St.

Peters’ BUYOSI SECONDARY SCHOOL

Mathematics Teaching Note. F2 Notes
Topic 5,6, 7,8,9,,11 ,12.
Term 2

Mr Hongo
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11. AREA OF QUADRILATERALS

Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
a.) Find the area of a quadrilateral
b.) Find the area of other polygons (regular and irregular).
Content
a.) Area of quadrilaterals
b.) Area of other polygons (regular and irregular).

Introduction
Quadrilaterals.
They are four sided figures e.g. rectangle, square, rhombus, parallelogram, trapezium and kite.

Area of rectangle
𝐴=𝐿𝑋𝑊

AB and DC area the lengths while AD and BC are the width.

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Area of parallelogram
A figure whose opposite side are equal parallel.

Area = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 2.5 𝑥 1.8 = 4.5 𝑐𝑚2

Area of a Rhombus.
A figure with all sides equal and the diagonals bisect each other at900 . In the figure below BC
=CD =DA=AB=4 cm while AC=10 cm and BD = 12. Find the area

Solution
1
Find half of the diagonal which is 2 × 10 = 5 𝑐𝑚
1
Area of ∆ 𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 2 𝑋 12 𝑋 5 = 30 𝑐𝑚2

Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 2 𝑋 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷

= 2 𝑋 30𝑐𝑚2
= 60 𝑐𝑚2

Area of Trapezium
𝑎+𝑏
A quadrilateral with only two of its opposite sides being parallel. The area = ( )ℎ
2

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Example
Find the area of the above figure
Solution
6+12
Area = ( )4
2

= 9 𝑥 4 = 36 𝑐𝑚2

Note:
You can use the sine rule to get the height given the hypotenuse and an angle.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑠

Or use the acronym SOHCAHTOA

Rhombus

Example
In the figure above the lines market // =7 cm while / =5 cm, find the area.

Solution
Join X to Y.

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Find the area of the two triangles formed
1
𝑥 5 𝑥 5𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛950 = 12.45 (Triangle one)
2

1
𝑥 7 𝑥 7𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛600 = 21.21 (Triangle two)
2

Then add the area of the two triangles

12.45 + 21.21 = 33.67 𝑐𝑚2

Area of regular polygons

Any regular polygon can be divided into isosceles triangle by joining the vertices to the Centre.
The number of the polygon formed is equal to the number of sides of the polygon.

Example
If the radius is of a pentagon 6 cm find its area.

Solution
360
Divide the pentagone into five triangles each with 720 ie ( )
5
1
Area of one triangle will be = 2 𝑥 6 𝑥 6 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛720 =17.11

There are five triangles therefore

AREA = 5 𝑋 17.11 = 85.55𝑐𝑚2
End of topic

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 Did you understand everything?
If not ask a teacher, friends or anybody and make sure you understand before going to
sleep!
Past KCSE Questions on the topic.
1.) The diagram below, not drawn to scale, is a regular pentagon circumscribed in a circle of radius 10 cm
at centre O

O
10 cm

Find
(a) The side of the pentagon (2mks)
(b) The area of the shaded region (3mks)
2.) PQRS is a trapezium in which PQ is parallel to SR, PQ = 6cm, SR = 12cm,  PSR = 400 and PS
= 10cm. Calculate the area of the trapezium. (4mks)

P > Q

400
S >
R

3.) A regular octagon has an area of 101.8 cm2. calculate the length of one side of the octagon
(4marks)
4.) Find the area of a regular polygon of length 10 cm and side n, given that the sum of interior angles of n
: n –1 is in the ratio 4 : 3.

1.) Calculate the area of the quadrilateral ABCD shown:-

D
14cm
12cm
C

Page 5 of 36 6cm
A B
18cm
 12. AREA PART OF A CIRCLE

Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
a.) Find the area of a sector
b.) Find the area of a segment
c.) Find the area of a common region between two circles.
Content
a.) Area of a sector
b.) Area of a segment
c.) Area of common regions between circles.

