have embraced
these nostalgic fashion choices.

E. The “Distracted Boyfriend” features a stock photo of a

Pop Culture in Social man checking out another woman while his girlfriend looks
5. on in disapproval, and it has been used humorously to
Media
represent various situations and choices.

Learning Contents
Folk and High Culture
Folk culture represents a simpler lifestyle, that is generally conservative, largely self-sufficient,
and often characteristic of rural life. Radical innovation is generally discouraged. Group members are
expected to conform to traditional modes of behavior adopted by the community. Folk culture is
local in orientation, and non-commercial. In short, folk culture promises stability, whereas popular
culture is generally looking for something new or fresh. Because of this, popular culture often
represents an intrusion and a challenge to folk culture. Conversely, folk culture rarely intrudes upon
popular culture. There are times when certain elements of folk culture find their way into the world of
pop culture. Generally, when items of folk culture are appropriated and marketed by popular culture,
the folk items gradually lose their original form.
 High culture, on the other hand, is not mass produced, nor meant for mass consumption. It
belongs to the social elite; the fine arts, opera, theater, and high intellectualism are associated with
the upper socioeconomic classes. Items of high culture often require extensive experience, training,
or reflection to be appreciated. Such items seldom cross over to the pop culture domain.
Consequently, popular culture is generally looked (down) upon as being superficial when compared
to the sophistication of high culture.

While all three forms of culture are expressions of societal values and experiences, they differ in
terms of accessibility, influence, historical significance, and their relationship with different segments
of society. Pop culture is immediate, widespread, and consumer-driven; high culture is exclusive and
historically rooted; and folk culture is localized, community-centered, and often resists external
changes.

Learning Activity #3

Where do they belong?

Directions: Analyze each example and determine what type of culture is being presented. Choose
the answer from the pool of options inside the box.

A. Pop Culture B. Folk Culture C. High Culture

1. Juan Luna’s “Spoliarium” that depicts the aftermath of a gladiatorial battle.

2. Sinulog celebrates the feast of the Santo Nino in Cebu City.

Ben&Ben known for their hit songs “Araw-Araw”, “Kathang Isip”, and “Sa Susunod Na
3.
Habang Buhay.“

Tinikling is a traditional Filipino dance that involves dancers stepping over and
4.
between bamboo poles.

5. Bayan Ko is a patriotic song that is often sung during national celebrations.

Learning Contents

The Formation and Sources of Popular Culture

Pop culture develops through a constantly changing mix of historical events, technological
advances, and consumer choices. It is shaped by societal changes, global connections, and the fast
spread of ideas through media and technology. From music and movies to fashion and internet
trends, pop culture reflects the values, dreams, and experiences of the present, influencing how we
connect with the world and with each other.
 Through most of human history, the masses were influenced by dogmatic forms of rule and
traditions dictated by local folk culture. Most people were spread throughout small cities and rural
areas – conditions that were not conducive to a ‘popular’ culture. With the beginning of the Industrial
era (late eighteenth century), the rural masses began to migrate to cities, leading to the urbanization
of most Western societies.

Urbanization is a key ingredient in the formation of popular culture. People who once lived in
homogeneous small villages or farms found themselves in crowded cities marked by great cultural
diversity. These diverse people would come to see themselves as a ‘collectivity’ as a result of
common, or popular, forms of expression. Thus, many scholars trace the beginning of the popular
culture phenomenon to the rise of the middle class brought on by the Industrial Revolution.

Industrialization also brought with it mass production; developments in transportation, such as

the steam locomotive and the steamship; advancements in building technology; increased literacy;
improvements in education and public health; and the emergence of efficient forms of commercial
printing, representing the first step in the formation of a mass media (eg the penny press, magazines,
and pamphlets). All of these factors contributed to the blossoming of popular culture. By the start of
the twentieth century, the print industry mass-produced illustrated newspapers and periodicals, as
well as serialized novels and detective stories. Newspapers served as the best source of information
for a public with a growing interest in social and economic affairs. The ideas expressed in print
provided a starting point for popular discourse on all sorts of topics. Fueled by further technological
growth, popular culture was greatly impacted by the emerging forms of mass media throughout the
twentieth century. Films, broadcast radio and television all had a profound influence on culture.

In a nutshell, urbanization, industrialization, the mass media and the continuous growth in
technology since the late 1700s, have all been significant factors in the formation of popular culture.
These continue to be factors shaping pop culture today.

On the other hand, understanding the origins of pop culture gives us valuable insight into what
becomes popular and why. By exploring these sources, we can better grasp the historical, social, and
technological background of a particular time period. Creative individuals and artists shape pop
culture with their fresh ideas and unique expressions. Recognizing where their inspiration comes from
helps us see how new artistic movements, genres, and styles develop. Pop culture also mirrors the
values, beliefs, and attitudes of society. By analyzing its sources, we can uncover the hidden
messages and themes within cultural trends. The following are sources of popular culture:

1. Media and Entertainment: Movies, television shows, music, literature, and other forms of
media are at the forefront of shaping pop culture. Iconic films, hit songs, and popular TV series
often set trends, influence fashion, and contribute to cultural conversations.

