UNIT-1 (Cloud Computing Fundamental)

Cloud Computing-
cloud computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on remote servers
that are hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server. Cloud
computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing. It is the latest generation
technology with an extensive IT infrastructure that provides us a means
by which we can use and utilize the applications as utilities via the
Internet. The cloud technology includes - a development platform, hard
disk, computing power, software application, and database.
Advantages of Cloud-

 Low Cost: To run cloud technology, users don't require high power
computers and technology because the application will run on the
cloud and not on users' PC.
 Storage capacity: The Cloud storage capacity is unlimited &
generally offers a vast storage capacity of 2000-3000 GBs or more
based on the requirement.
 Low cost of IT infrastructure: As discussed earlier, the
investment will be less if an organization uses Cloud technology;
even the IT staffs and server engineers are also not required.
 Increase computing power: Cloud servers have a very high-
capacity for running and processing tasks and the processing of
applications.
 Reduce Software Costs: Cloud minimizes the software costs as
users don't need to purchase software for organizations or every
computer.
 Updating: Instant software update is possible & users don't have to
face the choice problem between obsolete & high-upgrade software.
Private Cloud-
It is also termed as 'Internal Cloud', which allows the accessibility of systems and
services within a specific boundary or organization. The cloud platform is
implemented in a cloud-based secure environment guarded by advanced
firewalls under the surveillance of the IT department that belongs to a particular
organization. Private clouds permit only authorized users, providing the
organizations greater control over data and its security. Business organizations
that have dynamic, critical, secured, management demand-based requirements
should adopt Private Cloud.

The advantages of using a private cloud are:

1. Highly private and secured: Private cloud resource sharing is

highly secured.
2. Control Oriented: Private clouds provide more control over their
resources than public clouds as it can be accessed within the
organization's boundary.

The Private cloud has the following disadvantages:

1. Poor scalability: Private type of clouds is scaled within internal

limited hosted resources.
2. Costly: It provides secured and more features, so it's more
expensive than a public cloud.
3. Pricing: is inflexible; i.e., purchasing new hardware for up-gradation
is more costly.
4. Restriction: It can be accessed locally within an organization and is
difficult to expose globally.

Public Cloud-

It is a type of cloud hosting that easily allows the accessibility of systems & its
services to its clients/users. Some examples of companies that provide public
cloud facilities are IBM, Google, Amazon, Microsoft, etc. This cloud service is
open for use. This type of cloud computing is a true specimen of cloud hosting,
where the service providers render services to various clients. From the technical
point of view, there is the least difference between private clouds and public
clouds along with the structural design. Only the security level depends based on
the service providers and the type of cloud clients use. The public cloud is better
suited for business purposes for managing the load. This type of cloud is
economical due to the decrease in capital overheads.

The advantages of the public cloud are:

1. Flexible
2. Reliable
3. High Scalable
4. Low cost
5. Place independence
This type also holds some disadvantages, such as:

1. Less Secured
2. Poor Customizable

Hybrid Cloud-

It is another cloud computing type, which is integrated, i.e., it can be a

combination of two or more cloud servers, i.e., private, public, or
community combined as one architecture, but remain individual entities.
Non-critical tasks such as development and test workloads can be done
using the public cloud. In contrast, critical tasks that are sensitive such as
organization data handling, are done using a private cloud. Benefits of
both deployment models, as well as a community deployment model, are
possible in a hybrid cloud hosting. It can cross isolation and overcome
boundaries by the provider; hence, it cannot be categorized into any of
the three deployments - public, private, or community cloud.

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud Computing are:

1. Flexible
2. Secure
3. Cost-Effective
4. Rich Scalable

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud are:

1. Complex networking problem

2. Organization's security Compliance

Community cloud:

Community clouds are distributed systems created by integrating the

services of different clouds to address the specific needs of an industry, a
community, or a business sector. But sharing responsibilities among the
organizations is difficult. In the community cloud, the infrastructure is
shared between organizations that have shared concerns or tasks. An
organization or a third party may manage the cloud.
Advantages of using Community cloud are:

1. Because the entire cloud is shared by numerous enterprises or a

community, community clouds are cost-effective.
2. Because it works with every user, the community cloud is adaptable
and scalable. Users can alter the documents according to their
needs and requirements.
3. Public cloud is less secure than the community cloud, which is more
secure than private cloud.
4. Thanks to community clouds, we may share cloud resources,
infrastructure, and other capabilities between different enterprises.

Disadvantages of using Community cloud are:

1. Not all businesses should choose community cloud.

2. gradual adoption of data
3. It’s challenging for corporations to share duties.

Multicloud:

Multicloud is the use of multiple cloud computing services from different

providers, which allows organizations to use the best-suited services for
their specific needs and avoid vendor lock-in. This allows organizations to
take advantage of the different features and capabilities offered by
different cloud providers.

