OBJECT ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING
(with C++)

Unit-4
Exception Handling

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 1

 Unit-IV
Standard C++ classes, using multiple inheritance,
persistant objects, streams and files, namespaces,
exception handling, generic classes, standard
template library: Library organization and containers,
standard containers, algorithm and Function objects,
iterators and allocators, strings, streams,
manipulators, user defined manipulators, vectors,
valarray, slice, generalized numeric algorithm.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 2
 Exception
 An exception is a problem that arises during the
execution of a program. A C++ exception is a response to
an exceptional circumstance that arises while a program
is running, such as an attempt to divide by zero.
 Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one
part of a program to another.
 Note that an exceptional circumstance is not necessarily
an error.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 3
 Exception Handling
 Exception handling is a mechanism that separates code
that detects and handles exceptional circumstances from
the rest of your program.
 Exception handling mechanism consists of following
parts:
 Find the problem (Hit the exception)
 Inform about its occurrence (Throw the exception)
 Receive error information (Catch the exception)
 Take proper action (Handle the exception)

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 4
 Exception Handling
C++ consists of 3 keywords for handling the exception:
 try: Try block consists of the code that may generate
exception. Exception are thrown from inside the try
block.
 throw: Throw keyword is used to throw an exception
encountered inside try block. After the exception is
thrown, the control is transferred to catch block.
 catch: Catch block catches the exception thrown by
throw statement from try block. Then, exception are
handled inside catch block.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 5
 Exception Handling
Syntax: Example:
try int main ()
{ {
statements; try
... ... ... {
throw 20;
throw exception; }
} catch (int e)
catch (type argument) {
cout << "An exception
{ occurred with value " << e;
statements; }
... ... ... return 0;
}
}

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 6
 Exception Handling
Example:
int main()
{
int x = -1;
cout << "Before try \n";
try {
Output:
cout << "Inside try \n";
if (x < 0) Before try
{ Inside try
throw x; Exception Caught
cout << "After throw (Never executed) \n"; After catch (Will be executed)
}
}
catch (int x ) {
cout << "Exception Caught \n";
}
cout << "After catch (Will be executed) \n";
return 0;
}
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 7
 Multiple Catch Exception
Multiple catch exception statements are used when a user
wants to handle different exceptions differently. For this, a
user must include catch statements with different
declaration.
Syntax:
try {
body of try block }
catch (type1 argument1)
{ statements; ... ... ... }
catch (type2 argument2)
{ statements; ... ... ... }
catch (typeN argumentN)
{ statements; ... ... ... }
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 8
 Catch All Exceptions
Sometimes, it may not be possible to design a separate catch
block for each kind of exception. In such cases, we can use
a single catch statement with ellipsis (...) that catches all
kinds of exceptions which are not caught by other
handlers.
Syntax:
catch (...)
{
statements;
... ... ...
}

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 9
 Example
Program to divide two numbers using try catch block.
int main() catch (int e)
{ {
int a,b; cout << "Exception: Division by zero";
cout << "Enter 2 numbers: "; }
cin >> a >> b; catch (char st)
try {
{ cout << "Exception: Division is less than 1";
if (b != 0) }
catch(...)
{
{
float div = (float)a/b; cout << "Exception: Unknown";
if (div < 0) throw 'e'; }
//’e’ is not implicitly converted to int return 0;
cout << "a/b = " << div; }
}
else
throw b;
} Dr. Gaurav Gupta
OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 10
 Nested try-catch blocks
int main()
{
try {
try {
throw 20;
Output:
} Handle Partially Handle remaining
catch (int n) {
cout << "Handle Partially ";
throw; //Re-throwing an exception
}
}
catch (int n) {
cout << "Handle remaining ";
}
return 0;
}
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 11
 Throwing exception from a function
Example: catch (int i)
void xTest(int test)
{
{
cout<<“Caught exception : ”;
cout<<“Inside xTest: ”<<test;
cout<<i;
if(test)
}
throw test;
cout<<“Main End”;
}
}
main()
{
cout<<“Main Start”; Output:
try{ Main Start
cout<<“Inside try block”; Inside try block
xTest(0); Inside xTest: 0
xTest(1); Inside xTest: 1
xTest(2); Caught Exception : 1
} Main End