2. Technology and Digital Culture: Technological advancements, especially in the digital realm,
have transformed how pop culture is created, shared, and consumed. Social media, online
platforms, and digital content play a pivotal role in spreading trends and ideas.

3. Youth and Subcultures: Younger generations and subcultures contribute to the formation of
pop culture by driving trends, introducing new fashion styles, and pioneering alternative ideas.
Their preferences and behaviors have a significant impact on mainstream culture.
 4. Globalization and Cross-Cultural Interaction: Cultural exchange, facilitated by globalization,
introduces diverse influences from around the world into pop culture. International collaborations,
fusion of traditions, and cross-cultural interactions enrich the cultural landscape.

5. Celebrity and Influencer Influence: The actions, choices, and endorsements of celebrities and
influencers influence what becomes popular in terms of fashion, lifestyle, and even social and
political issues. Their visibility amplifies certain cultural elements and trends.

A seemingly contradictory source of popular culture is individualism. Urban culture has not only
provided a common ground for the masses, it has inspired ideals of individualistic aspirations. In the
United States, a society formed on the premise of individual rights, there are theoretically no
limitations to what an individual might accomplish. An individual may choose to participate in all that
is ‘popular’ for popularity’s sake; or they may choose a course of action off the beaten track. At times,
these ‘pathfinders’ affect popular culture by their individuality. Of course, once a unique style
becomes adopted by others, it ceases to remain unique. It has become popular.

Learning Activity #3

Why Popular Culture?

Directions: Watch the TEDTalk “Why Popular Culture“ by Alexandre O. Philippie and answer the
following question in the box. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_3UYncNwz4)

Given the current trends in Philippine social media culture, what do you think will be the most
significant social media platform or trend in the next five years? Why?

References

1. Brummett, B. (1994). Rhetorical Dimensions of Popular Culture. University of Alabama Press.

2. Storey, J. (2015). Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction. Routledge.
3. Fiske, J. (2011). Understanding Popular Culture. Routledge.
4. Danesi, M. (2012). Popular Culture: Introductory Perspectives. Rowman & Littlefield.
5. Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. NYU Press.
Study Guide for Module No. 4
Popular Culture in the Philippines
Module Overview
Philippine pop culture is a vibrant and diverse blend of influences from both local traditions and global
trends. From Original Pilipino Music, to being the social media capital of the world, dominance in global
beauty pageants, the creation of street slang languages, and based internet pinoy memes. It reflects the
rich history, values, and creativity of the Filipino people.

Module Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
Trace the historical evolution of popular culture in the Philippines from pre-colonial times to the
present;
Discuss how traditional and indigenous cultural elements have merged with external influences
to create a distinct Filipino popular culture; and
Evaluate the ways in which pop culture in the postwar Philippines reflects the country's journey
towards modernity and nation-building.

Learning Contents

Historical Formation of Popular Culture in the Philippines

The roots of Philippine popular culture can be traced to the Spanish colonial period. During this time,
the Spanish introduced popular culture to native Filipinos through literature and plays, aiming to
captivate their hearts. This highlights the colonial origins of popular culture in the Philippines.

It originated as a substitution for native culture with Christian and European traditions, facilitated by
the offspring of indigenous elites. These individuals acted as intermediaries, using vernacular literary
forms to pacify the natives. An example of this was the portrayal of Jesus Christ's crucifixion and
resurrection in plays. These plays served to propagate Christianity, whereas songs and comedy
conveyed the ideals of the Spanish monarchy.

The introduction of popular culture to the Philippines aimed to sway the Filipino population towards
the Spanish regime's ideology. This cultural shift was engineered to advance the interests of both the
Church and the State.

During the American colonization of the Philippines, the term "popular culture" aptly applied to the
country. The arrival of the Americans brought with it the introduction of popular culture. The advent
of technologies such as the printing press, radio, television, and film facilitated the rapid
dissemination of various forms of popular culture. Hollywood films, in particular, held a significant
influence over the Philippine market during this time.
According to Bienvenido Lumbera, popular literature is treated as a commodity, created for mass
consumption. This perspective deems it a challenge to "serious artistic work" due to the prioritization
of publishers' and editors' commercial interests over artistic aesthetics. Furthermore, popular culture
does not spontaneously emerge from the populace. Instead, it is typically instigated by the ruling
elite or a select group employed by them, aimed at catering to the populace's consumption.

Popular culture in the Philippines is a concern. Popular culture is in question because of the following
reasons.