Introduction
Sector
A sector is an area bounded by two radii and an arc .A minor sector has a smaller area compared
to a major sector.

The orange part is the major sector while the yellow part is the minor sector.

The area of a sector

𝜃
The area of a sector subtending an angle 𝜃 at the Centre of the circle is given by; A= 360 𝑋 𝜋𝑟 2

Example
Find the area of a sector of radius 3 cm, if the angle subtended at the Centre is given as 1400
22
take 𝜋 as 7

Solution
Area A of a sector is given by;

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 𝜃
A= 360 𝑋 𝜋𝑟 2
140 22
Area= 360 𝑥 𝑥 32
7

= 11 𝑐𝑚2

Example
The area of the sector of a circle is 38.5 cm. Find the radius of the circle if the angle subtended at
the Centre is900 .
Solution
𝜃
From A= 360 𝑋 𝜋𝑟 2 , we get
90 22
𝑥 𝑥 𝑟 2 = 38.5
360 7
38.5 𝑥 360 𝑥 7
𝑟2 =
90 𝑥 22
2
𝑟 = √49
R = 7 cm
Example
The area of a sector of radius 63 cm is 4158 cm .Calculate the angle subtended at the Centre of
the circle.
Solution
𝜃 22
4158 = 360 𝑥 𝑥 63 𝑥 63
7

4158 𝑥 360 𝑥 7
𝜃=
22 𝑥 63 𝑥 63
= 1200

Area of a segment of a circle

A segment is a region of a circle bounded by a chord and an arc.

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In the figure above the shaded region is a segment of the circle with Centre O and radius r. AB=8
cm, ON = 3 cm, ANGLE AOB =106.3 0 . Find the area of the shaded part.
Solution
Area of the segment = area of the sector OAPB – area of triangle OAB
106.3 1
=[ 𝑋 3.142 𝑋 52 ] − [2 𝑋 8 𝑋 3 ]
360
= 23.19 – 12
= 11.19 𝑐𝑚2
Area of a common region between two intersecting circles.

Find the area of the intersecting circles above. If the common chord AB is 9 cm.

Solution
From ∆𝐴𝑂1 𝑀;
𝑂1 𝑀 = √82 − 4.52
= √43.75
=6.614 cm
From ∆𝐴𝑂2 𝑀;
𝑂2 𝑀 = √62 − 4.52
= √15.75
=3.969 cm
The area between the intersecting circles is the sum of the areas of segments 𝐴𝑃1 𝐵 and𝐴𝑃2 𝐵. Area
of segment 𝐴𝑃1 𝐵 = area of sector 𝑂2 𝐴𝑃1 𝐵 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑂2 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑀 4.5
Using trigonometry, sin < 𝐴𝑂2 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑂 = = 0.75
2 6

Find the sine inverse of 0.75 to get 48.590 hence < 𝐴𝑂2 𝑀 = 48.590
< 𝐴𝑂2 𝐵 = 2 𝑋 < 𝐴𝑂2 𝑀
= 2 𝑋 48.590 = 97.180
97.18 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑃1 𝐵 = 𝑋 3.12 𝑋 62 − 𝑋 9 𝑋 3.969
360 2
= 30.53 − 17.86
= 12.67 𝑐𝑚2

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Area of segment 𝐴𝑃2 𝐵 = area of sector 𝑂1 𝐴𝑃2 𝐵 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑂1 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑀 4.5
Using trigonometry, sin < 𝐴𝑂1 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑂 = = 0.5625
1 8
Find the sine inverse of 0.5625 to get 34.23 hence < 𝐴𝑂1 𝑀 = 34.230
0

< 𝐴𝑂1 𝐵 = 2 𝑋 < 𝐴𝑂1 𝑀

= 2 𝑋 34.230
= 68.460
68.46 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑃2 𝐵 = 𝑋 3.12 𝑋 82 − 𝑋 9 𝑋 6.614
360 2
= 38.24 − 29.76
= 8.48 𝑐𝑚2
Therefore the area of the region between the intersecting circles is given by;
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝑃1 𝐵 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑃2 𝐵
= 12.67 + 8.48
= 21.15𝑐𝑚2
End of topic
Did you understand everything?
If not ask a teacher, friends or anybody and make sure you understand before going to
sleep!

