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Data Handling

The document explains data handling, defining data as a collection of numbers and categorizing it into primary and secondary data. It discusses the arrangement of data using tally marks, the calculation of mean and mode, and the representation of data through bar graphs. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts, including student marks and blood donor statistics.

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dawnpiyushofficial384
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2 views

Data Handling

The document explains data handling, defining data as a collection of numbers and categorizing it into primary and secondary data. It discusses the arrangement of data using tally marks, the calculation of mean and mode, and the representation of data through bar graphs. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts, including student marks and blood donor statistics.

Uploaded by

dawnpiyushofficial384
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Handling

Data is defined as a collection of numbers which give the required information. For
example, marks scored by the students in a class, number of members in a family,
number of books sold etc.

Data are of two types:

(i) Primary data: It is the data collected by the person directly for a specific purpose
without referring any source. Primary data is collected through surveys, local sources
etc.

(ii) Secondary data: It is the data collected through other sources like research
organizations, financial institutions etc.

The original form of data is called raw data. But when the data is arranged in
ascending or descending order, it is referred to as array.

For example, let us consider the following data.

Name of the student Marks obtained (out of 100)


Manasi 81
Praveen 73
Pradeep 98
Kartik 61
Mamta 96
Vinod 83
Salma 69
Jyoti 83
Amardeep 67
Suraj 52

This data gives information about the marks obtained (out of 100) by 10 students.
By observing this data, we can say that Mamta obtained the highest marks and Suraj
obtained the least marks among all the students.

We can also say that Jyoti and Vinod obtained the same marks.

We arrange any data in tabular form using tally marks to obtain particular
information in very little time.

For 1, we use the tally mark

For 2, we use the tally mark

For 3, we use the tally mark

For 4, we use the tally mark

For every 5, we use the tally mark

Example: In order to understand the concept of tally marks, let us arrange the
following data using tally marks. The given data represents the number of blood
donors of different blood groups in a blood donation camp.

We can represent the given data using tally marks.

Blood group Number of donors


O 28
A 19
B 16
AB 12

Solution: Using tally marks, the given data can be arranged as:

Blood group Tally marks Number of donors


O 28
A 19
B 16
AB 12

This is known as a tally chart.

Mean of data sets

Mean or average of a data is given by the formula,

Mean =

Note:

Mean always lies between the highest and lowest observations of the
data.
It is not necessary that mean is any one of the observations of the data.

1. If the mean of n observations x 1 , x 2 , x 3 . . . . x n x1,x2,x3....xn is x̄ x¯ then


(x 1 − x̄ ) + (x 2 − x̄ ) + (x 3 − x̄ )+. . . + (x n − x̄ ) = 0 x1-x¯+x2-x¯+x3-
x¯+...+xn-x¯=0.
2. If the mean of n observations x 1 , x 2 , x 3 . . . . x n x1,x2,x3....xn is x̄ x¯ then the
mean of
(x 1 + p), (x 2 + p), (x 3 + p), . . . , (x n + p) x1+p, x2+p, x3+p, ..., xn+p
is (x̄ x¯ + p).
3. If the mean of n observations x 1 , x 2 , x 3 . . . . x n x1,x2,x3....xn is x̄ x¯ then the
mean of (x 1 − p), (x 2 − p), (x 3 − p), . . . , (x n − p) x1-p, x2-p, x3-
p, ..., xn-p is (x̄ x¯ − p).
4. If the mean of n observations x 1 , x 2 , x 3 . . . . x n x1,x2,x3....xn is x̄ x¯ then the
mean of px 1 , px 2 , px 3 , . . . , px n px1, px2, px3, ..., pxn is px̄ x¯.
5. If the mean of n observations x 1 , x 2 , x 3 . . . . x n x1,x2,x3....xn is x̄ x¯ then the
x1 x2 x3 xn x̄
mean of p , p
, p
, ..., p
x1p, x2p, x3p, ..., xnp is p
x¯p.

Example:

The runs scored by a batsman in 6 matches are as follows:

24, 126, 78, 43, 69, 86

What is the average run scored by the batsman?

Solution:

Total number of runs scored = 24 + 126 + 78 + 43 + 69 + 86

= 426

Number of matches = 6

∴ Average runs scored =

Mode
1. The mode of a set of observations is the observation that occurs most
often.
2. Mode of a large data can be calculated by forming a tally marks table.

Example:What is the mode of data: 247, 346, 335, 247, 335, 346, 247, 335,
346, 351, 351, 346, 247, 247, 346, and 247?

Solution:A tally marks table for the given data is as follows.

Data Tally marks Frequency

247 6
335 3
346 5
351 2

Therefore, mode of the data is 247.


Data can also be represented by using bar diagram or bar graph.

In a bar graph, bars of uniform width are drawn horizontally or vertically.


These bars are placed at equal distance from each other. The length of each
bar gives the required information.

Example:
The given data represents the number of bikes sold by a retailer in the first
five months of a year. Construct a bar graph of this data.

Month Number of bikes sold


January 560
February 720
March 600
April 450
May 820

Solution:
To draw the bar graph for the given data, we proceed as follows:

Draw two perpendicular lines, one vertical and one horizontal


Mark the months along the horizontal line and mark the corresponding
number of bikes along the vertical line.
Draw bars of same width and maintain uniform gaps between them.
Choose a suitable scale along the vertical line. Let 1 unit length = 100
bikes sold and mark the corresponding values.

Hence, the bar graph of the given data can be drawn as:

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