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Lecture-1 Number System

The document provides an overview of various types of numbers including natural, whole, integers, real, rational, irrational, imaginary, and complex numbers, along with their definitions and properties. It also discusses concepts such as perfect squares, prime and composite numbers, divisibility rules, and factorials. Additionally, it includes examples and questions related to these mathematical concepts.

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saadahamed1999
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2 views

Lecture-1 Number System

The document provides an overview of various types of numbers including natural, whole, integers, real, rational, irrational, imaginary, and complex numbers, along with their definitions and properties. It also discusses concepts such as perfect squares, prime and composite numbers, divisibility rules, and factorials. Additionally, it includes examples and questions related to these mathematical concepts.

Uploaded by

saadahamed1999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math-01

Number System-01

By Victors-BCS, Bank & More


A pipe can fill up an empty tank in 15 minutes. Another pipe flows out 20 liter of water per minute. If the two
pipes are opened together and the empty tank is filled in 135 minutes, how much water does the tank contain?

• 337.5 liters.
Types of Numbers
Types of Numbers
Types of Numbers
• Natural Numbers: Natural numbers are known as counting
numbers that contain the positive integers from 1 to infinity. The
set of natural numbers is denoted as “N” and it includes N = {1, 2, 3,
4, 5, ……….}
• Whole Numbers: Whole numbers are known as non-negative
integers and it does not include any fractional or decimal part. It is
denoted as “W” and the set of whole numbers includes W = {0,1, 2,
3, 4, 5, ……….}
• Integers: Integers are the set of all whole numbers but it includes
a negative set of natural numbers also. “Z” represents integers
and the set of integers are Z = { -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
• Real Numbers: All the positive and negative integers, fractional
and decimal numbers without imaginary numbers are called real
numbers. It is represented by the symbol “R”.
Types of Numbers
• Rational Numbers: Any number that can be written as a ratio of one
number over another number is written as rational numbers. This
means that any number that can be written in the form of p/q. The
symbol “Q” represents the rational number.
• Irrational Numbers: The number that cannot be expressed as the ratio
of one over another is known as irrational numbers and it is
represented by the symbol ”P”.
• Imaginary Numbers: The imaginary numbers are the complex
numbers that can be written in the form of the product of a real
number and the imaginary unit “i”
• Complex Numbers: The number that can be written in the form of a+bi
where “a and b” are the real number and “i” is an imaginary number is
known as complex numbers “C”.
• Co-primes (or Relative Primes): Two numbers whose H.C.F. is 1 are
called co-prime numbers, Ex. (2, 3), (8, 9) are pairs of co-primes.
Types of Numbers
• square numbers: Square numbers are numbers that are obtained
when a number is multiplied by itself.
• Square numerals have 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, or 9 at the units place. If you check the table
above this property can easily be verified. A number’s square will always have a 1
at the end if it ends in 1 or 9.
• A number’s square will always end with 6 if it ends in 4 or 6.
• The unit digit of a square number will always be the square of the unit digit of the
number.
• The square root of a perfect square is always a natural number.
• An even number of zeros are associated with perfect squares.
• Even numbers when squared always result in even numbers.
• Odd numbers when squared always result in odd numbers
$ 500

Out of the following which of the numbers can be


considered to be perfect squares.

A: 121 B: 111

C: 120 D: 101
$ 500

No poll or quiz assigned

A: 121 B: 111

C: 120 D: 101
Examples
• Out of the following which of the numbers can be considered to be prime
number?
A. 100,
B. 111,
C. 101,
D. 117
• Consecutive numbers are numbers that follow each other in order. They have a difference of 1 between
every two numbers. In a set of consecutive numbers,the mean and the median are Equal. If n is
a number, then n, n+1, and n+2 would be consecutive numbers Examples. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
• Composite Numbers: All counting numbers, which are not prime, are called composite numbers. A
composite number has more than 2 factors