Past KCSE Questions on the topic.

1. The figure below shows a circle of radius 9cm and centre O. Chord AB is 7cm long. Calculate the
area of the shaded region. (4mks)

O
O

A B
2. The figure below shows two intersecting circles with centres P and Q of radius 8cm and 10cm
respectively. Length AB = 12cm

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 Q

P ө ß

B
Calculate:
a)  APB
(2mks)
b)  AQB
(2mks)
c) Area of the shaded region (6mks)
3.

5cm 5cm

A B
The diagram above represents a circle centre o of radius 5cm. The minor arc AB subtends an
angle of 1200 at the centre. Find the area of the shaded part. (3mks)
4. The figure below shows a regular pentagon inscribed in a circle of radius 12cm, centre O.

Calculate the area of the shaded part.

(3mks)

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5. Two circles of radii 13cm and 16cm intersect such that they share a common chord of length

 22 
20cm. Calculate the area of the shaded part.    
 7 
(10mks)

6. Find the perimeter of the figure below, given AB,BC and AC are diameters. (4mks)

7. The figure below shows two intersecting circles. The radius of a circle A is 12cm and that of
circle B is 8 cm.

If the angle MBN = 72o, calculate

The size of the angle MAN
b) The length of MN
c) The area of the shaded region.
8.
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 In the diagram above, two circles, centres A and C and radii 7cm and 24cm respectively intersect
at B and D. AC = 25cm.
a) Show that angel ABC = 900
b) Calculate
i) the size of obtuse angel BAD
ii) the area of the shaded part (10 Mks)
9. The ends of the roof of a workshop are segments of a circle of radius 10m. The roof is 20m long.
The angle at the centre of the circle is 120o as shown in the figure below:

(a) Calculate :- 10cm

o
(i) The area of one end of the roof 120
(ii) The area of the curved surface of the roof
(b) What would be the cost to the nearest shilling of covering the two ends and the curved surface
with galvanized iron sheets costing shs.310 per square metre

10. The diagram below, not drawn to scale, is a regular pengtagon circumscribed in a circle of radius
10cm at centre O

O
Find; ●
(a) The side of the pentagon
(b) The area of the shaded region 10cm

11. Triangle PQR is inscribed in he circle PQ= 7.8cm, PR = 6.6cm and QR = 5.9cm. Find:

Q
P 7.8cm

6.6cm
5.9cm
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R
 (a) The radius of the circle, correct to one decimal place
(b) The angles of the triangle
(c) The area of shaded region

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5. REFLECTION AND CONGRUENCE

Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
a.) State the properties of reflection as a transformation
b.) Use the properties of reflection in construction and identification of images and
objects
c.) Make geometrical deductions using reflection
d.) Apply reflection in the Cartesian plane
e.) Distinguish between direct and opposite congruence
f.) Identify congruent triangles.
Content
a.) Lines and planes of symmetry
b.) Mirror lines and construction of objects and images
c.) Reflection as a transformation
d.) Reflection in the Cartesian plane
e.) Direct and opposite congruency
f.) Congruency tests (SSS, SAS, AAS, ASA and RHS)

Introduction
The process of changing the position, direction or size of a figure to form a new figure is called
transformation.

Reflection and congruence

Symmetry
Symmetry is when one shape becomes exactly like another if you turn, slide or cut them into two
identical parts. The lines which divides a figure into two identical parts are called lines of
symmetry. If a figure is cut into two identical parts the cut part is called the plane of symmetry.