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 12
 Exception Specification
To specify the set of exceptions that might be thrown as part
of the function declaration e.g.

returnType functionName(Arg_list) throw(type_list)

{
:
}
This specifies functionName may throw only exceptions of
type_list and exceptions derived from these types but no others.

To throw character as well as integer from xTest() use:

void xTest(int test) throw (int, char)

To throw no type exception from xTest() use:

Void xTest(int test) throw()

Dr. Gaurav Gupta
OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 13
 Re- Throwing an exception
Example: main()
void f(int a) {
{ try{
try f(0);
{ }
if(a==0) catch(int)
throw a; {
else cout<<“Caught Exception”;
cout<<“Good”; }
} }
catch(int)
{
Output:
cout<<“Rethrowing”;
Rethrowing
throw;
Caught Exception
}
}
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 14
 Exception & Classes
When an exception is thrown, all objects created inside the
enclosing try block are destructed before the control is
transferred to catch block.

class Test {
public:
Test() { cout << "Constructor of Test \n"; }
~Test() { cout << "Destructor of Test \n"; }
}; Output:
Constructor of Test
int main() { Destructor of Test
try { Caught 10
Test t1;
throw 10;
} catch(int i) {
cout << "Caught " << i << endl;
}
}

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 15
 Exception & Classes
 If both base and derived classes are caught as exceptions then
catch block of derived class must appear before the base class. If
we put base class first then the derived class catch block will
never be reached. For example, following C++ code
prints “Caught Base Exception”
class Base {}; catch(Base b)
class Derived: public Base {}; {
int main() cout<<"Caught Base Exception";
{ }
Derived d; catch(Derived d)
try {
//This catch block is NEVER executed
{
cout<<"Caught Derived Exception";
throw d; }
} return 0;
}

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 16
 Exception & Classes
 In the above C++ code, if we change the order of catch
statements then both catch statements become reachable.
Following is the modified program and it prints “Caught
Derived Exception”

class Base {};

class Derived: public Base {}; catch(Derived d)
{
int main()
cout<<"Caught Derived Exception";
{ }
Derived d; catch(Base b)
try { {
throw d; cout<<"Caught Base Exception";
} }
return 0;
}

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

OOPS (Unit - 4) Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 17
To be continued…

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 18

 OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
(with C++)

Unit-4
Standard Library, Streams & File

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 1
 Unit-IV
Standard C++ classes, using multiple inheritance,
persistant objects, streams and files, namespaces,
exception handling, generic classes, standard template
library: Library organization and containers, standard
containers, algorithm and Function objects, iterators
and allocators, strings, streams, manipulators, user
defined manipulators, vectors, valarray, slice,
generalized numeric algorithm.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 2
 Standard Library
A standard library is something that every implementer
must supply so that every programmer can rely on it.
The C++ standard library:
 Provides support for language features such as memory
management and run time type information
 Supplies information about implementation-defined
aspects of the language such as the largest float value
 Supplies functions that can not be implemented
optimally in the language itself for every system such as
sqrt()
 Supplies facilities that a programmer can rely on for
portability such as lists, sort functions & I/o streams
 Provides common foundation for other libraries
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 3
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Standard Library
The facilities of the standard library are defined in the std
namespace and presented as a set of headers.
using namespace std;
Standard library is a collection of classes and functions
which are written in the core language. Header files in the
c++ standard library do not end with ‘.h’ extension e.g.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 4