1. The Philippines is a third world country.

2. The Philippines has many indigenous ethnic groups that are still not urbanized.
3. The Philippines has a long history of two major cultural influences: Spanish and American.
4. The Philippines is still predominantly agricultural in its present socio-economic status.
5. The Philippines is still dependent on foreign economies

The definition of popular culture in the Philippines is not just “of the people” but “of the mass”, which
is basically construed to be urban and industrialized. Popular culture in the Philippines is a culture
generated by mass media that consists of film, radio, television, and press. They were introduced in
the twentieth century but are still exclusively urban. The earliest form of popular culture research in
the Philippines is mass communication research. It is concerned with content analyses and effects on
the audience. In the mid 70s, literature scholars began examining film, television, radio, and comics as
modes of fiction and drama. Their main concern was the cultural values and the way the transmission
of these values are being done. This concern was brought up by the so-called “serious” literature,
which are the novel, the short story, the poem, and the play because these were not reaching the
majority, not even the urban masses, and definitely not the rural masses. The following are some of
the major areas of Philippine Pop Culture:

Komiks

A comic book. a comic strip. comics; the medium of comic books, comic strips, and other sequential
art.

During the Martial Law, the komiks have been used by government agencies to deliver message of
development like the Green Revolution, family planning, and housing programs. The content of the
komiks reflects dreams, hopes, values, vision of life, escape from reality, and problems and solutions.
All these make komiks definitely a popular culture. Komiks are created by artists who favor the public
voice and dreams. Komiks has an extensive reach and grasp which makes them entirely “of the
people.”

Komiks are reading materials that are cheap and accessible for Filipinos and are a substitute for
serious literature. It has such an extensive reach and grasp because they are being swapped between
neighbors and workers and their relatives. That is a form of circulation in itself and it is not expensive.
Komiks have different roles suitable as a phenomenon of popular culture.

Komiks is a “purveyor of entertainment and moral lessons, disseminator of values and attitudes, and a
source of practical knowledge on farming, government policies, medicine, and science.”
Film

Cinematrografo are short-featured films that were first shown in the Philippines. The first feature films
that were produced locally were in 1909, featuring the life of Jose Rizal. Jose Nepomuceno’s
“Dalagang Bukid” was the first full-length feature film shown in 1919. “Ang Aswang” was the first talking
picture made in 1932 by Musser. There were a total of 214 movie houses in the Philippines in 1924. In
1939, the Philippine movie industry became fifth in world rank when it came to the number of talkies
produced. The Philippine movie industry moved from the big-studio syndrome to the present
proliferation of small independent producers with challenges such as high taxes, high production
costs, raw material scarcity, no aid from the government, little or no professional training for actors
and technical staff, and the greatest challenge was the competition from foreign movies. Despite all
of these challenges, the Filipino film did have an audience. The movie houses were filled especially
with stars like Dolphy, Nora Aunor, Vilma Santos, Sharon Cuneta, Fernando Poe, Jr., and a lot more.

Popular Music

At the beginning of the 70s, Philippine pop music was certainly American. However, Philippine popular
music was also present in the form of kundimans, love songs, zarzuelas, street songs, and children’s
nonsense songs but these were not sung on stages or even played in the airwaves. Philippine pop
culture was basically American, from pop, to rock, and even Broadway, to variety shows on television.
Pinoy rock emerged in 1973 through Joey Smith. It has a Western rock sound but in Pilipino lyrics. Hot
Dog came, which is another group, with a slow and melodious beat in Taglish lyrics. The Pinoy trend
emerged when Rolando Tinio, a poet, translated an album of American songs into Pilipino for Celeste
Legaspi. Radio stations were required to play three Filipino songs every hour, proving that the
dominant music culture was certainly American. Some radio stations went all the way by having
allFilipino songs in their programming, thus Pinoy pop had arrived. The Metro Manila Pop Song Festival,
or also known as Metropop Song Festival, is one of the songwriting competitions in the Philippines
that cater to the promotion of Filipino music. It has launched the careers of singers and songwriters in
the country.

Literature of Popular Culture.

Popular culture literature consists primarily of the following:

1. Reportage and feature stories in daily newspapers and weekly magazines;

2. Reviews of films, TV shows, pop concerts or performances, radio programs;
3. Studies done by mass communication undergraduates, thesis writers, and scholars;
4. Studies done by literature students and scholars;
5. Studies done by scholars who are interested in popular culture as a field of research

Learning Activity #1

Timeline of Influences on Philippine Pop Culture

Directions: Based on the timeline below, point out some of the notable influences for each period
that contributed to the evolution of popular culture.
 Spanish Period
Notable influences:
Japanese Period
Notable influences:

American Period
Notable influences:

Post War Period

Notable influences:

Learning Contents

Zeitgeist of Pop Culture in Postwar Philippines

Zeitgeist is defined as the defining spirit or mood of a particular period of history as shown by the
ideas and beliefs of the time. The Post War Period, also known as the “Recovering Era” is a period in
Philippine History that started in 1945 (the time when Japan surrendered to the U.S) until 1970.
Postwar Philippines refers to the period following World War II, specifically after the country was
liberated from Japanese occupation and the war came to an end in 1945. This era extends through
the 1950s and beyond, encompassing the efforts of the Philippines to rebuild, recover, and
reconstruct its society, economy, and institutions after the devastating impact of the war. During
World War II, the Philippines was under Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945. The country endured
widespread destruction, loss of lives, and social upheaval. The postwar period marked a significant
transition as the nation transitioned from wartime conditions to peacetime recovery.