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How many planes of symmetry does the above figures have?
There are two types of symmetry. Reflection and Rotational.
Reflection
A transformation of a figure in which each point is replaced by a point symmetric with respect to
a line or plane e.g. mirror line.
Properties preserved under reflection
 Midpoints always remain the same.
 Angle measures remain the same i.e. the line joining appoint and its image is
perpendicular to the mirror line.
 A point on the object and a corresponding point on the image are equidistant from the
mirror line.
A mirror line is a line of symmetry between an object and its image.
(a)
Figures that have
rotational symmetry

(b) Order of
2 3 4 5
rotational symmetry

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Examples
To reflect an object you draw the same points of the object but on opposite side of the mirror. They
must be equidistance from each other.

Exercise
Find the mirror line or the line of symmetry.

To find the mirror line, join the points on the object and image together then bisect the lines
perpendicularly. The perpendicular bisector gives us the mirror line.

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 Congruence
Figures with the same size and same shape are said to be congruent. If a figure fits into another
directly it is said to be directly congruent.
If a figure only fits into another after it has been turned then it’s called opposite congruent or
indirect congruence.

A B

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Figure A and B are directly congruent while C is oppositely or indirectly congruent because it
only fits into A after it has been turned.
End of topic

Did you understand everything?

If not ask a teacher, friends or anybody and make sure you understand before going to
sleep!

------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. ROTATION

Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
a.) State properties of rotation as a transformation
b.) Determine centre and angle of rotation
c.) Apply properties of rotation in the Cartesian plane
d.) Identify point of rotational symmetry
e.) State order of rotational symmetry of plane figure
f.) Identify axis of rotational symmetry of solids
g.) State order of rotational symmetry of solids
h.) Deduce congruence from rotation.
Content
a.) Properties of rotation
b.) Centre and angle of rotation
c.) Rotation in the cartesian plane
d.) Rotational symmetry of plane figures and solids (point axis and order)
e.) Congruence and rotation

Introduction
A transformation in which a plane figure turns around a fixed center point called center of rotation.
A rotation in the anticlockwise direction is taken to be positive whereas a rotation in the clockwise
direction is taken to be negative.
For example a rotation of 900 clockwise is taken to be negative. - 900 while a rotation of
anticlockwise 900 is taken to be +900.

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For a rotation to be completely defined the center and the angle of rotation must be stated.

Illustration
To rotate triangle A through the origin ,angle of rotation +1/4 turn.

Draw a line from each point to the center of rotation ,in this case it’s the origin.Measure 90 0 from
the object using the protacter and make sure the base line of the proctacter is on the same line as
the line from the point of the object to the center.The 0 mark should start from the object.
Mark 900 and draw a straight line to the center joining the lines at the origin.The distance from
the point of the object to the center should be the same distance as the line you drew.This give
you the image point
The distance between the object point and the image point under rotation should be the same as
the center of rotation in this case 900

Illustration.
To find the center of rotation.
 Draw a segment connecting point’s 𝑨 and 𝑨′
 Using a compass, find the perpendicular bisector of this line.
 Draw a segment connecting point’s 𝑩 and 𝑩′.Find the perpendicular bisector of this segment.
 The point of intersection of the two perpendicular bisectors is the center of rotation. Label this
point 𝑷.

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Justify your construction by measuring angles ∠𝑨𝑷𝑨′ and ∠𝑩𝑷𝑩′. Did you obtain the same measure?
The angle between is the angle of rotation. The zero mark of protector should be on the object to give you
the direction of rotation.
Rotational symmetry of plane figures
The number of times the figure fits onto itself in one complete turn is called the order of
rotational symmetry.

Note;
The order of rotational symmetry of a figure = 360 /angle between two identical parts of the
figure.
Rotational symmetry is also called point symmetry. Rotation preserves length, angles and area,
and the object and its image are directly congruent.
End of topic
Did you understand everything?
If not ask a teacher, friends or anybody and make sure you understand before going to
sleep!