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Stream I/O Library Header Files
 A stream is a sequence of bytes.
 A stream acts as an interface between program & i/p, o/p
device.
 A stream is nothing but a flow of data.
 iostream -- contains basic information required for all
stream I/O operations
 iomanip -- contains information for performing formatted
I/O with parameterized stream manipulators
 fstream -- contains information for performing file I/O
operations
 strstream -- contains information for performing in-
memory I/O operations (i.e., into or from strings in
memory)

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 5

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Stream Classes for I/O & File Operations

 ios is the base class.

 istream and ostream inherit from ios
 ifstream inherits from istream (and ios)
 ofstream inherits from ostream (and ios)
 iostream inherits from istream and ostream (& ios)
 fstream inherits from ifstream, iostream, and ofstream
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 6
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 C++ Stream I/O -- Stream Manipulators
 Manipulators are special functions that can be included in
the I/O statements to alter the format parameters of a
stream.
 Stream manipulators are defined in <iomanip>
 These manipulators provide capabilities for
 setting field widths,
 setting precision,
 setting and unsetting format flags,
 flushing streams,
 inserting a "newline" and flushing output stream,
 skipping whitespace in input stream

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 7

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 C++ Stream I/O -- Stream Manipulators
setprecision (int precision)
 To set floating point precision i.e. number of significant
digits to be printed e.g.
cout << setprecision (2) << 1.2345;
Output: 1.23 // two significant digits

setw (int width)

 To set the field width (can be used on input or output,
but only applies to next insertion or extraction) e.g.
cout << setw (10) <<12345;
Output: _ _ _ _ _ 1 2 3 4 5 //5 blanks+5 digits

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 8

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 C++ Stream I/O -- Stream Manipulators
setfill (char fillChar)
 To set the fill character.
e.g.
cout << setfill(‘*’) << setw(10)<<12345;
Output: * * * * * 1 2 3 4 5 //5 stars + 5 digits

endl
 To insert new line and flush stream
cout<<endl;

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 9

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
C++ Stream I/O - Stream Manipulators
 Various ios format flags specify the kinds of formatting
to be performed during stream I/O.

 There are member functions (and/or stream

manipulators) which control flag settings.

 There are various flags for trailing zeros and decimal

points, justification, number base, floating point
representation, and so on.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 10

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 C++ Stream I/O -- Stream Manipulators
setiosflags(long f)
 Sets the format flag e.g.

cout<<setiosflags(ios::scientific)<<1.0000;
Output: 1.0000e+000

resetiosflags(long f)
 Clears the flag specified by setiosflag e.g.

cout<<resetiosflags(ios::scientific)<<1.0000;
Output: 1.0000

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 11

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 I/O Stream Member Functions
.setf ( )
 Allows the setting of an I/O stream format flag.

 e.g.

// To show the + sign in front of positive numbers

cout.setf (ios::showpos) ;

// To output the number in hexadecimal

cout.setf (ios::hex, ios::basefield) ;

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 12

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 I/O Stream Member Functions
.precision ( ) ;
 Select output precision, i.e., number of significant digits
to be printed.
 e.g.
cout.precision (2) ; // two significant digits

.width ( ) ;
 Specify field width. (Can be used on input or output, but
only applies to next insertion or extraction).
 e.g.
cout.width (4) ; // field is four positions wide

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 13

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 I/O Stream Member Functions
.eof ( ) ;
 Tests for end-of-file condition.
 e.g.
cin.eof ( ) ; // true if eof encountered

.fail ( ) ;
 Tests if a stream operation has failed.
 e.g.
cin.fail ( ) ; // true if a format error occurred
! cin; // same as above; true if format error

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 14

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 I/O Stream Member Functions
.clear ( ) ;
 Normally used to restore a stream's state to "good" so
that I/O may proceed or resume on that stream.

 e.g.
cin.clear ( ) ; // allow I/O to resume on a "bad"
// stream, in this case "cin",
// on which error had previously
// occurred

