1) Discuss Applet life cycle indicating their functions.

Applet Life Cycle and Their Functions

An Applet in Java undergoes a specific life cycle defined by five methods from the
Applet class:
1. init():
o Called once when the applet is first loaded.

o Used to initialize variables, set up GUI components, and allocate

resources.
2. start():
o Invoked every time the applet becomes active or visible.

o Used to start animations, threads, or other processes that need to run

while the applet is active.
3. paint(Graphics g):
o Called when the applet needs to redraw its content.

o Used to render graphics and display text on the applet's window.

4. stop():
o Called when the applet becomes inactive or hidden.

o Used to suspend ongoing activities, like stopping threads or

animations.
5. destroy():
o Called once before the applet is unloaded from memory.

o Used to release resources and perform cleanup tasks.

These methods are called in a specific sequence to manage the applet's execution
from loading to termination.
2) Explain thread life cycle.

A thread in Java goes through the following states during its life cycle:
1. New (Created):
o A thread is in the "New" state when it is created using the Thread class
but hasn't started yet.
o Created by calling Thread t = new Thread();.
2. Runnable:
o The thread enters the "Runnable" state after calling start().
o It is ready to run but waits for the CPU to schedule it.
3. Running:
 oWhen the CPU assigns time to the thread, it enters the "Running" state.
oThe run() method executes in this state.
4. Blocked/Waiting:
o The thread enters the "Blocked" or "Waiting" state when waiting for a
resource or a signal.
o Methods like sleep(), wait(), and join() can cause this state.
5. Terminated (Dead):
o The thread enters the "Terminated" state after the run() method
completes.
o Once terminated, the thread cannot be restarted.
These states manage a thread's execution from creation to termination.

3) a) Why Applets are not being used today? Explain. What is the order
of method invocation in an Applet?
b) How will you communicate between two Applets? Can Applet
have constructors?
c) What is the difference between panel and frame? What is the
default layout of the panel and frame?

a) Why Applets Are Not Being Used Today? Explain. What

Is the Order of Method Invocation in an Applet?
Reasons Why Applets Are Not Used Today:

1. Security Issues: Applets pose significant security risks, as they can access the local
system's resources. Modern browsers have disabled support for applets to prevent
security vulnerabilities.
2. Browser Support: Popular browsers like Chrome, Firefox, and Edge no longer support
the Java Plugin required to run applets.
3. Outdated Technology: With the rise of modern web technologies like HTML5, CSS,
and JavaScript, applets have become obsolete for web-based applications.
4. Performance Issues: Applets often suffer from poor performance and compatibility
issues across different browsers and platforms.
5. Alternative Technologies: JavaFX and other frameworks have replaced applets for
developing GUI applications.

Order of Method Invocation in an Applet:

The life cycle methods of an applet are invoked in the following sequence:

1. init(): Initializes the applet (called once).

2. start(): Starts the execution of the applet (called each time the applet becomes active).
3. paint(Graphics g): Used to render graphics or display content.
4. stop(): Called when the applet is stopped or becomes inactive.
5. destroy(): Called before the applet is removed from memory to release resources.
b) How Will You Communicate Between Two Applets? Can
Applet Have Constructors?
Communication Between Two Applets:

Two applets can communicate with each other by sharing information through the browser. The
communication process involves the following steps:

1. Using getAppletContext(): This method retrieves the context of the applet's

environment.
2. Using getApplet(String name): This method retrieves the reference of another applet
by its name.
3. Calling Methods: After getting the reference, you can call public methods of the other
applet to exchange data.

Can an Applet Have Constructors?

Yes, applets can have constructors, but it is not recommended.

 The constructor will be called when the applet instance is created, but applet initialization
should be done in the init() method because it is guaranteed to be called by the
browser.
 Using constructors may lead to inconsistent behavior across different browsers.

c) What Is the Difference Between Panel and Frame? What

Is the Default Layout of the Panel and Frame?
Aspect Panel Frame
A container used to group components A top-level window that can contain a
Definition
inside a window. title bar, borders, and menus.
Inheritance Inherits from java.awt.Container. Inherits from java.awt.Window.
Used as a sub-container inside a frame
Usage Used as the main application window.
or other containers.
Title Bar No title bar. Has a title bar.
Close
Cannot be closed directly. Can be closed using window listeners.
Operation
Example Used to group buttons, text fields, etc., Used as a primary window for GUI
Usage in a form. applications.

Default Layouts:
  Panel: The default layout is FlowLayout.
 Frame: The default layout is BorderLayout.

4) Discuss in short about Java Virtual machine.

Java Virtual Machine (JVM) – Short Note

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a core part of the Java platform that enables Java programs
to be platform-independent. It is responsible for executing Java bytecode, which is generated
by the Java compiler. The JVM acts as a virtual processor that abstracts the underlying hardware.

Key Functions of JVM:

1. Loading: The JVM loads .class files containing bytecode into memory.
2. Verification: It verifies the bytecode to ensure it is secure and adheres to Java standards.
3. Execution: The JVM interprets or compiles bytecode into machine code using Just-In-
Time (JIT) compilation for faster execution.
4. Memory Management: JVM handles memory through the Garbage Collector, which
automatically removes unused objects to free up memory.
5. Security: Provides a secure runtime environment by running programs in a sandbox to
prevent unauthorized access to system resources.

Components of JVM:

1. Class Loader: Loads Java classes into memory.

2. Method Area: Stores class-level data, like metadata, static variables, etc.
3. Heap: Allocates memory for objects.
4. Stack: Stores method calls and local variables.
5. Program Counter (PC): Tracks the next instruction to be executed.
6. Execution Engine: Converts bytecode to native machine code.

Importance of JVM:

 Makes Java Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) by ensuring portability across
different platforms.
 Ensures secure execution of Java programs with robust memory management.