Page 19 of 36
 7. SIMILARITY AND
Specific Objectives
ENLARGEMENT
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
a.) Identify similar figures
b.) Construct similar figures
c.) State properties of enlargement as a transformation
d.) Apply the properties of enlargement to construct objects and images
e.) Apply enlargement in Cartesian planes
f.) State the relationship between linear, area and volume scale factor
g.) Apply the scale factors to real life situations.
Content
a.) Similar figures and their properties
b.) Construction of similar figures
c.) Properties of enlargement
d.) Construction of objects and images under enlargement
e.) Enlargement in the Cartesian plane
f.) Linear, area and volume scale factors
g.) Real life situations.

Introduction

Similar Figures
Two or more figures are said to be similar if:
 The ratio of the corresponding sides is constant.
 The corresponding angle are similar
Example 1
In the figures below, given that △ABC ~ △PQR, find the unknowns x, y and z.

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 Solution
BA corresponds to QP each of them has opposite angle y and 980 .Hence y is equal to 980 BC
corresponds to QR and AC corresponds to PR.
BA/QR=BC/QR=AC/PR
AC/PR=BC/QR
3/4.5=5/Z
Z = 7.5 cm

Note:
Two figures can have the ratio of corresponding sides equal but fail to be similar if the
corresponding angles are not the same.
Two triangles are similar if either their all their corresponding angles are equal or the ratio of
their corresponding sides is constant.
Example:
In the figure, △ABC is similar to △RPQ. Find the values of the unknowns.

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Since △ABC~ △RPQ,
∠B= ∠P ∴x= 90°

Also,
AB/RP = BC /PQ
39 /y =52 /48

(48 X 39)
52
∴y = 36

Also,
AC/RQ=BC/PQ

Z/60=52/48

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∴z = 65
ENLARGMENT
What’s enlargement?
Enlargement, sometimes called scaling, is a kind of transformation that changes the size of an
object. The image created is similar* to the object. Despite the name enlargement, it includes
making objects smaller.
For every enlargement, a scale factor must be specified. The scale factor is how many times
larger than the object the image is.

Length of side in image = length of side in object X scale factor

For any enlargement, there must be a point called the center of enlargement.

Distance from center of enlargement to point on image =

Distance from Centre of enlargement to point on object X scale factor

The Centre of enlargement can be anywhere, but it has to exist.

This process of obtaining triangle A’ B ‘C’ from triangle A B C is called enlargement. Triangle
ABC is the object and triangles A’ B ‘C ‘Its image under enlargement scale factor 2.
Hence
OA’/OA=OB’/OB=OC’/OC= 2...
The ratio is called scale factor of enlargement. The scale factor is called liner scale factor
By measurement OA=1.5 cm, OB=3 cm and OC =2.9 cm. To get A’, the image of A, we proceed
as follows
OA=1.5 cm
OA’/OA=2 (scale factor 2)
OA’=1.5X2
=3 cm
Also OB’/OB=2
= 3 X2
=6 cm
Note:
Lines joining object points to their corresponding image points meet at the Centre of
enlargement.

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CENTER OF ENLARGMENT
To find center of enlargement join object points to their corresponding image points and extend
the lines, where they meet gives you the Centre of enlargement. Or Draw straight lines from each
point on the image, through its corresponding point on the object, and continuing for a little
further. The point where all the lines cross is the Centre of enlargement.

SCALE FACTOR
The scale factor can be whole number, negative or fraction. Whole number scale factor means that
the image is on the same side as the object and it can be larger or the same size,
Negative scale factor means that the image is on the opposite side of the object and a fraction
whole number scale factor means that the image is smaller either on the same side or opposite side.
Linear scale factor is a ratio in the form a: b or a/b .This ratio describes an enlargement or reduction
in one dimension, and can be calculated using.

New length
Original length
Area scale factor is a ratio in the form e: f or e/f. This ratio describes how many times to enlarge.
Or reduce the area of two dimensional figure. Area scale factor can be calculated using.
New Area
Original Area
Area scale factor= (linear scale factor) 2
Volume scale factor is the ratio that describes how many times to enlarge or reduce the volume of
a three dimensional figure. Volume scale factor can be calculated using.
New Volume
Original Volume
Volume scale factor = (linear scale factor) 3
CONGRUENCE TRIANGLES
When two triangles are congruent, all their corresponding sides andcorresponding angles are
equal.