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Using Manipulators & Member Functions
#include <iostream> // No “.h” (standard header)
#include <iomanip> // No “.h” (standard header)
using namespace std; // To avoid “std::”
int main ( )
{
int a, b, c = 8, d = 4 ;
float k ;
char name[30] ;
cout << "Enter your name" << endl ;
cin.getline (name, 30) ;
cout << "Enter two integers and a float " << endl ;
cin >> a >> b >> k ;

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 16

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Using Manipulators & Member Functions
// Now, let's output the values that were read in
cout << "\nThank you, " << name << ", you entered"
<< endl << a << ", " << b << ", and " ;
cout.width (4) ;
cout.precision (2) ;
cout << k << endl ;
// Control the field and precision another way
cout <<"\nThank you, " << name << ", you entered"
<< endl << a << ", " << b << ", and " << setw (c)
<< setprecision (d) << k << endl ;
}
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 17
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Example Program Output
Enter your name
Dr. Gaurav
Enter two integers and a float
12 24 67.85

Thank you, Dr. Gaurav, you entered

12, 24, and •68

Thank you, Dr. Gaurav, you entered

12, 24, and •67.85

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 18

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Creating own manipulator
Syntax:
ostream & manipulator_name(ostream &out)
{
:
return out;
}
How to use it:
ostream &unit(ostream &out)
{
out<<inches;
return out;
}
Example:
cout<<36<<unit;  36 inches

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 19

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Own manipulator with multiple operations
Example:
ostream &currency(ostream & output)
{
output<<“Rs”;
return output;
}
ostream &show(ostream &output) Output:
{ Rs***+503.20
output.setf(ios::showpos);
output.setf(ios::showpoint);
output.fill(‘*’);
output.precision(2);
output.setiosflags(ios::fixed)<<setw(10);
return output;
}
main()
{
cout<<currency<<show<<503.2;
}
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 20
 Files & Streams
 A file is a collection of related data stored in a particular
area on the disk.
 C++ views each file as a sequence of bytes.
 Each file ends with an end-of-file marker.
 When a file is opened, an object is created and a stream
is associated with the object.
 To perform file processing in C++, the header files
<iostream.h> and <fstream.h> must be included.
 <fstream.h> includes <ifstream> and <ofstream>

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 21

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 How to open a file?
A file can be opened in 2 ways:
 Using Constructor: Used when only one file is in the
stream. Syntax:
FileStreamClass objectName(“fileName”, open_Mode)
e.g. ofstream outFile(“Try.dat”,ios::out);
OR
 Using member function – open(): Used to manage
multiple files using one stream. Syntax:
FileStreamClass objectName;
objectName.open (“fileName”, open_Mode)
e.g.
ofstream outFile;
outFile.open(“clients.dat”, ios:out)
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 22
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 File Open Modes
 ios:: app - (append) write all output to the end of file
 ios:: ate - data can be written anywhere in the file
 ios:: binary - read/write data in binary format
 ios:: in - (input) open a file for input i.e. for read only
 ios:: out - (output) open a file for output i.e. for write
only
 ios:: trunc -(truncate) discard the file’s content if it
exists
 ios:: nocreate - if the file does NOT exists, the open
operation fails
 ios:noreplace - if the file exists, the open operation
fails
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 23
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 How to close a file in C++?
The file is closed implicitly when a destructor for the
corresponding object is called
OR
by using member function close:
ofstream outFile;
outFile.close();

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 24

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Sequential file (Using Constructor)
#include <iostream.h>
#include <fstream.h>
ifstream inFile(“File”);
int main()
inFile>>name;
{
inFile>>year;
// ofstream constructor opens file
cout<<name;
ofstream outFile( “File”);
cout<<year;
char name[30]=“Gaurav”;
}
int year=2018;
outFile<<name<<“\n”;
outFile<<year<<“\n”;
outFile.close();