The key zeitgeists of pop culture in postwar Philippines have played a significant role in shaping
culture and society, reflecting the prevailing attitudes, values, and trends of the time. These zeitgeists
have also held importance in influencing various aspects of Philippine society:

1. Nationalism and Identity: The postwar period saw a resurgence of nationalism and efforts to define
and assert Filipino identity. Pop culture became a vehicle for expressing this identity through art,
music, and media, fostering a sense of unity and pride among Filipinos.

2. Modernization and Globalization: The influx of Western influences and modernization efforts
shaped pop culture, introducing new music styles, fashion trends, and entertainment formats. These
influences facilitated cultural exchange and interconnectedness with the global community.

3. Social Commentary: Pop culture became a platform for social commentary, addressing issues
such as poverty, inequality, and political challenges. Films, music, and other forms of media convey
messages that prompt discussions and reflections on societal issues.
4. Cultural Fusion: The blending of traditional Filipino elements with modern influences gave rise to
unique expressions of culture. This fusion bridged generational and cultural gaps, celebrating both
heritage and progress.

5. Cinematic Golden Age: The Golden Age of Philippine Cinema during the postwar era produced
films that reflected the collective consciousness of the nation. These films tackled a wide range of
themes, from love stories to historical narratives, contributing to cultural enrichment.

6. Entertainment and Escapism: Pop culture offered an escape from the challenges of postwar life.
Films, music, and entertainment became sources of joy and respite, offering moments of celebration
and distraction from difficulties.

7. Formation of Cultural Icons: The era gave rise to cultural icons who represented the hopes and
dreams of Filipinos. These figures, whether in film, music, or sports, served as role models and sources
of inspiration.

8. Community Bonding: Pop culture provided a common ground for people to bond and connect.
Shared experiences through music, films, and trends fostered a sense of community and belonging
among Filipinos.

9. Education and Awareness: Pop culture played a role in educating and raising awareness about
historical events, societal issues, and cultural heritage. It helped disseminate information and provoke
conversations.

10. Preservation of Tradition: Despite the embrace of modernity, pop culture also played a role in
preserving traditional arts and practices. Folklore, storytelling, and cultural practices were often
integrated into contemporary forms of expression.

The importance of these zeitgeists lies in their ability to shape collective identity, influence public
discourse, and reflect the evolving values and aspirations of Philippine society. By engaging with pop
culture, Filipinos connect with their history, find avenues for self-expression, and contribute to
ongoing discussions about the country's path forward. Additionally, these zeitgeists serve as a
cultural archive, allowing future generations to understand the context and spirit of postwar
Philippines.

Learning Activity #2

Cultural Fusion Collage

Directions: Using magazines, online images, or drawings, create a collage that represents the fusion of
indigenous and external influences in Philippine pop culture. Incorporate examples from fashion,
language, music, film, and social media. Write brief labels for each image or item in your collage to
explain how it reflects either an indigenous tradition, an external influence, or a blend of both. Attach
the output on the box below:
Learning Activity #3

Philippine Pop Culture Journal

Directions: Write a series of three short journal entries (one page each) analyzing specific examples
of postwar pop culture (e.g., a popular film, song, or TV show) that reflect themes like nationalism,
social commentary, or modernization. For each entry, describe the pop culture example, explain its
significance in postwar Philippine society, and discuss how it relates to national identity, social issues,
or modernization.

Entry #1

Entry #2

Entry #3

References

1. University of Southeastern Philippines. (n.d.). Philippine popular culture. Studocu. Retrieved from
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-southeastern-philippines/philippine-
popular-culture/philippine-popular-culture/27884703
Study Guide for Module No. 5
Forms of Popular Culture in the Philippines
Module Overview
The Philippines, a vibrant archipelago in Southeast Asia, is celebrated for its rich cultural heritage and
captivating blend of indigenous and foreign influences. Within this cultural tapestry, popular culture has
been essential in shaping the collective identity of Filipinos, reflecting the societal, political, and economic
shifts that have defined the nation’s complex history. From music and dance to cinema, entertainment,
and literature, each form of popular culture uniquely contributes to the Filipino identity. Exploring these
art forms provides insight into the values and creativity of the Filipino people, revealing how they’ve
skillfully navigated the intersections of modernity and tradition. This journey into Philippine popular
culture sheds light on the distinctive qualities of these expressions and the deeper historical, social, and
cultural contexts that have influenced them over time.

Module Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
Compare and contrast traditional and contemporary forms of Philippine pop culture,
demonstrating an understanding of their cultural and historical significance;
Analyze the role of Philippine music in shaping cultural expression, social commentary, and
identity; and
Evaluate the impact of Philippine films by exploring the strengths, weakness, opportunities, and
threats.