Advantages of using multi-cloud:

1. Flexibility: Using multiple cloud providers allows organizations to

choose the best-suited services for their specific needs, and avoid
vendor lock-in.
 2. Cost-effectiveness: Organizations can take advantage of the cost
savings and pricing benefits offered by different cloud providers for
different services.
3. Improved performance: By distributing workloads across multiple
cloud providers, organizations can improve the performance and
availability of their applications and services.
4. Increased security: Organizations can increase the security of
their data and applications by spreading them across multiple cloud
providers and implementing different security strategies for each.

Disadvantages of using multi-cloud:

1. Complexity: Managing multiple cloud providers and services can

be complex and require specialized knowledge and expertise.
2. Increased costs: The cost of managing multiple cloud providers
and services can be higher than using a single provider.
3. Compatibility issues: Different cloud providers may use different
technologies and standards, which can cause compatibility issues
and require additional resources to resolve.
4. Limited interoperability: Different cloud providers may not be
able to interoperate seamlessly, which can limit the ability to move
data and applications between them.

Evolution of Cloud Computing-

Cloud computing is all about renting computing services. This idea first
came in the 1950s. In making cloud computing what it is today, five
technologies played a vital role. These are distributed systems and its
peripherals, virtualization, web 2.0, service orientation, and utility
computing.
Distributed Systems:
It is a composition of multiple independent systems but all of them are
depicted as a single entity to the users. The purpose of distributed
systems is to share resources and also use them effectively and
efficiently. Distributed systems possess characteristics such as scalability,
concurrency, continuous availability, heterogeneity, and independence in
failures. But the main problem with this system was that all the systems
were required to be present at the same geographical location. Thus to
solve this problem, distributed computing led to three more types of
computing and they were-Mainframe computing, cluster computing, and
grid computing.

Mainframe computing:

Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful
and reliable computing machines. These are responsible for handling large
data such as massive input-output operations. Even today these are used
for bulk processing tasks such as online transactions etc. These systems
have almost no downtime with high fault tolerance. After distributed
computing, these increased the processing capabilities of the system. But
these were very expensive. To reduce this cost, cluster computing came
as an alternative to mainframe technology.

Cluster computing:
In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe
computing. Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a
network with high bandwidth. These were way cheaper than those
mainframe systems. These were equally capable of high computations.
Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it was required.
Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some extent but the problem
related to geographical restrictions still pertained. To solve this, the
concept of grid computing was introduced.

Grid computing:
In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that
different systems were placed at entirely different geographical locations
and these all were connected via the internet. These systems belonged to
different organizations and thus the grid consisted of heterogeneous
nodes. Although it solved some problems but new problems emerged as
the distance between the nodes increased. The main problem which was
encountered was the low availability of high bandwidth connectivity and
with it other network associated issues. Thus. cloud computing is often
referred to as “Successor of grid computing”.

Virtualization:
It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of creating
a virtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run multiple
instances simultaneously on the hardware. It is a key technology used in
cloud computing. It is the base on which major cloud computing services
such as Amazon EC2, VMware vCloud, etc work on. Hardware
virtualization is still one of the most common types of virtualization.

Web 2.0:
It is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact
with the clients. It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and
dynamic web pages. It also increases flexibility among web pages. Popular
examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc.
Needless to say, social media is possible because of this technology only.
In gained major popularity in 2004.

Service orientation:
It acts as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-cost,
flexible, and evolvable applications. Two important concepts were
introduced in this computing model. These were Quality of Service (QoS)
which also includes the SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Software as a
Service (SaaS).

Utility computing:
It is a computing model that defines service provisioning techniques for
services such as compute services along with other major services such
as storage, infrastructure, etc which are provisioned on a pay-per-use
basis.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing:-

There are basically 5 essential characteristics of Cloud Computing.

1. On-demand self-services:
The Cloud computing services does not require any human
administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor and
manage computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access:
The Computing services are generally provided over standard
networks and heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity:
The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to
scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user
require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as
its requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling:
The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) present are shared across multiple applications and
occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are provided
service from a same physical resource.
5. Measured service:
The resource utilization is tracked for each application and
occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource provider
with an account of what has been used. This is done for various
reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of resource.

Benefits of Cloud Computing:

Faster time to market:

You can spin up new instances or retire them in seconds, allowing

developers to accelerate development with quick deployments. Cloud
computing supports new innovations by making it easy to test new ideas
and design new applications without hardware limitations or slow
procurement processes.

Scalability and flexibility:

Cloud computing gives your business more flexibility. You can quickly
scale resources and storage up to meet business demands without having
to invest in physical infrastructure. Companies don’t need to pay for or
build the infrastructure needed to support their highest load levels.
Likewise, they can quickly scale down if resources aren’t being used.

Cost savings:
Whatever cloud service model you choose, you only pay for the resources
you actually use. This helps you avoid overbuilding and overprovisioning
your data center and gives your IT teams back valuable time to focus on
more strategic work.

Better collaboration:

Cloud storage enables you to make data available anywhere you are,
anytime you need it. Instead of being tied to a location or specific device,
people can access data from anywhere in the world from any device—as
long as they have an internet connection.