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 25

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Sequential file (Using open())
#include <iostream.h>
while(inFile) //(inFile.eof()!=0)
#include <fstream.h>
{
int main()
inFile.getline(str,100);
{
cout<<str;
char str[100];
}
ofstream outFile;
inFile.close();
outFile.open(“Country”);
inFile.open(“States”);
outFile<<“India\n”;
while(inFile) //eof()=0 on
outFile<<“Nepal\n”;
reaching end of file condition
outFile.close();
{
outFile.open(“States”);
inFile.getline(str,100);
outFile<<“Delhi”;
cout<<str;
outFile<<“Kathmandu”;
}
outFile.close();
inFile.close();
ifstream inFile;
}
inFile.open(“Country”);
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 26
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Reading and printing a sequential file
// Reading and printing a sequential file
#include <iostream.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void outputLine( int, const char *, double );
int main()
{
// ifstream constructor opens the file
ifstream inFile( "clients.dat", ios::in );
if ( !inFile ) {
cerr << "File could not be opened\n";
exit( 1 );
}
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 27
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 int account;
char name[ 30 ];
double balance;
cout << setiosflags( ios::left ) << setw( 10 ) << "Account“ << setw( 13 ) <<
"Name" << "Balance\n";

while ( inFile >> account >> name >> balance )

outputLine( account, name, balance );

return 0; // ifstream destructor closes the file

}

void outputLine( int acct, const char *name, double bal )

{
cout << setiosflags( ios::left ) << setw( 10 ) << acct << setw( 13 ) << name <<
setw( 7 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << resetiosflags( ios::left )
<< setiosflags( ios::fixed | ios::showpoint )
<< bal << '\n';
}
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 28
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 File position pointer
 <istream> and <ostream> classes provide member functions
for repositioning the file pointer (the byte number of the next
byte in the file to be read or to be written.)
 These member functions are:
seekg (seek get) for istream class – Moves get (i/p)
pointer to a specified location
Syntax: seekg(offset, refPosition);
Where offset is no. of bytes, file pointer is to be moved from
refPosition.
refPosition:
 ios::beg start of file
 ios::currCurrent position of pointer
 ios::end  End of file
seekp (seek put) for ostream class – Moves put pointer to a
specified location.
seekp(offset, refPosition);
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 29
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Examples of moving a file pointer
 inFile.seekg(0) - repositions the file get pointer to the
beginning of the file
 inFile.seekg(n, ios::beg) - repositions the file get pointer to
the n-th byte of the file
 inFile.seekg(m, ios::end) -repositions the file get pointer to
the m-th byte from the end of file
 inFile.seekg(0, ios::end) - repositions the file get pointer to
the end of the file
 The same operations can be performed with <ostream>
member function - seekp.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 30

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Member functions tellg() and tellp()
 Member functions tellg and tellp are provided to return
the current locations of the get and put pointers,
respectively.
long location = inFile.tellg();
 To move the pointer relative to the current location use:
ios::cur
 inFile.seekg(n, ios::cur) - moves the file get pointer n
bytes forward from current position of pointer.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 31