Learning Contents

Philippine Music
The Philippines, an archipelago of 7,100 islands, can be divided into three major regions: Luzon, the
Visayan islands, and the Mindanao islands. Its diverse population can be categorized into three
religious groups: Christians, indigenous religions, and Muslims. Christians, the largest group, reside in
the lowlands of Luzon and the Visayan islands, while indigenous religion groups are found in upland
northern Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan. Muslim communities are concentrated in Mindanao, the Sulu
islands, and southern Palawan. Despite its East Asian location, the Philippines' music has been
strongly influenced by the West due to 333 years of Spanish colonization and 45 years of American
rule. While music in highland and lowland areas with indigenous cultures retains Asian elements, urban
music exhibits significant Spanish and American influences. Philippine music can be broadly
categorized into three divisions: (1) indigenous music with Asian influences, (2) religious and secular
music influenced by Spanish and European forms, and (3) American/European-inspired classical,
semi-classical, and popular music.

The recorded history of Philippine music predates the arrival of Magellan in 1521. Subsequent
accounts from friars, civil servants, and travelers provide insights into the musical traditions of the
Philippines. These historical documents describe a variety of instruments crafted from bronze,
bamboo, and wood.
They include gongs of varying sizes and shapes, drums, flutes, zithers, lutes, clappers, and buzzers.
Additionally, the indigenous vocal genres encompass a wide range of expressions, from epics that
narrate the genealogies and heroic exploits of gods and heroes to work songs linked to activities such
as farming, fishing, and rituals. These rituals include songs aimed at warding off evil spirits or invoking
blessings from benevolent spirits, as well as celebratory songs for events like weddings, births,
victories in warfare, or the resolution of tribal conflicts. Furthermore, there are mourning songs for the
departed, courting songs, and songs designed for children's games. It's important to note that many
of these musical traditions persist among indigenous groups to this day.

When the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, they brought with them a rich Spanish-European
culture that significantly impacted Filipino music. This cultural exchange, which occurred from the
17th to the 19th centuries, was closely intertwined with religious conversion. It led to a transformation
in the way Filipinos approached music, resulting in a unique blend of indigenous and Hispanic
elements. This fusion gave rise to both religious music, connected to Catholic liturgy, and secular
music that was influenced by European traditions. This influence is evident in the folk songs and
instrumental music of the Philippines.

During the American colonial period from 1898 to 1946, Philippine music experienced significant
changes. The American regime introduced music into the public school system, initially at the
elementary level and later in high schools. At the tertiary level, music conservatories and colleges
were established. Graduates from these institutions marked the emergence of the first generation of
Filipino composers who began to create music in Western styles and forms. Their compositions, as
well as those of subsequent generations of Filipino composers, form the foundation of the classical
art music tradition in the Philippines that thrives to this day.

Alongside classical music, a lighter form of music emerged. This semi-classical repertoire
encompassed stylized folk songs, theater music, and instrumental pieces. The sarswela tradition, in
particular, contributed a significant body of music, including songs inspired by opera arias and
instrumental overtures.

The tradition of bands, dating back to the Spanish colonial period, continued to flourish during the
American era. It produced exceptional musicians, composers, and performers. Additionally, the
rondalla, an instrumental ensemble, gained popularity and replaced the earlier cumparsa ensemble,
which drew inspiration from Mexican murza and Spanish estudiantina groups.

American lifestyle and pop culture played a pivotal role in shaping Filipino music. It led to the creation
of music by Filipinos using Western pop forms, collectively referred to as "Pinoy pop." This genre
encompasses a wide range of musical styles, including folk songs, dance tunes, ballads, Broadway-
style compositions, rock 'n' roll, disco, jazz, and rap.

These three primary musical streams—indigenous, Spanish-influenced religious and secular music,
and American/European-influenced classical, semi-classical, and popular music—combine to form
the diverse and rich landscape of what we recognize today as Philippine music.

Learning Activity #1
Directions: Select a Filipino song (traditional, contemporary, or a fusion of both) that you believe
represents a specific cultural, social, or political message. Write a short analysis (1-2 paragraphs) of
the song’s lyrics, melody, and style, explaining how it reflects Filipino identity, social issues, or cultural
values.
 Learning Contents
Philippine Dance
During the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, various Western influences were introduced, affecting
religion, social customs, clothing, dance, and music. European dances like the waltz, mazurka, the Spanish
jota, paso doble, and fandango were adapted to the local climate and cultural sensibilities. The ornate
costumes of 16th-century Europe were modified for formal events among the wealthy and for
government functions. These outfits later evolved into the "Maria Clara" attire for women and the "Barong
Tagalog" for men.

Life in the Philippine provinces reflects the simplicity of those who live close to the land. The landscape is
characterized by small towns, villages, coconut groves, bamboo thickets, and the lush green or golden
hues of rice fields. Many rural dances mimic natural movements, imitating birds, animals, trees, and the
sea. Some dances portray various occupations or are created for religious celebrations. Bamboo is a
common element in these dances.