Advanced security:

Despite popular perceptions, cloud computing can actually strengthen

your security posture because of the depth and breadth of security
features, automatic maintenance, and centralized management.
Reputable cloud providers also hire top security experts and employ the
most advanced solutions, providing more robust protection.

Data loss prevention:

Cloud providers offer backup and disaster recovery features. Storing data
in the cloud rather than locally can help prevent data loss in the event of
an emergency, such as hardware malfunction, malicious threats, or even
simple user error.

Limitations of Cloud Computing

The limitations of Cloud Computing can be quite daunting. Especially for

businesses with budgets hanging below what’s needed to set up the right
IT infrastructure and resources for effective Cloud computing.

Let’s quickly discuss some prominent cloud computing limitations:

Cascading Effect:

If one business accesses the resources of cloud computing and if there is

any type of problem in their data center, then there are big issues
because all virtual machines get affected and there might not be a backup
of the data.

Network Connection:

The first point considers before choosing cloud computing, the client must
have an efficient and reliable network connection because if there is any
problem with the network connection to accessing the cloud is also
becomes a big problem, performing your cloud computing totally depends
on the network connectivity at client-side the speed of download speed is
slower as compared with the local server.

Control of Data Security:

The third limitation is control of data security. You have limited control
over the data security in a public cloud. There are more chances
of phishing attacks and suspicious activity on data.

Additional Costs:

Cloud computing offers various affordable cost benefits to access the

data. It provides various additional services, but at an extra charge.

Peripherals:
Peripheral devices like printers or scanners might not work with cloud.
Many of them require software to be installed locally. Networked
peripherals have lesser problems.

Integration:
Integrating internal applications with those on cloud can be complex and
in some cases not viable.

Generic:
Public cloud offerings are very generic and offer multi-tenancy service
which all organizations might not be comfortable with. Implementing an
in-house cloud is more complex to implement and are burdensome on
internal resources if the organization is not large enough.

Cloud Computing Architecture:-

The cloud infrastructure is closely related to its architecture and comprises many
cloud components that are loosely connected.

The broad divisions of cloud architecture are:

 Front-end
 Back-end

It is the back-end responsibility to provide data security for cloud users

and the traffic control mechanism. The server also provides the
middleware, which helps to connect devices and communicate with each
other.
The cloud technology architecture also consists of front-end platforms (as
read in the early chapters) called the cloud client, which comprises
servers, thin & fat clients, tablets & mobile devices. The interaction is
done through middleware or via web-browser or virtual sessions.
According to Jason Bloomberg of ZapThink, the cloud-oriented
architecture can essentially be the building block of IoT (Internet of
Things) in which anything can be connected to the internet. Cloud
architecture is a combination of both services-oriented architecture &
event-driven architecture. So012s cloud architecture encompasses all
elements of the cloud environment.

Differences Between Cloud, Grid and Cluster:-

Cloud

A cloud is a network of servers hosted or managed by an external

company. In order to access a cloud service, we typically utilize a website
or application. Additionally, the website or application connects us to the
information or services not present in the local system.
Data centers run a cloud service that is shared among many users. Hence,
we don’t need to purchase hardware or software when using a cloud
service. Furthermore, data is stored in a central location accessible from
any device. We primarily access cloud services through the Internet, but
a virtual private network can also be used.

The most common cloud service is cloud computing. Using could

computing, a company rents out server space, bandwidth, and other
resources from a third-party vendor to fulfill the business requirement.
Furthermore, cloud computing includes servers, storage, databases, and
software available over the Internet. Additionally, it enhances efficiency,
reduces operational cost, and accelerate execution speed.

Grid

A grid is a distributed computing architecture that connects a network of

computers to form an on-demand robust network. A network of computers
utilizes grid computing to solve complex problems. Furthermore, it makes
sure a business or organization runs smoothly. Additionally, it uses many
computers in different locations. These computers are connected to
complete a specific task or process.

The computers in a grid work together to perform a task. Additionally,

each computer performs a part of the task. When a computer finishes a
part of the task, it passes the rest of the work on to another computer.
Further, grid computing contains a large number of servers and
computers. Moreover, each of them executes independently.
Cluster

A cluster is a network topology containing two or more computers

connected to each other. Furthermore, a local network connects the
computers or nodes on the cluster. Generally, we place all the nodes in
the same location in a cluster. Additionally, it follows centralized
architecture.

The cluster can work with any operating system or architecture.

Additionally, the nodes on the cluster can be synchronous or
asynchronous. Synchronous nodes share data at the same time.
Asynchronous nodes send data out at different times.

The nodes in a cluster can be both synchronous and asynchronous, but it

depends on the type of cluster. Clusters differ from clouds as clusters
contain two or more computer systems connected to the cluster head
node, acting like a single system. On the other hand, a cloud includes
servers, storage, and databases ready to use over the Internet:
Differences:-