TRASLATION VECTOR

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Translation vector moves every point of an object by the same amount in the given vector direction.
It can be simply be defined as the addition of a constant vector to every point.
Translations and vectors: The translation at the left
shows a vector translating the top triangle 4 units to
the right and 9 units downward. The notation for such
vector movement may be written as:

or

Vectors such as those used in translations are what is

known as free vectors. Any two vectors of the same
length and parallel to each other are considered
identical. They need not have the same initial and
terminal points.

End of topic
Did you understand everything?
If not ask a teacher, friends or anybody and make sure you understand before going to
sleep!

Past KCSE Questions on Reflection and Congruence, Rotation,

Similarity and Enlargement.
1. A translation maps a point (1, 2) onto) (-2, 2). What would be the coordinates of the object whose
image is (-3, -3) under the same translation?
2. Use binomial expression to evaluate (0.96)5 correct to 4 significant figures
11. In the figure below triangle ABO represents a part of a school badge. The badge has as symmetry
of order 4 about O. Complete the figures to show the badge.

3. A point (-5, 4) is mapped onto (-1, -1) by a translation. Find the image of (-4, 5) under the same
translation. O
4. A triangle is formed by the coordinates A (2, 1) B (4, 1) and C (1, 6). It is rotated
clockwise through 900 about the origin. Find the coordinates
C of this image.
5. The diagram on the grid provided below shows a trapezium ABCD

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 On the same grid
(a) (i) Draw the image A’B’C’D of ABCD under a rotation of 900
clockwise about the origin .
(ii) Draw the image of A”B”C”D” of A’B’C’D’ under a reflection in
line y = x. State coordinates of A”B”C”D”.
(b) A”B”C”D” is the image of A”B”C”D under the reflection in the line x=0.
Draw the image A”B” C”D” and state its coordinates.
(c) Describe a single transformation that maps A” B”C”D onto ABCD.
6. A translation maps a point P(3,2) onto P’(5,4)
(a) Determine the translation vector
(b) A point Q’ is the image of the point Q (, 5) under the same translation. Find the length of ‘P’ Q
leaving the answer is surd form.
7. Two points P and Q have coordinates (-2, 3) and (1, 3) respectively. A translation map point P to P’ (
10, 10)
(a) Find the coordinates of Q’ the image of Q under the translation (1 mk)
(b) The position vector of P and Q in (a) above are p and q respectively given that mp – nq =
-12
9 Find the value of m and n (3mks)
8. on the Cartesian plane below, triangle PQR has vertices P(2, 3), Q ( 1,2) and R ( 4,1) while
triangles P” q “ R” has vertices P” (-2, 3), Q” ( -1,2) and R” ( -4, 1)

(a) Describe fully a single transformation which maps triangle PQR onto triangle P”Q”R”

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(b) On the same plane, draw triangle P’Q’R’, the image of triangle PQR, under reflection in line y = -
x
(c) Describe fully a single transformation which maps triangle P’Q’R’ onto triangle P”Q”R
(d) Draw triangle P”Q”R” such that it can be mapped onto triangle PQR by a positive quarter turn
about (0, 0)
(e) State all pairs of triangle that are oppositely congruent

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 8. THE PYTHAGORA’S
Specific Objectives THEOREM
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
a.) Derive Pythagoras theorem
b.) Solve problems using Pythagoras theorem
c.) Apply Pythagoras theorem to solve problems in life situations
Content
a.) Pythagoras Theorem
b.) Solution of problems using Pythagoras Theorem
c.) Application to real life situations.
Introduction
Consider the triangle below:

Pythagoras theorem states that for a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum
of the square of the two shorter sides.