Important facts: • Odd number – Even number = Odd number


1. All natural numbers are whole numbers. • Even number × Even number = Even number
2. All whole numbers are not natural numbers. • Odd number × Odd number = Odd number
• 0 is a whole number which is not a natural • Even number × Odd number = Even number
number. 4. The smallest prime number is 2.
3. Even number + Even number = Even number 5. The only even prime number is 2.
• Odd number + Odd number = Even number 6. The first odd prime number is 3.
• Even number + Odd number = Odd number 7. 1 is a unique number – neither prime nor
• Even number – Even number = Even number composite.
• Odd number – Odd number = Even number 8. The least composite number is 4.
• Even number – Odd number = Odd number 9. The least odd composite number is 9.
Divisibility Rules
• If a number is even or a number whose last digit is an even number i.e. 2,4,6,8
including 0, it is always completely divisible by 2.
• If the last two digits of a number are divisible by 4, then that number is a multiple of
4 and is divisible by 4 completely.
• If the last three digits of a number are divisible by 8, then the number is completely
divisible by 8.
• Divisibility rule for 3 states that a number is completely divisible by 3 if the sum of its
digits is divisible by 3.
• if the sum of digits of the number is divisible by 9, then the number itself is divisible
by 9.
• Numbers, which last with digits, 0 or 5 are always divisible by 5.
• Divisibility rule for 10 states that any number whose last digit is 0, is divisible by 10.
• Numbers which are divisible by both 2 and 3 are divisible by 6.
• If the number is divisible by both 3 and 4, then the number is divisible by 12 exactly.
• Divisibility Rules for 11

Divisibility Rules • Group the alternative digits i.e. digits which are in odd
places together and digits in even places together.
Here 24 and 13 are two groups.
• Take the sum of the digits of each group i.e. 2+4=6
• Divisibility Rules for 7 and 1+3= 4
• Now find the difference of the sums; 6-4=2
• If the difference is divisible by 11, then the original
number is also divisible by 11. Here 2 is the difference
which is not divisible by 11.
• Therefore, 2143 is not divisible by 11.
• Example: 3784
• Example: 82907

• Divisibility Rules for 13


• For any given number, to check if it is divisible by 13, we have to
add four times of the last digit of the number to the remaining
number and repeat the process until you get a two-digit
number. Now check if that two-digit number is divisible by 13 or
Example: Is 1073 divisible by 7? not. If it is divisible, then the given number is divisible by 13.
•From the rule stated remove 3 from the number and
• For example: 2795 → 279 + (5 x 4)
double it, which becomes 6.
•Remaining number becomes 107, so 107-6 = 101. • → 279 + (20)
•Repeating the process one more time, we have 1 x 2 = 2. • → 299
•Remaining number 10 – 2 = 8.
• → 29 + (9 x 4)
•As 8 is not divisible by 7, hence the number 1073 is not
divisible by 7. • → 29 + 36
• →65
Test for a Number to be Prime:
• Let p be a given number and let n be the smallest counting number
such that n2 ≥ p.
• Now, test whether p is divisible by any of the prime numbers less
than or equal to n. If yes, then p is not prime otherwise, p is prime
Ex. Test, which of the following are prime numbers?
(i) 137 (ii) 173 (iii) 319 (iv) 437 (v) 811
Sol. (i) We know that (12)2 > 137.
• Prime numbers less than 12 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11.
• Clearly, none of them divides 137.
• ∴ 137 is a prime number
Face value and Place value
• (i) The face value of a digit in a numeral is its own value, at whatever
place it may be.
• Ex. In the numeral 6872, the face value of 2 is 2, the face value of 7 is
7, the face value of 8 is 8 and the face value of 6 is 6.
• (ii) In a given numeral: Place value of ones digit = (ones digit) × 1,
Place value of tens digit = (tens digit) × 10,
• Place value of hundreds digit = (hundreds digit) × 100 and

• In the numeral 70984, we have


• Place value of 8 = (8 × 10) = 80, Place value of 9 = (9 × 100) = 900
Factorial of a Number
• Let n be a positive integer.
• Then, the continued product of first n natural numbers is called factorial n,
denoted by n ! or n .
• Thus, n ! = n (n – 1) (n – 2) ........... 3.2.1
• Ex. 5 ! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120.
• Note: 0 ! = 1

Modulus of a Number
Some Important Facts
• Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder
• (i) (xn – an) is divisible by (x – a) for all values of n.
• (ii) (xn – an) is divisible by (x + a) for all even values of n.
• (iii) (xn + an) is divisible by (x + a) for all odd values of n
$ 500

What is the least number that must be added to


1056 so the number is divisible by 23?

A: 1 B: 2

C: 3 D: 0
$ 500

What is the least number that must be added to 1056 so the


number is divisible by 23?

A: 1 A: 2

C: 3 D: 0

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