The BIBAK tribes, including the Benguet, Ifugao, Bontoc, and Kalinga-Apayao people, inhabit the
mountainous regions of Northern Luzon. Isolated in these highland villages, they have preserved their tribal
identity, culture, and traditions. Dances among the BIBAK tribes are rooted in their nature-based beliefs.
These dances celebrate key life events like births, weddings, deaths, and bountiful harvests. They dance
to honor their ancestors, seek divine intervention for various purposes, and connect socially. Some
dances illustrate agricultural activities, their primary livelihood. These performances are accompanied by
percussion instruments like Gangsa gongs, drums, bamboo instruments, and flutes.

In the southern Philippines, specifically on the islands of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, the cultural
influences of Hindu, Arabic, and Indo-Malayan civilizations are evident. This region is home to Filipinos who
embraced Islam as early as the 14th century. These people, referred to as Moros by the Spaniards,
resisted Christianization. Dances in this area, particularly those of the Maguindanao, Maranao, and Tausug,
are primarily ceremonial and often accompanied by traditional percussion instruments such as Kulintang
gongs and drums. Kulintang music has a history dating back to the 3rd century A.D., preceding the arrival
of Islam and Christianity. It is celebratory music used for weddings, festivities, healing rituals, and warding
off evil spirits. However, it is not played during funerals or Islamic ceremonies.
 Philippine Cinema
Long before the emergence of cinema in the Philippines, the country had a rich history of theater rooted
in its early societies. These performances, often integrated with rituals, utilized imitative dances to
appease supernatural forces and ensure the prosperity of the community. By the turn of the 19th century,
zarzuela (a traditional Spanish one-act comic opera) and vaudeville, featuring singing, dancing, and
comedy acts, gained popularity at town fiestas, drawing viewers from various provinces. The Spanish
Operetta, introduced by Don Narciso de Escosura and later championed by Don Alejandro Cubero, found
a home at Teatro Filipino. Meanwhile, the Tagalog zarzuela thrived at Teatro Zorilla, contributing to the
nascent silent motion picture.

Cinema officially arrived in the Philippines in 1897, when Pertierra, a Spaniard, screened the first four
movies, including "Un Homme Au Chapeau" and "Une scene de danse Japonaise," using a 60mm Gaumont
Chrono-photograph projector at Salon de Pertierra. Though other countries claimed early motion picture
showings, the credit for the Philippines' first cinema experience rightfully belongs to Mr. Pertierra.

In 1897, Antonio Ramos, a Spanish soldier, imported a Lumiere Cinematograph from Paris and began
showing films in Manila. The Lumiere Cinematograph quickly became a sensation, attracting audiences to
films like "Les Boxers" and "La Place de L’ Opera." In the absence of new content, Ramos created the first
Philippine films in 1898 using the Lumiere as a camera. These early films captured scenes of Manila,
Quiapo Fiesta, Puwente de España, and street life. Subsequently, other filmmakers, like Burton Holmes,
Kimwood Peters, and Raymond Ackerman, documented their visits to the Philippines.

The first exclusive movie theaters, Cine Walgrah and Gran Cinematografo Parisien, opened in 1900 and
1902, respectively, while the first Filipino-owned theater, Cinematograpo Rizal, was established in 1903.

The first story film made in the Philippines- Rose of the Philippines may have been produced on location
in Manila in 1909 by the IMP Company– Carl Laemmele’s Independent Moving Picture Company, out of
which grew the Universal Pictures Corporation. Some film historians dispute this contending it must have
been a slide show. But the IMP released this 760 foot film (eight minute’s screening time) in the U.S.
theaters in January, 1910. When it was released in Manila in 1911, Rose of the Philippines, was advertised in
the Manila Times as “among the first films produced locally-a dramatic story from the days of the Empire.

In 1910, the first sound-equipped film, utilizing the Chronophone, made its way to Manila. However, it's
crucial to note that silent movies were never truly silent from the beginning, dating back to the first show
in 1897. These early screenings always featured accompaniments such as gramophones, pianos, quartets,
or, in the case of Caviria at the Manila Grand Opera House, a 200-member choir. By 1930, talking pictures,
or "talkies," had been in the Philippines for a year with the screening of Syncopation, the first American
sound film, at the Radio Theater in Plaza Santa Cruz. This marked the beginning of fierce competition
among local producers and filmmakers, all vying to create the country's first talkie. On December 8, 1932,
Graphic magazine published an article featuring the film "Ang Aswang" (The Vampire) as the country's first
talkie. However, in reality, this film didn't turn out to be entirely a sound film. It appears that the credit for
producing the very first proper talkie belongs to Jose Nepomuceno. His film "Punyal na Guinto" (Golden
Dagger), which premiered on March 9, 1933, at the Lyric Theater, is recognized as the Philippines' first fully
sound-equipped movie.