Example
In a right angle triangle, the two shorter sides are 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the length of the hypotenuse.

Solution
Using Pythagoras theorem

ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 62 𝑥 82

ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 362 𝑥 642

2
ℎ𝑦𝑝2 =100 hyp = √100 =10

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 End of topic

Did you understand everything?

If not ask a teacher, friends or anybody and make sure you understand before going to
sleep!

Past KCSE Questions on the topic.

1. The angle of elevation of the top of a tree from a point P on the horizontal ground is 24.5°.From
another point Q, five metres nearer to the base of the tree, the angle of elevation of the top of the tree is
33.2°. Calculate to one decimal place, the height of the tree.
2. A block of wood in the shape of a frustrum of a cone of slanting edge 30 cm and base radius 10cm
is cut parallel to the base, one third of the way from the base along the slanting edge. Find the ratio of the
volume of the cone removed to the volume of the complete cone

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 9.TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
a.) Define tangent, sine and cosine ratios from a right angled triangle
b.) Read and use tables of trigonometric ratios
c.) Use sine, cosine and tangent in calculating lengths and angles
d.) Establish and use the relationship of sine and cosine of complimentary angles
e.) Relate the three trigonometric ratios
f.) Determine the trigonometric ratios of special angles 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°without using tables
g.) Read and use tables of logarithms of sine, cosine and tangent
h.) Apply the knowledge of trigonometry to real life situations.
Content
a.) Tangent, sine and cosine of angles
b.) Trigonometric tables
c.) Angles and sides o f a right angled triangle
d.) Sine and cosine of complimentary angles
e.) Relationship between tangent, sine and cosine
f.) Trigonometric ratios of special angles 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°
g.) Logarithms of sines, cosines and tangents
h.) Application of trigonometry to real life situations.

Introduction
Tangent of Acute Angle
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
The constant ratio between the ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 is called the tangent. It’s abbreviated as tan
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Tan∅ =𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Sine of an Angle
The ratio of the side of angle x to the hypotenuse side is called the sine.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Sin∅ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

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Cosine of an Angle
The ratio of the side adjacent to the angle and hypotenuse.
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Cosine∅ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

Example

In the figure above adjacent length is 4 cm and Angle x= 360 . Calculate the opposite length.

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Solution
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑅
tan 360 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ 4
4 tan 360 = 𝑃𝑅
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑅 = 4 𝑥 0.7265 = 2.9060 cm.

Example

In the above o = 5 cm a = 12 cm calculate angle sin x and cosine x.

Solution
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑜 5
sin 𝑥 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 ℎ ℎ
But 𝐻 2 = 122 × 52
= 169
= √169
𝐻 = 13
5
Therefore sin x= 13
= 0.3846
𝑎𝑑𝑗
Cos x =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
12
=13
=0.9231

Sine and cosines of complementary angles

For any two complementary angles x and y, sin x = cos y cos x = sin y e.g. sin600 = cos 300 ,

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Sin300 = cos 600 , sin700 = cos 200 ,
Example
Find acute angles 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 𝑖𝑓
Sin 𝛼 = cos 330
Solution
sin 𝛼 = cos 33
Therefore 𝛼 + 33 = 90
𝛼 = 570

Trigonometric ratios of special Angles 300 450 600.

These trigonometric ratios can be deducted by the use of isosceles right – angled triangle and
equilateral triangles as follows.
Tangent cosine and sine of450 .
The triangle should have a base and a height of one unit each, giving hypotenuse of√2.

1 1
Cos 450 = sin450 = tan450 = 1
√2 √2
Tangent cosine and sine of 300 𝑎𝑚𝑑 600 .

The equilateral triangle has a sides of 2 units each

1 √3 1
Sin 300 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠300 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛300 =
2 √3
√3 1 √3
Sin 600 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠600 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛600 = = √3
2 1
End of topic
Did you understand everything?
If not ask a teacher, friends or anybody and make sure you understand before going to
sleep!