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Sequential file-I/O operations (put() & get())
int main()
{
char str[100];
cin>>str;
int len=strlen(str);
fstream file;
file.open(“Try”,ios::in|ios::out);
for(int i=0;i<len;i++)
file.put(str[i]);
file.seekg(0); //Go to start
char ch;
while(file)
{
file.get(ch);
cout<<ch;
}
}
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 32
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Sequential file - write() & read()
Used to handle data in binary form. Syntax:
• inFile.read((char*)&var,sizeof(var));
• outFile.write((char*)&var,sizeof(var));
main()
{
float arr[4]={1.2,2.3,3.4,4.5,5.6};
ofstream outfile;
outfile.open(“Try”);
outfile.write((char*)&arr,sizeof(arr));
outfile.close();
arr={0,0,0,0};
ifstream infile;
infile.open(“Try”);
infile.read((char*)&arr,sizeof(arr));
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
cout<<arr[i];
infile.close();
} Dr. Gaurav Gupta 33
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Sequential file – Reading & Writing Class Object
Data members are written to disk file not the member function
class ABC file.open(“Try.DAT”, ios::in|ios::out);
{ cout<<“Enter Data: ”;
char name[50]; for(int i=0;i<5;i++) {
int roll; obj[i].GetData();
public: file.write((char*)&obj[i],sizeof(obj[i]));
void GetData() { }
cin>>name>>roll; } file.seekg(0);
void Display() { cout<<“Output : ”;
cout<<name<<roll; for(int i=0;i<5;i++) {
}}; file.read((char*)&obj[i],sizeof(obj[i]));
obj[i].Display();
main() }
{ file.close();
ABC obj[5]; }
fstream file;
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 34
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Updating a sequential file
 Data that is formatted and written to a sequential file
cannot be modified easily without the risk of
destroying other data in the file.
 If we want to modify a record of data, the new data may
be longer than the old one and it could overwrite parts of
the record following it.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 35

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Problems with sequential files
 Sequential files are inappropriate for so-called “instant
access” applications in which a particular record of
information must be located immediately.
 These applications include banking systems, point-of-
sale systems, airline reservation systems, (or any data-
base system.)

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 36

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Random access files
 Instant access is possible with random access files.

 Individual records of a random access file can be

accessed directly (and quickly) without searching many
other records.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 37

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 <ostream> function write
 The <ostream> member function write outputs a fixed
number of bytes beginning at a specific location in
memory to the specific stream.
 When the stream is associated with a file, the data is
written beginning at the location in the file specified by
the “put” file pointer.
 The write function expects a first argument of type const
char *, the address of the object is converted to a const
char *. The second argument of write is an integer of type
size_t specifying the number of bytes to written. Thus the
sizeof( object).

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 38

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 <istream> function read

The <istream> function inputs a specified (by

sizeof(object)) number of bytes from the current position
of the specified stream into an object.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 39

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Operations on random access file
#include <iostream.h> inoutfile.seekg(0,ios::beg);
#include <iomanip.h> while(inoutfile.read((char*)&obj,
#include <fstream.h> sizeof(obj))) {
classs ABC obj.Display();
{ }
char name[20]; inoutfile.clear();
int roll;
public: //Adding Data
void GetData(); obj.GetData();
void Display(); inoutfile.write((char*)&obj,sizeof(obj));
};
main() //Display the appended file
{ inoutfile.seekg(0);
ABC obj; while(inoutfile.read((char*)&obj,sizeof(
fstream inoutfile; obj)) {
inoutfile.open(“Try.DAT”, ios::ate| obj.Display();
ios::in|ios::out|ios::binary); }

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 40

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Operations on random access file
//Find no. of objects in the file inoutfile.seekp(location);
int last=inoutfile.tellg(); //current cout<<“Enter value for object : ”;
position of get pointer which obj.GetData();
will be last position
int n=last/sizeof(obj); //no. of inoutfile.write((char*)&obj,sizeof(obj));
objects //Display updated file
inoutfile.seekg(0);
//Modify details while(inoutfile.read((char*)&obj,sizeof(
cout<<“Enter object no. to be obj)) {
updated : ”; obj.Display();
int objNo; }
int location=(objNo-1) * inoutfile.close();
sizeof(obj); }
if(inoutfile.eof())
inoutfile.clear(); //To turnoff
eof flag

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 41

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
To be continued…

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 42

OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
(with C++)