In 1937, the first Filipino movie to gain international acclaim was "Zamboanga," starring Fernando Poe and
Rosa del Rosario. Hollywood director Frank Capra praised it as the most exciting and beautiful depiction
of native life he had ever seen. Manuel Conde's "Genghis Khan," released in 1950, received accolades at
the Venice Film Festival in 1952 and was shown in Paris in 1954 after being dubbed in French. Hollywood
later remade "Genghis Khan," with John Wayne as the lead, but audiences found it lacking in authenticity
compared to Conde's original.
In 1911, a British film crew visited the Philippines, capturing scenes, including the Pagsanjan Falls, in
kinemakolor. Oriental Films, led by Bert Yearley, commissioned this production and stirred excitement by
offering six months of free movie passes to the lucky patron who could guess the arrival time of the
steamship "Empress Russia" carrying the processed film from London. During the 1950s, Filipinos were
introduced to Hollywood's first full-length Technicolor film. Local producers also attempted to create their
own color films, such as "Prinsipe Amante," although these initial efforts suffered from technical limitations.
Filipino technicians quickly adapted to evolving technology, and by the 1960s, they successfully
presented full-length Eastmancolor films, like "Ito ang Pilipino" starring Joseph Estrada. By the 1970s, black
and white films became a thing of the past.

The government established the Board of Censors for cinematographic films in 1912, which later evolved
into the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) in 1986. Taxes on films were first
imposed in 1915, along with income taxes. These taxes were levied on various picture-projecting devices.
Despite protests from film producers and distributors, the Bureau of Internal Revenue began collecting
film taxes in 1916.

In 1911, the first association of motion picture producers and distributors was formed by American,
Spanish, and Filipino producers, as well as theater managers. Initially, they united to combat impending
censorship, and later, to oppose taxes. Over time, film production became a major industry in the country,
contributing substantial revenues to the national government. However, as the filmmakers' enthusiasm to
fight censorship waned, their hope of eliminating taxes also faded.

Jose Nepomuceno, a pioneering figure in the early Philippine film industry, recognized cinema's potential
beyond entertainment. He viewed cinema as a powerful medium for documenting the country's
development. A film reviewer in "The Citizen," after seeing Nepomuceno's "Dalagang Bukid" in 1919,
acknowledged that local films had the potential to represent the Philippines to the world. The reviewer
noted: "Our country is largely unknown to most of the world. To expand foreign commerce and attract
tourists, it is essential to enlighten the world about our situation. We aim to present the Philippines as the
'Garden of the Far East' to the global commercial community. Motion pictures are crucial for achieving this
goal. By showcasing various aspects of Philippine life and customs in countries like China, Japan, India,
America, Australia, and Europe, we can provide a true and positive image of our nation. Developing this
vital industry will help establish the Philippines as an enlightened, progressive, and industrious nation."
Seventy-five years later, and continuing into the present day, the aspiration of this forward-thinking
reviewer remains a central objective of the Philippine film industry.

Learning Activity #2
Directions: Conduct a SWOT analysis of the film “Manila in the Claws of Light” by Lino Brocka and
explore its cultural and societal impact in the Philippines today.

Manila in the Claws of Light Analysis

Strengths:
 Weaknesses:

Opportunities:

Threats:

Philippine Literature
Philippine literature is literature associated with the Philippines from prehistory, through its colonial
legacies, and on to the present. It is a product of the nation's history, mythology, culture, and foreign
influences, has evolved across different periods while embracing prevalent literary philosophies and
movements. It encompasses a wide array of literary forms, including poetry, prose, proverbs, and more.
These works are written in various languages, including Tagalog, Bisaya, and local dialects, as well as
Spanish and English.

Noted journalist Nena Jimenez points out the consistent elements of Philippine literature, characterized
by concise and deeply personal sentences. Themes of family, unwavering love, and determination run
through these narratives. The use of commas, conjunctions, and the fusion of English, known as Filipino-
English or Taglish, are prominent features. It's worth noting that these elements have left a lasting impact
on the broader literary landscape.