Page 33 of 36
Past KCSE Questions on the topic.
1. Given sin (90 - a) = ½ , find without using trigonometric tables the value of cos a (2mks)
24
2. If tan   ,find without using tables or calculator, the value of
45
tan   cos
(3
cos  sin 
marks)
3. At point A, David observed the top of a tall building at an angle of 30o. After walking for 100meters
towards the foot of the building he stopped at point B where he observed it again at an angle of 60o. Find
the height of the building

4. Find the value of , given that ½ sin = 0.35 for 0o ≤ θ ≤ 360o

5. A man walks from point A towards the foot of a tall building 240 m away. After covering 180m,
he observes that the angle of elevation of the top of the building is 45o. Determine the angle of elevation
of the top of the building from A
6. Solve for x in 2 Cos2x0 = 0.6000 00≤ x ≤ 3600.

7. Wangechi whose eye level is 182cm tall observed the angle of elevation to the top of her house to
be 32º from her eye level at point A. she walks 20m towards the house
on a straight line to a point B at which point she observes the angle of elevation to the
top of the building to the 40º. Calculate, correct to 2 decimal places the ;
a)distance of A from the house
b) The height of the house
8. Given that cos A = 5/13 and angle A is acute, find the value of:-
2 tan A + 3 sin A

9. Given that tan 5° = 3 + 5, without using tables or a calculator, determine tan 25°, leaving your
answer in the form a + b c

10. Given that tan x = 5, find the value of the following without using mathematical tables or
calculator: 12
(a) Cos x
(b) Sin2(90-x)

11. If tan θ =8/15, find the value of Sinθ - Cosθ without using a calculator or table
Cosθ + Sinθ

Page 34 of 36
 10. AREA OF A TRIANGLE
Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
a.) Derive the formula; Area = ½ab sin C
b.) Solve problems involving area of triangles using the formula Area = ½ab sin C;
c.) Solve problems on area of a triangle using the formula area = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
Content
a.) Area of triangle A =1/2 ab sin C
b.) Area of a triangle 𝐴 = √𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
c.) Application of the above formulae in solving problems involving real life situations.

Introduction
Area of a triangle given two sides and an included Angle
1
The area of a triangle is given by 𝐴 = 2 𝑏ℎ but sometimes we use other formulas to as follows.
Example
If the length of two sides and an included angle of a triangle are given, the area of the triangle is
1
given by 𝐴 = 2 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

In the figure above PQ is 5 cm and PR is 7 cm angle QPR is 500 .Find the area of the the triangle.
Solution
1
Using the formulae by 𝐴 = 2 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 a= 5 cm b =7 cm and 𝜃 = 500
1
Area = 2 𝑥 5 𝑥 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛500
=2.5 x 7 x 0.7660
=13.40 𝑐𝑚2
Area of the triangle, given the three sides.
Example
Find the area of a triangle ABC in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and AC =7 cm.
Solution
When only three sides are given us the formulae
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𝐴 = √𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) Hero’s formulae
1
S = 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
1
= 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) A, b, c are the lengths of the sides of the triangle.
1
= 2 (6 + 7 + 5) = 9 And A = √9(9 − 6)(9 − 7)(9 − 5)
= √9 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥4
= √216
= 14.70 𝑐𝑚2

End of topic
Did you understand everything?
If not ask a teacher, friends or anybody and make sure you understand before going to
sleep!

Past KCSE Questions on the topic.

1. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 3:5:6. If its perimeter is 56 cm, use the Heroes formula to
find its area (4mks)
2. The figure below is a triangle XYZ. ZY = 13.4cm, XY = 5cm and angle xyz = 57.7o

Calculate
i.) Length XZ. (3mks)
i.) Angle XZY. (2 mks)
ii.) If a perpendicular is dropped from point X to cut ZY at M, Find the ratio MY: ZM. (3 mks)
Find the area of triangle XYZ. (2 mks)

Topic-Wise Take Through Activity

Symposiums and Mathematics Discussion over some designated Saturdays.

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