Unit-4
Standard Template Library

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 1
 Unit-IV
Standard C++ classes, using multiple inheritance,
persistant objects, streams and files, namespaces,
exception handling, generic classes, standard
template library: Library organization and
containers, standard containers, algorithm and
Function objects, iterators and allocators, strings,
streams, manipulators, user defined manipulators,
vectors, valarray, slice, generalized numeric
algorithm.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.) 2
 Standard Template Library(STL)
STL is a powerful set of C++ template classes to provide
general-purpose classes and functions with templates that
implement many popular and commonly used algorithms
and data structures like vectors, lists, queues, and stacks.
 STL provides a collection of classes to make C++
programming more efficient
 Algorithms, Containers, and Iterators
 Function objects, Allocators, and Adapters

Function Objects

Iterators
Containers Containers

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 3

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Components of STL
 Containers - Generic class templates for storing
collection of data. Containers are used to manage
collections of objects of a certain kind. There are several
different types of containers like deque, list, vector, etc.
 Algorithms - Generic function templates for operating
on containers. Algorithms act on containers. They provide
the means by which you will perform initialization,
sorting, searching, and transforming of the contents of
containers.
 Iterators - Generalized ‘smart’ pointers that facilitate use
of containers. They provide an interface that is needed for
STL algorithms to operate on STL containers.
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 4
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Containers
Three types of containers
- Sequence containers:
- linear data structures such as vectors and linked lists
 vector (dynamic table)
 dequeue (double ende queue, using dynamic table)
 list (double linked one)
 (arrays and strings not STL containers, but operable by STL
algorithms)
- Associative containers:
- non-linear containers such as hash tables
 set (using binary tree)
 multiset
 map, multimap
- Container adapters:
- constrained sequence containers such as stacks and
queues
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 5
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Iterators
• Iterators are pointers to elements of first-class containers
 Type const_iterator defines an iterator to a container
element that cannot be modified
 Type iterator defines an iterator to a container element
that can be modified
 Used as arguments to algorithms
 Containers provide several iterators
 Begin, End, Reverse Begin, Reverse End
 5 categories – each has specific operations
 Input, Output, Forward, Bidirectional, Random

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 6

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Algorithms
 Operate on containers using iterator interface
 generic, but not as fast as containers’ methods
 slow on some combinations of algorithm/container
 may operate on various containers at the same time
 4 categories
 Non-modifying
For each, Find, Count, Equal, Search, etc.
 Mutating
Copy, Generate, Reverse, Remove, Swap, etc.
 Sorting Related
Sort, Stable sort, Binary search, Merge, etc.
 Numeric
Accumulate, Inner product, Partial sum, Adjacent difference

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 7

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
Function Object as Algorithm Argument
 Used by some algorithms
 Applied to each element in input by For each
 Used to create new elements by Generate
 Predicates - Function Objects that return bool
 Unary and Binary predicates used to test equality
 Find If uses unary, Sort uses binary
 function objects are
 easily optimizable by compiler
 may have class member variables,internal state” passed by
the constructor argument
 we may have many function objects of the same class

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 8

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Vector container
Provides an alternative to the built in array. A vector is self
grown. Use It instead of the built in array!
 Vector – similar to an array
 Vectors allow access to its elements by using an index in the
range from 0 to n-1 where n is the size of the vector
 Vector vs array
 Vector has operations that allow the collection to grow and
contract dynamically at the rear of the sequence
Syntax:
vector<of type>
Example :
vector<int> - vector of integers.
vector<string> - vector of strings.
vector<Shape> - vector of Shape objects where
Shape is a user defined class.
Dr. Gaurav Gupta 9
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Vector container
Example :
#include <iostream> for(i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
#include <vector> cout << "value of vec [" << i << "] = " <<
using namespace std; vec[i] << endl;
int main() } // use iterator to access the values
{ // create a vector to store vector<int>::iterator v = vec.begin();
int vector<int> vec; while( v != vec.end())
int i; // display the original size of vec {
cout << "vector size = " << vec.size() << cout << "value of v = " << *v << endl;
endl; // push 5 values into the vector v++;
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++) { }
vec.push_back(i); } / return 0; }
/ display extended size of vec
cout << "extended vector size = " <<
vec.size() << endl; // access 5 values
from the vector