Before the arrival of colonizers, the Ilocano people stood out as prolific storytellers in the Philippines. They
thrived in the highlands, leading nomadic lives that inspired tales of epic adventures. Ilocanos employed a
unique form of storytelling known as the "dallot," which was essentially an improvised, verse-filled, and
often impromptu epic poem delivered in a melodious, song-like fashion. One of the most renowned
dallots was the epic "Biag ni Lamang."
The Spanish colonization of the Philippines introduced European literary traditions heavily influenced by
the Spanish language and Catholicism. Notable traditions included poetry like tanaga, ladino, corridos, and
awit; religious dramas like moriones, santacruzan, panunuluyan, and senakulo; and secular dramas such as
comedia, duplo, and karagatan. This period saw the rise of Filipino authors like Francisco Balagtas, known
for "Florante at Laura," and Huseng Sisiw, author of "Singsing ng Pagibig." The first daily newspaper, "La
Esperanza," was published on December 1, 1846, in the Philippines, with other early newspapers like "La
Estrella" (1847), "Diario de Manila" (1848), and "Boletin Oficial de Filipinas" (1852). The first provincial
newspaper, "El Eco de Vigan," emerged in 1884, while "El Boletín de Cebú" was published in Cebu City in
1890. Another influential Spanish-language Filipino newspaper was "El Renacimiento" (1901), printed in
Manila by the Guerrero de Ermita family until the 1940s. The Philippine Revolution spurred nationalist
literary works, with many writers advocating for Filipino interests, betterment, or independence from
Spanish rule. Prominent figures in this movement included Pedro Alejandro Paterno, the author of the first
Filipino novel, "Nínay" (1885); Graciano López Jaena and Marcelo H. del Pilar, who edited and published the
pro-Filipino newspaper "La Solidaridad" (1889); and the national hero, José Rizal, renowned for his Spanish
novels, "Noli Me Tángere" (1887) and "El Filibusterismo" (1891)

he American occupation and colonization of the Philippines ushered in new styles and literary genres. In
contrast to the more structured literature of the Spanish era, the American period witnessed the rise of
"free verse," enabling flexibility in poetry, prose, and other forms of expression. The introduction of the
English language held equal significance, becoming one of the primary languages employed by Filipino
writers during this era and continuing to be influential today. The first English novel written by a Filipino,
"The Child of Sorrow," was penned by Zoilo Galang in 1921. Early English writings were marked by
melodrama, vivid language, and a strong emphasis on local color. Short stories also gained popularity, with
numerous serials and stories published independently or in newspapers. Among these, Manuel Arguilla's
anthology, "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Short Stories" (1940), stood out, winning
first prize in the Commonwealth Literary Contest

With the Philippines gaining its sovereignty from America, patriotism once again took center stage in
Filipino literature. In addition to stories about Filipino mythology and history, there was a surge in
narratives portraying the simple lives of everyday Filipinos. These stories typically unfolded in rural
settings, depicting ordinary Filipino activities such as church-going, farming, courting, and cockfighting.

One of the most well-known examples was the short story "My Brother's Peculiar Chicken" by Alejandro
Roces. Other prominent mid-20th century writers included Carlos Bulosan, Nick Joaquin, Bienvenido
Santos, Lualhati Bautista, and Rolando S. Rinio. Carlos Bulosan, in particular, published the novel "America Is
In The Heart" (1946), offering an early glimpse into the lives of Asian-American immigrants in the West. F.
Sionel Jose also tackled social injustice and elitism in his "Rosales Saga" (1973-1984).

This period also witnessed the emergence of a golden age of Filipino comics and sequential art. Many
Filipino comic books, strips, and graphic novels gained immense popularity, featuring artists like Mars
Ravelo, Francisco V. Coching, Carlo J. Caparas, and Gilda Olvidado. Subsequently, political and protest
literature became prominent, especially during the Martial Law era. At this time, the focus shifted towards
critiquing and satirizing the state of the Philippines, rather than solely celebrating the nation. Notable
works from this period include Amado V. Hernandez's powerful "Mga Ibong Mandaragit" (1969) and
Primitivo Mijares's "Conjugal Dictatorship" (1976).
The advent of mass printing and digital technology brought greater accessibility for Filipino authors
seeking to publish their work. The internet emerged as a revolutionary platform for Filipino authors to
connect with readers beyond the Philippines. Publishing houses like PSICOM thrived, and self-publishers
and platforms like Wattpad gained popularity. Notably, Danny R.'s webnovel "Diary ng Pangit" (2013) was
among the first to achieve this. During this period, numerous Filipinos delved into contemporary literary
trends, addressing modern issues of diversity and mental health while introducing international readers to
Filipino culture. Two of the most prominent Filipino writers of the early 21st century are Rin Chupeco,
renowned for her Young Adult fiction inspired by Filipino mythology, and Louis Bulaong, an influential
figure in pop culture literature who popularized the use of international Filipino terms like "kilig" in his
stories

The 21st century also witnessed the rise in popularity of several Filipina writers. One of the most
celebrated is Ivy Alvarez, a Filipino-Australian author acclaimed for her poetry collection "Disturbance"
(2013), which explores themes of domestic abuse. Yvette Fernandez, a children's book author from
Summit Media, produced books addressing history and morality. Other contemporary Filipina writers
include Marites Vitug and Merlie M. Alunan.

Learning Activity #3

Philippine Pop Culture Comparison Chart

Directions: In the chart below, lists down different forms of Philippine pop culture. For each each
form, identify and briefly describe one traditional and one contemporary example. In the final column,
write a short explanation of the cultural or historical significance of each example.

Traditional Contemporary
Forms of PPC Cultural and Historical Significance
Example Example

Philippine
Music

Philippine
Dance

Philippine
Cinema

Philippine
Literature