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 10

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Strings
 In C, char * was used to represent a string.
 The C++ standard library provides a common
implementation of a string class abstraction named string.
 To use the string type simply include its header file.
#include <string>
string str = “some text”;
or
string str(“some text”);
other ways:
string s1(7,„a‟);
string s2 = s1;
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 String Operations
String Length: The length of string is returned by its
size() operation.
#include <string>
string str = “something”;
cout << “The size of “<< str << “is “ << str.size() <<
“characters.” << endl;

String concatenation: Concatenating one string to

another is done by the ‘+’ operator.
string str1 = “Here ”;
string str2 = “comes the sun”;
string concat_str = str1 + str2;

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Valarray slice
A valarray slice is defined by a starting index, a size, and
a stride.
 The starting index (start) is the index of the first
element in the selection.
 The size (size) is the number of elements in the
selection.
 The stride (stride) is the span that separates the
elements selected.
Therefore, a slice with a stride higher than 1 does not
select contiguous elements in the valarray;
 For example, slice(3,4,5) selects the elements 3, 8, 13 and
18.

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Valarray slice
Example:
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <cstddef> // std::size_t
#include <valarray> // std::valarray, std::slice
using namespace std;
int main () {
valarray<int> foo (12);
for (int i=0; i<12; ++i)
foo[i]=i;
valarray<int> bar = foo[slice(2,3,4)];
cout << "slice(2,3,4):"; Output:
for (size_t n=0; n<bar.size(); n++) slice(2,3,4): 2 6 10
cout << ' ' << bar[n]<<‘\n’;
return 0;
}
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Generalized Numeric Algorithm
Some of the Numeric algorithms in STL are:
 iota Method: assigns all the successive elements in range
[first, last] as an incremented value of the element itself.
Syntax is:
 iota(iterator first, iterator last, int value ).
 accumulate Method: performs operation op on all the
element in the range [first, last] and stores the result into
the container result. Syntax is:
 accumulate(iterator first, iterator last, object_type result,
binaryoperator op)
 partial_sum Method: assigns every element in the range
starting from iterator result of the operation op on the
successive range in [first, last]. Syntax is:
 partial_sum(iterator first, iterator last, iterator result,
binary_operation op)
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 iota method

#include<iostream>
#include<numeric>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<int> v(10); /* now vector v is : 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 */
iota(v.begin(), v.end(), 10 ); /* now the vector v is
10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 */
}

Dr. Gaurav Gupta

Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 Accumulate method
#include<iostream>
#include<numeric>
#include<vector> accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), result) ;
using namespace std; /* as no operator is specified,
accumulate add all the elements
int myoperator(int a, int b )
between v.begin() and v.end() and store
{ the sum in result */
return a*b; /* now result = 45 */
}
int main() { accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), result,
vector<int> v; myoperator) ;
for(int i = 0 ; i < 10; i++) { /* applies myoperator on all the
v.push_back(i); elements in the range v.begin() and
} v.end() and store them in result */
/* now vector v is : /* now result = 9! */
}
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 */
int result;
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
 partial_sum method
#include<iostream>
#include<numeric>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
int myoperator(int a, int b) {
return a*b;
}
int main() {
int a[] = {1,2,3,4,5};
vector<int> v (a,a+5);
vector<int> v2; /* vector v is 1,2,3,4,5 */
v2.resize(v.size());
partial_sum(v.begin(), v.end(), v2.begin());
/* now v2 is : 1,3,6,10,15 */
/* sum of the successive range in v.begin() and v.end() */
partial_sum(v.begin(), v.end(), v2.begin(), myoperator);
/* now v2 is : 1,2,6,24,120 */
}
Dr. Gaurav Gupta
Associate Professor (IT Deptt.)
End of Unit-IV…
Syllabus Finished…

Dr. Gaurav Gupta 19